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Page 1: Unit Notes Jess

UNIT # 1

Industrialization & Reform

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1. Who benefits and who suffers during the times of profound economic change?

2. How does the economy affect where and how people live?

3. How does immigration affect the immigrants and the society that they enter?

4. How can people change society?

5. Did this period of industrialization and reform move American closer or further away from its founding ideals?

Essential Questions

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Unit Overview:

Industrialization Causes Economic Terms &

Philosophies Geographic factors Robber baron or Captain

of Industry?

Labor Working Conditions &

labor demands Labor Unions Strikes

Immigration Push & Pull Factors The Immigrant

Experience Ellis Island Nativism and restricting

immigration

Reform Muckrakers and the

need for reform Progressives Changes Made (state

and federal)

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Assessments:

District Assessment # 1 (Current Topics Letter)

Quizzes (most likely 2)Unit Test (tentatively Friday, October 16th)Short Term Assignments:

The Founding Ideals through Images Assembly Line Current Events Discussion – Immigration in America

Various Homework Assignments

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What was America like prior to Industrialization?

Communication was far more difficult Goods and ideas travel slower

Goods made locally without mass production

Most worked in villages and small towns (not cities)

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What was America like prior to Industrialization?

Women rarely worked, got involved in politics or ever voted

Immigration came mostly from English speaking countries

Federal gov’t made few, if any, changes (power in the local gov’t)

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Causes of Industrialization

# 1 – Wealth of Natural Resources # 2 – Inventions and Innovations # 3 – Gov’t support for big business# 4 – Growing urban population provided: a. Cheap labor b. Markets for new products

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Natural Resources

Abundance of natural resources gives America an advantage Numerous waterways Expansive lumber industry Farm surpluses ensure food supply Coal, iron ore, oil

Growing nation relies on many natural resources

Necessary for U.S. transformation (from agricultural to industrial)

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Supply of Capital

Capital=MoneyWhere is it coming from?

1) Government is aiding business 2) Foreign investment to the U.S. 3) Formation of corporations

Effect increase in industrial funding and growth

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# of Workers

Increases mainly due to massive immigration (mostly cities)

Many women and children

Effects More production, but less pay Child labor, sweatshops, labor disputes

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Inventions & Innovations

Thomas Edison The light bulb Telegraph and telephone Phonograph Electric distributers

Other key inventions Bessemer Process process that reduces flaws in

iron; mass produces cheap steel railroad tracks (transcontinental railroad) skyscrapers Farm equipment bridges

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“Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety nine percent

perspiration.”~ Thomas Edison

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"He led no armies into battle, he conquered no countries, and he enslaved no peoples... Nonetheless, he exerted a degree of power the magnitude of which no warrior ever dreamed. His name still commands a

respect as sweeping in scope and as world-wide as that of any other mortal - a devotion rooted deep in human gratitude and untainted by the bias that is

often associated with race, color, politics, and religion."

Is Edison as important a man as Alexander the Great, George Washington, Napoleon or

Adolf Hitler?

Edison next to other notorious Historical figures.

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Innovations in Business

Edwin Drake Drilled first oil well in PA (1859)

Alexander Graham Bell The telephone

Samuel Morse Designed a machine that could send coded

messagesIsaac Singer

Sewing machines “What hath God wrought!”~ First ever telegraph

message (Samuel Morse)

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Which is the most Important Invention/Innovation Ever? (Choose 1 and explain why???)

AirplaneAntiseptics/AntibioticsAssembly lineAtomic BombCameraTelephone/TelegraphTelevisionComputersFabricsFirearmsRadar/Sonar

Glass/GlassesRefrigeratorMatchesPasteurizationPlasticPlumbingPrinting PressTelescope/MicroscopeLaserWorld Wide

WebRadio

• Clock• Calendar• Motion Pictures• Locomotives• Cotton Gin• Syringe• Stethoscope• X-Rays• Pen• Bessemer Process• Steam Engine• Satellites• Rubber• Rockets• Radar/Sonar

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Quick Review…

First, Create a cluster diagram of the “Causes of Industrialization” (like the one seen here)

In your group, fill in the cluster diagram, but this time add examples for each of the causes.

