RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY

Enid D’souza

TOPIC

1) Larissa D’silva.

2) Shraddha Shirgaonkar.

3) Rubina Shaikh.

4) Amreen Retiwala.

5) Trupti Jagtap.

6) Harshit Modi.

7) Roshan Dase.

8) Ishneet Kaur.

OUR TEAM

GUIDELINES IN CHOOSING A METHOD

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

ADVANTAGES Indepth examination

Less expensive

Flexibility

Fewer assumptions

DISADVANTAGES Skillful

Acceptability

Confidentiality

Time consuming

Quantitative research is the systematic investigation of observable phenomena via; statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.

It is used for studying large number of population.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

SURVEY RESEARCH :Done

by Conducting Interviews,

Questionnaire and Sampling polls.

CORRELATION RESEARCH :

Tests the relationship

between two variables.

CASUAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARH : This

research uncovers cause and effect

relationship.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH : This research is guided by Hypothesis.

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Less time consuming.

Useful for studying large number of people.

Provide precise and numerical data.

Assumes sample as representative of population.

WHY QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?

MIXED RESEARCH Mixed Research focuses on collecting, analyzing, and mixing both Quantitative and Qualitative data in a single study or series of studies. It focuses on the use of quantitative and qualitative approaches in combination so it provides a better understanding of research problems than one single approach.

Quantitative

research

Qualitative

Research

Mixed Resea

rch

WHY MIXED RESEARCH ?

• To bring more clarity and depth to research.• To understand research problem in better manner.• To avoid bias.• To develop new research design.

BASIC RESEARCH

DEFINITION:

Also called pure research or fundamental research, is scientific research aimed to improve scientific theories for improved understanding or prediction of natural or other phenomena.

Basic Research

Study

Fundamental&

Scientific knowledge

Source Scientific ideas

&New Thinking

Refuting or

Supporting theories

Generates New ideasPrinciplesTheories

Quality of Life

Improves Technology

TYPES OF BASIC RESEARCH

BASIC RESEARCH

EXPORATORY

DESCRIPTIVE

EXPLANATORY

Exploratory research Is defined as the initial research into a hypothetical or theoretical idea. This is where a researcher has an idea or has observed something and seeks to

understand more about it.

Descriptive research Defines as attempts to explore and explain while providing additional

information about a topic. This is where research is trying to describe what is happening in more detail, filling in the missing parts and expanding our

understanding.

Explanatory research Is defined as an attempt to connect ideas to understand cause and effect,

meaning researchers want to explain what is going on.

EXAMPLES OF BASIC RESEARCH

1) A study looking at how caffeine consumption

impacts the brain.

2) A study assessing whether men and women are more likely to suffer from depression.

In these two examples, the goal of research is to simply increase the amount of knowledge on topic, not to actually come up with a practical solution to a problem.

APPLIED RESEARCH

DEFINITION:

Is a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science. It accesses and uses some part of the research communities' (the academia's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state, business, or client-driven purpose.

Applied Research

SolvingSpecific Problem

EstablishingPolicy Programs

ImprovesSocial Life

AIMS

TYPES OF APPLIED RESEARCH

APPLIED RESEARCH

ActionResearch

SocialImpactStudies

EvaluationResearch

CostBenefitAnalysis

EXAMPLES OF APPLIED RESEARCH

1) Investigating which treatment approach is the most effective for reducing anxiety.

2) Studying different keyboard designs to determine which is the most efficient and ergonomic.

As you may notice, these two examples explore topics that will address a real world issues. This immediate and practical application of the findings is what distinguished applied research from basic research, which instead focuses on theoretical concerns.

CORRELATION RESEARCH Correlation is the average

relationship between two or more variables.

When the change in one variable makes or cause a change in other variable then there is a correlation between these two variables.

COEFFICIENT CORRELATION

If r = +1 (perfectly positive)If r = -1 (perfectly negative)If r = 0 (zero correlated)

PERFECTLY POSITIVE CORRELATION

When there is a change in one variable and if there is equal proportion of change in the other variable in same direction.

PERFECTLY NEGATIVE CORRELATION

When there is a change in “X”,the same amount of change in “Y”, in equal proportion but in opposite direction.

