Transcript
Page 1: Unit 3 Physical Properties of Matter

Unit 3

Physical Properties of Matter

Page 2: Unit 3 Physical Properties of Matter

Physical Properties

• States of Matter• Melting point• Boiling point• Density • Viscosity• Conductivity• Malleability• Hardness

Page 3: Unit 3 Physical Properties of Matter

States of MatterThere are 4 states of matter

Solid- molecules move very slowly and are connectedtogether in a rigid formation, like crystals

Liquid- molecules move quicker and flow over each other in a fluid manner like sand grains flowing over each other. But, they remain attached and can not disburse upward.

Gases- molecules move very quickly, spread out, and have no connection to each other.

Plasma- Highly energized particles that begin emittingenergy. Florescent lights, Neon lights, and fire have plasma inside. The Sun is nearly all Plasma

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Changes in the States of Matter• Solid to Liquid = Melting• a. Particles get more energy and begin rotating around

each other.

• b. There isn’t enough energy to break the inter-particular attractions, so the particles remain close (liquid).

• c. The energy required to break the crystalline connects to melt a solid is called the

Heat of Fusion

Water Ice melts at 32°F

Gallium melts at 86°F. So, it melts in your hand.

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Changes in the States of Matter• Liquid to Solid = Freezing• a. Particles lose energy and slow down.

• b. Attractive forces between particles become stronger than the particles’ motion, so the particles begin merely vibrating in place.

• c. The amount of heat the particles lose to the environment turn into a solid is called the

Heat of Fusion

Liquid water freezes at 32°F.

Molten lava freezes at 1000°F.

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Changes in the States of Matter• Liquid to Gas = Vaporization• a. Types:• 1) Boiling - rapid; gas bubbles are produced

throughout.• 2) Evaporation - slow; occurs at the surface.• b. Liquid particles gain enough kinetic energy to

overcome forces between the particles and they begin translational motion; this energy is called the heat of vaporization.Water boils at 212°F. But, water can evaporate at any temperature.

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Changes in the States of Matter• Liquid to Gas = Evaporation• Evaporation is a cooling process.

• a. Particles in a liquid gain energy.

• b. They leave as gas particles (taking the energy with them).

• c. This leaves less energy in the liquid, therefore cooling down what is left.

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Changes in the States of Matter• Gas to Liquid = Condensation• a. Particles lose energy, slow down, and come closer together.

• b. Forces between the particles become strong enough to make particles merely rotate around each other.

• c. The energy they lose as they become liquid is the

heat of vaporization.

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Changes in the States of Matter• Solid to Gas = Sublimation• Dry ice - carbon dioxide• b. Iodine• c. Frost

The “smoke” you see is actually water vapor condensing to liquid because of the

cold temperatures of the CO2 gas!

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Changes in the States of Matter• Gas to Solid = Deposition• Dry ice - carbon dioxide• b. Snowflakes• c. Frost

On Mars it can snow with no clouds

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Changes in the States of Matter• Triple Point

Venus

Earth

Mars

Gas

Liquid

Solid

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Plasma• The “4th” state of matter• Plasma are gases that are heated so high that

their electrons to be removed easily.• Atoms can be positive or negatively charged

and react to magnetic fields.• The Sun is made of plasma that is made of

hydrogen and helium.• Lightening is a plasma formed by hail stripping

electrons from water molecules.• Fluorescent lamps are plasma

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ViscosityA Property of Liquids

Pitch has a viscosity 230 billion times higher than water.

This pitch drop started in 1927!

Honey has a medium viscosity

Water has low viscosity and flows easily

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MalleabilityA Property of Solids

• Very malleable metal wiring• Gold is the most malleable of all metals• Some metals are brittle and fracture easily

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Conductivity• The ability to conduct electricity or heat.• Gold and silver are the best conductors. Since gold is very

expensive, it is only used for very specialized electronics.• Copper is usually used around the home and electronics. But, it is

also too expensive for transmission lines, so aluminum is used.• This means a lot of electricity is lost as heat on the way,. But, it is

cheaper and lighter for use.

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Density• Density is the mass/volume• Substances will separate by their density with

heaviest at the bottom and lightest on top.• Salt water is denser than freshwater. So, where they meet is the halocline, with salt water at the

bottom and freshwater on top.


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