Causes of

Industrialization

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Homework: Define the following economic terms (Use books and/or

internet)

CapitalismMixed EconomySocialism CommunismCorporationsLaissez-FaireBusiness CyclePools (for a company)Trust (for a company)

MonopolyRecessionDepressionAnarchyDividendNYSEDow JonesBull Market

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Businessmen and Philosophies

INDUSTRIALIZATION & REFORM UNIT

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Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?

Andrew Carnegie U.S. Steel Corp 1st $ Billion Company Sold to J.P. Morgan

(Banking tycoon) Monopoly over steel Known for his

philanthropy

J.D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Company Used trusts to

monopolize oil Ethical business

tactics? Also a philathropist

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Horizontal vs. Vertical Integration

Horizontal Gaining control

of all steps involved in turning product from raw material to finished product

Vertical Expanding by

buying out all competing firms

Manufacturing

Distribution

Manufacturing

Distribution

Manufacturing

Distribution

Resources ResourcesResources

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

VERTICAL

HORIZONTAL

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Titled: “What a Funny Little Government”

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“Robber Barons” or “Captains of Industry”

Robber Baron” - term used b/c people were alarmed with the ruthless business tactics used and felt that businessmen had a negative impact on society.

“Captain of Industry” – term used to show that businessmen made a positive impact on society and gave back through philanthropy.

Briefly research one of the following businessmen

Andrew Carnegie

J.D. Rockefeller

J.P. Morgan

Cornelius Vanderbilt

George Pullman

Jay Gould

Jay Cooke

Leland Stanford

and write a two-paragraph response

• Paragraph # 1 – Bio of businessman

• Paragraph# 2 – Argument whether they are a “RB” or “COI”

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Economic Philosophies

Social Darwinism Charles Darwin “Origin of the Species”

Survival of the fittest, applied to nature Herbert Spencer Applies Darwin’s ideas

to society Individuals compete for success Gov’t should not get involved Accepted by many businessmen

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Charles Darwin

Jack London Herbert Spencer

Andrew Carnegie

Adolf Hitler

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Economic Philosophies (con’t)

“Gospel of Wealth” Idea from Andrew Carnegie Money should be used to

perform good works (philanthropy)

Conspicuous Consumption Term dubbed by Thorstein

Veblen Showing off of one’s wealth

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Advantages of a Corporation

1) Raise large amounts of capital Economies of scale more units a company makes,

less it costs per unit

2) Limited liability stockholder only loses what they put in

3) Stability In cases of death or resignation

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The Labor Movement

INDUSTRIALIZATION & REFROM

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What rights / needs do you have as workers?

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Major Goals of Labor

1) Hours Used to work 6-7 days/week; 12+hours/day

2) Wages Sweatshops exist Women make far less than men Approx. $500 a year for workers compared to

$23 million for businessmen 3) Working Conditions

No worker’s compensation No vacation or sick leave Many accidents on the job

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Major Labor Unions

National Labor Union (NLU) Formed in 1866 Allowed only skilled laborers First large scale labor union (little success)

Knights of Labor Formed in 1869 Open to skilled and unskilled workers (all races

and sexes) Lose influence after failures of some strikes

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Major Labor Unions (con’t)

American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886 by Samuel Gompers Allowed only skilled workers Most successful of all early labor union

American Railway Union (ARU) Eugene V. Debs Skilled and unskilled workers Unions become connected to socialism

Much like the Industrial Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

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“The Strike is the Weapon of the Oppressed”

~ Eugene V. Debs (Leader of the ARU and Presidential candidate)

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Were Strikes Successful?

60% of strikes during Industrial Revolution were successful.

Industrialization concentrated large numbers of workers together – bad working conditions (Triangle Shirt Fire).

American capitalists often used their wealth to control the press in order to sway public opinion or to pay off the government to aid them during a strike.