ZERO CORRELATION

When the change in one variable has no effect in other variable

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

Exploratory research is a research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined

It may use a variety of methods such as trial studies, interviews, group discussions, etc

HISTORICAL RESEARCHHistorical methods of research are the process of systematically examining an account of what has happened in the past.It is not facts and dates or even a description of past events.The process of learning and understanding the background and growth of a chosen field of study or profession can offer insight into organizational culture, current trends, and future possibilities.

The historical method of research applies to all fields of study because it encompasses there: origins growth, theories, personalities, crisis etc.

Quantitative and qualitative variables can be used in the collection of historical information.

The dynamic account of past events that involves an interpretation attempt to recapture the nuances, personalities, and ideas that events.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Descriptive study is one in which information is

collected without changing the environment (i.e., nothing is manipulated).

Sometimes these are referred to as “correlational” or “observational” studies.

Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or Descriptive studies can involve a one-time interaction with groups of people or a study might follow individuals over time.

Descriptive studies, in which the researcher interacts with the participant, may involve surveys or interviews to collect the necessary information.

ADVOCACY RESEARCH

Advocacy research is carried out with the intention of providing evidence and arguments that can be used to support a particular cause or position.

It is commonly carried out by pressure groups, lobby groups and interest groups (such as trade unions) and, occasionally, by political parties, journalists and academics.

WHEN SHOULD WE DO ADVOCACY RESEARCH?

Any advocacy requires some basic research, but there are times when research is particularly valuable.

When trying to get legislation passed. When seeking to arouse community concern

about an issue that needs attention. When important programs or services or whole

groups of people are under attack. When government officials are corrupt or

otherwise guilty of wrongdoing. When government or another entity is lying to

the public. When it's necessary to prevent harm. When it's important in order to further the public

interest.

STEPS FOR ADVOCACY RESEARCH

Step 1: Identify issues and opportunities for collecting data.

Step 2: Select issues and opportunities and set goals.

Step 3: Plan an approach and methods.

Step 4: Collect data.Step 5: Analyze and interpret data.Step 6: Act on results.

EVALUATION RESEARCHTo evaluate means to ascertain its value

or worth, to examine and judge it.Evaluation is often used to characterize

and appraise subjects of interest in a wide range of human enterprises, including the arts, criminal justice , foundations ,non-profit organization, government, health care and other human services.

WHY EVALUATION RESEARCH

Policy Formulation. Impact Assessment. Accountability. To increase the effectiveness of program

management and administration. To test hypotheses or evaluate practice

approaches. For administrative purposes.

TECHNIQUES OF CONDUCTING EVALUATION RESEARCH

The key informant approachThe community forum approachThe rate under treatment approachThe social indicators approach The community surveyThe focus group approachThe convergent analysis approach

ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

Ethnography is the systematic study of people and cultures.

It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study.

Forms of ethnography.RealistCriticalFeatures of ethnographic research.Procedures for conducting

ethnography.Data collection methods.Differences across disciplines.Cultural and SocialCommunication Studies

PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH

The focus of phenomenologic inquiry is what people experience in regard to some phenomenon or other and how they interpret those experiences.

A phenomenological research study is a study that attempts to understand people's perceptions, perspectives and understandings of a particular situation.

PHENOMENOLOGY METHODS.

Purposive Sampling.Research Question.Sample/Recruitment of

participants.Data Collection.

STAGES OF ANALYSIS.

Identification of a common shared experience.

The phenomena is identified.

Bracket Researcher Bias and Interpretation.

Data Collection.

Data Analysis.

Unified Descriptive Account.

Presentation of the invariant structure.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

The process of controlling certain variables and manipulating others to observe if the results of the experiment reflect that the manipulations directly caused the particular outcome.

It is designed to evaluate the effect of one particular variable on a phenomenon by keeping the other variable constant.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IS BASED ON

Random AssignmentsThe subjects are randomly assigned to form

group and have equal chances of getting into a group.

Experimental ControlAll the features are identical except independent

variable.Appropriate MeasuresTaken at start and end of year so as to know the

achievements.

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

True ExperimentMost accurate type as it supports a

hypothesis using statistical analysis.Quasi Experiment Most frequently used when not feasible

to use random assignment.Pre ExperimentEither single or multiple group are

observed after some treatment presumed to cause change.