Unification of Germany and Italy

Stirrings of NationalismItalian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of

Roman Empire • Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into

competing states, each with own government • Napoleon invaded Italy

– United many states under one government– Unification did not last– After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states

• Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe

Italian Unification was a combination of diplomatic moves and wars orchestrated by Camillo Cavour the Prime Minister of Sardinia.

Italian Unification Timeline

1870 - Franco-Prussian War, Italy takes RomeITALY UNIFIED

1859 – War With Austria, Italy gets Lombardy with help of Napoleon III

1852 – Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia

• 1861- Victor Emmanuel II Proclaimed “King of Italy”• Cavour dies

1860 – Garibaldi and the “Red Shirt”Land in Sicily

1871: Rome proclaimed capitalof unified Italy

1866: 7 Weeks’ War, Italy sides with Prussia & receives Venice

Revolution of 1848

In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges. Although politically unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social and economic problems.

• Strong regional differences led to lack of unity

• Southern Italians resented being governed by Rome

• Catholic Church did not recognize Italy as legitimate nation

Social, Economic Problems

• Poverty serious problem, caused many to emigrate

• 1880s, large numbers left Italy, many for Americas

• Unemployment, rising taxes led to rioting, violence

Poverty, Emigration

• Voting reform a major priority

• 1870, only wealthiest Italian men could vote

• By late 1800s most adult male taxpayers could vote

Reforms

Challenges After Unification

THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

Real Politik

• How: unify all German states under Prussia

• Machiavellian leader: Real Politik: realistic assessment of a nation’s needs and then fulfilling them.

• Ends justify the means. Do what is necessary, not what is right or moral

Path to Unification• ZOLLVEREIN

– a customs union of German states that did not include Austria.

– Removed tarrifs between German states

• “Blood and Iron”

Blood and Iron

• Fights three wars to unify Germany Wins all three–Danish War–Austro Prussian War–Franco Prussian War the most important

After Unification

• Centralized Power• Militarism/military alliances• Encouragement of Industry• Persecution of Subject Nationalities• Germanization• Fought Catholics• Fought Socialists

A Growing Economy• After the unification of Germany, it rose to be the Industrial giant of the

Europe. • Germany’s chemical and electrical

industries were beyond any other industries in the world.

• Germany’s coal and iron resources resulted in massive growth of the

economy. • A work force and rapidly growing

population also aided in the development of the economy.

Create a chart like this in your notebook and complete!

GOALS METHODS

BISMARCK(Germany)

CAVOUR(Italy)

GOALS METHODS

BISMARCK Unification of Germany Increase Prussian Power Decrease Austrian influence in

Germany (drive them out of Germany)

“blood and iron” – war, trickery, etc… (7 Weeks War, tricked Austria; Franco-Prussian War)

Realpolitik – do whatever is necessary to achieve goals, not what is moral or right

CAVOUR Unification of Italy Make Sardinia a model of progress

and efficiency (liberalism)

Did not favor war, but was willing to use it if necessary (got involved in Crimean War to have a place at the peace negotiations in order to bring up the Italian question; joined Prussia in 7 Weeks War to get Venetia)

Used plebiscites and majority opinion to unify

Let the “Red Shirts” and Garibaldi do work for him