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Case Study: The Homestead Strike

Background Carnegie Steel Company

in Homestead, PA (outside Pittsburgh)

1892 Dispute b/w

Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers and Carnegie Steel Corp.

Not the 1st strike b/w the two parties

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Frick a Target

Henry Clay Frick was shot in the neck twice and stabbed twice by an anarchist

Brings further negative attention to Homestead and labor in general

PA State Militia shows up (Gov. Pattison supported Carnegie)

Strikebreakers once again brought in to work the mill.

Boycott and picketing does not work (many immigrants cross the line)

Workers eventually give in

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The Effects of Homestead

•Workers get none of their demands

•Steel unions fall apart

•Labor gets a bad name (connection to radicals, immigrants, and hurting American economy)

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Unions Go On Strike

Railroad Strike of 1877 Protesting wage cuts President Rutherford B. Hayes intervenes to end the

strike (claimed workers were hurting interstate commerce)

Ultimately unsuccessfulPullman Strike of 1894

Pullman company laid off workers, cut wages and hired scabs

President Grover Cleveland sends in troops to intervene

Workers eventually blacklisted

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Unions Go On Strike

Haymarket Riot of 1886 Haymarket Square in Chicago Protesting of police brutality toward strikers Bomb was tossed at police by anarchists 8 were arrested (4 hanged; 1 suicide in prison)

Impact of the strikes Gov’t supports big business Public turns against labor unions and strikes Workers gain very little Surprisingly, labor does not give up

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One Working Child

Camella Teoli; Age 12Worked in a Textile MillMachine in mill tore off

part of her scalpSpent 7 months in the

hospitalTestified to Congress

When asked why she worked, Camella responded, “Because I didn’t get enough to eat at home.”

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Immigration (1880-1920)

INDUSTRIALIZATION & REFORM

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Immigration Terms

Steerage – Lowest deck on a ship

Parochial School – School run by a religious group

Melting Pot – Mixture of people of different cultures who blend together by giving up national identity (Americanization)

Nativism – Hostility from native-born Americans towards immigrants

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Reasons for Coming to America

Push Factors Poverty in homeland Religious persecution and genocide Overcrowding Famine (Ireland) Lack of jobs

Pull Factors Economic opportunity and equality Less regulation on emigration Cheaper and faster travel Letters sent from America A sense of adventure

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What characteristics describe early immigrants to the United States (prior

to the Civil War)?

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Old vs. New Immigration

Old Immigration Protestant

Immigrants Northern and

Western Europe Arrived before the

year 1880 Very few language

barriers Less nativism Settle in Midwest

and Great Plains

New Immigration Catholic and Jewish

immigrants Southern and

Eastern Europe Arrived after 1880 Many language

barriers Intense nativism Settle in cities

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Ellis Island

Small island in New York Bay Most well known Immigration CenterOpen from 1892-1954Over 17 million immigrants come through

during that time

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The Great Hall – Main Processing Area in Ellis Island

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Angel Island

Small island in San Francisco Bay

Opened in 1910 to process mostly Asians coming into the U.S.

Often faced long questioning and detention

Approx. 50,000 Chinese immigrants

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Angel Island (in 1918), San Francisco Bay, California

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Statue of Liberty

150.9 ft. high Gift from the French

in 1886 (for U.S. centennial in 1876)

One of the best known symbols of American people

Originally called “Liberty Enlightening the World”

Emma Lazarus poem

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Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame

With conquering limbs astride from land to land;

Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand

A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame

Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name

Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand

Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command

The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame,

"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she

With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore,

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me,

I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

“The New Colossus” by Emma Lazarus

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"Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses

yearning to breath free”

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What else is a symbol of America?

1) The bald eagle 8) The Great Seal

2) Uncle Sam 9) White House, Capital

3) Mount Rushmore 10) Gateway Arch

4) Liberty Bell 11) the Alamo

5) American Flag

6) Washington Monument, Lincoln Monument

7) Declaration of Independence, U.S. Consitution

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Nativist Sentiment

Many immigrants hold onto their cultural identity

Belief that true Americans are Anglo-Saxon Protestants Harsh feelings towards Catholics and Jews

Belief that immigrants are taking jobs from Americans

Connections b/w immigrants and radicals

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What Problems did immigrants face in the past and what do they

face now?

