Download - Transitions In Hydraulic Engngineering
Krystian W. Pilarczyk(former) Rijkswaterstaat
Hydraulic Engineering Institute, [email protected]
Transitions in Hydraulic Engineering
Impact of the Delta Works on the Recent Developments in Hydraulic Engineering
Transitions in Hydraulic Engineering
Content:• Introduction• (brief) History of Netherlands
in coping floods• Delta Works overview• Impact of Delta Works on
recent developments in hydraulic engineering
• Conclusions
- erosion – scour - closures – bottom protection – revetments – filters – geotextiles
The NetherlandsIntroduction
Low-lying country
"God created the world, and the Dutch created the Netherlands"
With dikes
Without dikes
Dutch History "God created the world, and the Dutch created the Netherlands"
Flood protection in
The Netherlands through the centuries
Dutch history
(MSL)
Watersystem & Rainfall problems in NLS
ea
Sto
rag
e
land
Sto
rag
e
Sto
rag
e
Riv
er
Polder
wate
r
wate
rw
ate
r"God created the world, and the Dutch created the Netherlands."
Zeeland about 1500
Turning point: Disaster 1953
Dike breaches andinundation
Road and Hydraulic Engineering Devision, Delft
Flood events:flood event damage victims
Sea 1953 ƒ 1.500 106 1835
Meuse 1993 ƒ 250 106 ----
Rhine 1995 ƒ 500 106 ----
Meuse 1995 ƒ 165 106 ----
Rainfall 1998 ƒ 1.100 106 ----
We can not avoid the floodsbut we can/must minimize the consequences(victims, economical damage)
Why is flood defenceimportant ?
1 US $=2 f
High safety standards needed
From Disaster 1953
to Delta Works
Deltaplan
Antwerp
1997
Western Scheldt
(open)EasternScheldt barrier
Closure Techniques
Caisson-closure
scour
Dikewheel
Cable-line
(also during the 1st stage Eastern Scheldt closure)
Scour hole
Bottomprotection
Eastern Scheldt ProjectEnvironment & Ecology
1973 start discussion on environmental issues
!974 stop execution full closure
1976 decision Open Storm Surge Barrier
http://foto.telenet.be/photo-gallery/tags/label-oosterschelde.html
From Closed to Open
Storm-surge barrier Eastern Scheldt
Final
From the past to the present
http://www.zierikzee-monumentenstad.nl/
ZierikzeeCity rights 1248
EasternScheldt
Vlissingen
View from the Expo CenterEastern Scheldt Storm Surge BarrierVlissingen
Zierikzee
Rotterdam
Eastern Scheldt
TechniquesOverview of the Eastern Scheldt
Storm Surge Barrier
scour – bottom protection – foundation –superstructure – high tolerance requirements
Techniques
TechniquesFrom traditional to
modern
Modern Techniques
TechniquesStorm-surge barrierRotterdam (1997)
Transitions in hydraulic engineering
Impact Delta Works
Soil –Water –Structure interactions
but alsoEnvironment
Transition into integrated/multidisciplinary approach
Environmental Impact Assessment
Design Philosophy & Methodology
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<Typ naam hier><Typ titel hier> ResistanceLoading
Risk
Failure modes & Failure tree
Transition from deterministic to probabilistic approach
Failure or inundation
Closing techniques
• Gradual closures– Horizontal– Vertical
• Sand closures– Pipe discharged– Dumped
• Sudden closures– Caissons
Transition from traditional to modern techniques
Closure by dumped method
(rock, blocks, bags) using cable-line
Principles of closuretechniques
Sand ClosuresTransition to innovative techniques
Techniques & problems
Grevelingen Dam and sluice(Siphon)
Densitycurrentand erosionLow salinity
High salinity
Low salinityHigh salinity
600m
Scour and Bottom
protection
Scour and Bottom protectionEastern Scheldt Barrier
Scour researchScour prediction
Research as design tool
Scour research
Prototype tests BrouwersdamDischarge sluice
Scour prototyperesults
Prediction instability of upper slope
- still a problem
undermining
Flow slides Flow slide (Zeeland)
schematic view of a flow-slide
After flow-slide
Before flow-slide
Liquefaction and flow slide in sand
maximum 200m
after flow slide in sand
Average slope
Shear failure30 m
30 m
after flow slide with clay on top
maximum 50 m
clay
loose sand
average slope
Scour & bottom
protection design rules
RevetmentsTransition in design techniques of revetments
From Hudson: Hs/∆Dn50 = (KD cotα)1/3
Into Van der Meer: ξ 0.5-m
0.20.18
50n
s NS P 6.2 =
DH ⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎝
⎛∆
Riprap/rubble mound structures
Block Revetments
Internal erosion
From riprap into pitched stone/blocks
Bank Protection
Prototype tests
Basic research Model tests
Application
To Rotterdam
To Antwerp
AlsoPIANC guidelines
Techniquesenvironmental
Salt-fresh water separation
Various test facilities
Granular Filters
Transition in filter design: fromgeometrically closed into load-based design extension of design criteria for filters
Filtersgeotextiles
From granular filters into geotextiles and composite filters ; from geometrically open to hydrodynamically sandtight (based on loading)
FiltersPossible extension of design criteria for filters
Some other aspects
• Geosynthetics• Geosystems• Waste & Alternative materials• Technology Transfer
Dissemination of knowledge
Validation
Knowledge development: Laboratory tests
Simulation of the flow through a dike gapTesting grass cover as revetment
Delta flume
Alternative TechniquesSand and clay bags closure
Granular filters frombrick material
Transition into
Conclusions Conclusions
A systematic & comprehensive A systematic & comprehensive approach must be taken to solve approach must be taken to solve
stream & shoreline problemsstream & shoreline problems
Large projects (like Delta Works) Large projects (like Delta Works) need usually some specific solutions. need usually some specific solutions.
It stimulates new research and It stimulates new research and innovation, which contribute strongly innovation, which contribute strongly to new developments in hydraulic & to new developments in hydraulic &
coastal engineeringcoastal engineering
Knowledge is always going
ahead
We are always in
Transition
Knowledge cycles
Thank you for your attention
Further information:
www.Tawinfo.nlwww.deltawerken.com
I wish you a pleasant stay in the Netherlands
The end
www.enwinfo.nl, (english, downloads)