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Restrictions on Immigration

Immigration Restriction League Push for laws against immigration

Literacy TestChinese Exclusion Acts

Chinese faced intense nativism (mostly due to lack of work)

Banned all immigrants from China 1882, 1892, 1902 (repealed in 1943)

Gentlemen’s Agreement Put a great limit on Japanese immigration Ends school segregation in San Francisco 1907-08

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U.S. Population density in 1900

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INDUSTRIALIZATION & REFORM

The Progressive Response

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Reform = a change for the better

In contemporary America, what types of issues should undergo reform?

Using what you know about the early 20th century, what issues do you believe reformers would focus on?

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Corruption Terminology

Logrolling – Practice by which legislators exchange favors by supporting one another’s bills

Spoils System – giving jobs to friends in government

Fraud – Fake names and illegal votes used to win elections

Graft – illegal use of political influence for personal gain

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The Fight for the Vote Definition of Amendment: To formally alter by adding, deleting, or

rephrasing.

14th Amendment (Sec. 1) All person born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges. (July, 9, 1868)

19th Amendment The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. (Aug. 18, 1920)

Equal Rights Amendment (Sec. 1) Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex.

Question: Why would many women be opposed to a possible Equal Rights Amendment?

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Warm up Answers:

1. Will require 18 year-old girls to register with the military lottery system the draft along with the boys

2. Will not improve upon rights of women in education or work place and will not decrease discrimination; Numbers of laws and

regulations have already been passed that improve on these.

3. Will not, as proponents say "give" women the right to serve on juries...start a business...get a mortgage...control their own

property...or become "mature, adult persons" under the law. All these things were made possible YEARS ago.

4. Makes the assumption that men and women were not already completely equal, not only under the law but in society as well.

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Women’s Movement Terms

Suffrage the right or privilege of voting

Abolition the act of doing away with slavery

Feminist doctrine that advocates equal rights for women

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Early Movement

Women’s Rights ConventionSeneca Falls, New York (1848) Beginning of the Women’s Rights movement

in the United States Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Created the “The Declaration of Sentiments

and Resolution” (modeled on the Dec. of Independence)

300 participants Very controversial and treated with extreme

ridicule

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"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all

men and women are created equal..."

~ Declaration of Sentiments and

Resolution (1848)

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Susan B. Anthony

Also concerned with the abolition of slaveryPublished “The Revolution” called for equal

pay of womenDemanded women be given the same rights

as African Americans under the 14th and 15th Amendments

Convicted of violating voting laws in 1873

“The fact is, women are in chains, and their servitude is all the more

debasing because they do not realize it.”

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Minor v. Happersett

70 women vote in the election of 1872. Virginia Minor among the group

They argued that because of the 14th Amendment, states could not stop women from voting.

She was stopped and sued the state of Missouri

The Supreme Court denied Minor and upheld the decision of the State of Missouri

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Progressives

INDUSTRIALIZATION & REFORM

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Progressive Movement (1900-1920)

Definition – Reform movement of the early 1900’s

Causes Influence of Populism Corrupt and unresponsive government Political machines Muckraker writings Growth of educated middle class

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4 Goals

1) Protect social welfare2) Promote moral improvement3) Create economic reform4) Foster efficiency

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Robert “Fighting Bob” LaFollette

Governor of Wisconsin (Reform Candidate)

“Wisconsin Idea” – La Follette’s Progressive program 1st state income tax railroad rate commission conservation laws regulation of state banks

One of the founders of the Progressive Movement

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Theodore Roosevelt

Becomes Vice-President for McKinley in 1900

Republicans felt he was too aggressiveLeader of the Rough Riders during the

Spanish American War1st Progressive President (1901-1909)

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“Don’t any of you realize that there is only one life between

that madman and the Presidency.”

~ Mark Hanna (fellow Republican)

The assassination of President William McKinley by Leon

Czolgosz

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Roosevelt, the Progressive (The Accidental President)

TR gets away from laissez-faire and creates more government power

TR takes initiative and sets new policy (strengthens the role of the President)

Square Deal – Working for the people’s needs to achieve what is fair and right

Known as a trustbuster (Trust = Large business combinations)

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A Square Deal

A response to reading Upton Sinclair’s novel, “The Jungle”

Meat Inspection Act (1906) Inspectors could see the meat that crosses state lines Outlawing of the “wonder drug”, cocaine

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Require manufacturers to put contents of foods and

drugs onto labels

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The Muckrakers

Muckrakers-investigative journalists Term coined by Theodore Roosevelt Committed to exposing scandal, corruption and

injustice Uncovered child labor, immigrant ghettoes,

prostitutionFirst focused on railroad abuses

Turned to political corruption in big cities, labor unions and corporations

Ida Tarbell Influential journalist who chronicled the ruthless

business tactics of John D. Rockefeller in History of the Standard Oil Company.

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Influential Progressives

Robert “Fighting Bob” LaFollette Governor of Wisconsin (Reform Candidate)

“Wisconsin Idea” – La Follette’s Progressive program1st state income taxrailroad rate commissionconservation laws regulation of state banksOne of the founders of the Progressive Movement

John Muir (founder of the Sierra Club) Conservationist- published articles promoting the passage of laws to protect

the wilderness got Roosevelt to increase the amount of national forests from 47 million to

195 million acres and doubled the amount of national parks Also got the president to prohibit logging and ranching in Yosemite, etc.

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Influential Progressives continued…

W.E.B. Dubois (NAACP) Spokesperson for Equal Rights- goal to make 11

million African American’s “physically free from peonage (servitude), mentally free from ignorance, politically free from disenfranchisement (denial of rights), and socially free from insult.

Alice Paul National Women’s Party- Determined to win the right to vote, not

just state by state, but by a constitutional amendment. 19th Amendment The right of citizens of the United States to vote

shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. (Aug. 18, 1920)

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The Election of 1912

William Howard Taft (Republican)Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive or Bull

Moose Party)Woodrow Wilson (Democratic)Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)Severe split in Republican voting

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Woodrow Wilson

Very well educated and well-spokenLong struggle to win nomination but then

easily wins Presidency

28th President of the United States (1913-1921)

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Wilson’s Reforms

Federal Reserve Act – 3 layered system of regulation (still exists)

Clayton Anti-Trust Act – strengthen former anti-trust laws

Tried to outlaw child labor18th and 19th Amendments

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“Give the Government back to the People!”

~ Cry of the Progressive Movement

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Statewide Reforms

Initiative – Voters propose a bill and present it to the legislature

Referendum – Voters vote on bill offered by the legislature

Recall – Allow voters to remove a public official from office before the end of term

Primary – Party members have opportunity to choose their party candidates

Which of the five American ideals do these reforms help achieve?

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The Progressive Amendments

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16th Amendment 17th Amendment

Congress can create an Income Tax

Progressive Tax – Higher taxes to those with higher incomes

Purpose to give more money to government

What are the arguments for higher or lower taxes today?

Direct election of senators by voters

Before – state legislatures choose

Increase voters power and cut down on corruption

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18th Amendment (1919)

Led by women’s movement and Christian groups

Prohibition – banning the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages

Did not achieve its goals

Overturned by the 21st Amendment

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19th Amendment

Gives women the right to voteWyoming (1869)Reasons for

more jobs for women Progressive movement strong leaders public demonstrations World War I

Finally passed in 1920, fulfilling the work of so many female leaders like Stanton and Anthony

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The Impact of Industrialization & Reform

INDUSTRIALIZATION & REFORM

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Good or Bad?

Positives Labor unions struggle,

but don’t disappear Women get the right to

vote Numerous reforms in

society & gov’t U.S. Industry makes it

a potential world power

Negatives Gap b/w rich and poor

widens Little to no changes in

discrimination and nativism

Workers still struggle (including child labor)

Corruption still prevalent


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