THE BEGINNING OF SLAVERY

TIMELINE OF FACTS:

The American slave trade was an international business. It began in Western Africa, where prisoners were taken for sale to European and American slave traders, and continued in permanent and impromptu slave markets in the United States, ultimately concentrated in the South. Not only were some ten to fifteen million Africans ripped from their lives and families to be imported to the New World--some half a million of them destined for the United States--but the enslaved were also bred for sale on American soil and transported, often under brutal conditions, throughout the slave states. This Image Gallery will continue to grow over the coming months.

The comic and often ridiculous images in the four Political Cartoons of Slavery Collections are drawn from the archives of the Library of Congress. They are editorial cartoons, posters, cover pages to music sheets, and other pictures. These Collections are separated into four themes that cover the years in which the issue of slavery and its aftermath was hotly debated in the nation, 1830 to 1890. Around the time of the Nat Turner Rebellion in Virginia in 1831, southern supporters of slavery began more aggressively to defend slavery as a moral and positive institution. These same supporters used editorial cartoons and posters to visually attack those northern politicians opposed to slavery or its expansion into the western territories.

During the generation after the Civil War, journalists used blunt cartoons to address issues of voting rights, equality, education, and social and political justice for African Americans in the aftermath of slavery.

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION AND REPARATIONS

TIMELINE OF FACTS:

Emancipation ProclamationThe Emancipation Proclamation is an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War using his war powers. The Proclamation freed 50,000 slaves, with nearly all the rest (of the 3.1 million) freed by union armies soon after. The Proclamation did not compensate the owners, did not itself outlaw slavery, and did not make the ex-slaves citizens.

Man reading a newspaper with headline, "Presidential Proclamation, Slavery," which refers to the Jan. 1863 Emancipation Proclamation.Henry Louis Stephens (1824–1882)

The Proclamation applied only in ten states in 1863, it did not cover the nearly 500,000 slaves in the slave-holding border states (Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware) — those slaves were freed by separate state and federal actions.

Emancipation Proclamation

Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, the 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States and provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.".

13th Amendment

Reparations for slavery

Reparations for slavery are proposals that compensation should be provided to descendants of enslaved people in the United States. In 1865 a temporary plan granting each freed family forty acres and unneeded mules were given to settlers of South Carolina- around 40000 freed slaves.However, President Andrew Johnson reversed the order after Lincoln was assassinated and the land was returned to its previous owners.

SEGREGATION 1896 - 1968

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1896: Plessy v. Ferguson: This landmark Supreme Court decision holds that racial segregation is constitutional, paving the way for the repressive Jim Crow laws in the South.

1909: The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People is founded in New York by prominent black and white intellectuals. For the next half century, it would serve as the country's most influential African-American civil rights organization, dedicated to political equality and social justice in 1910.

1914: Marcus Garvey establishes the Universal Negro Improvement Association, an influential Black Nationalist organization "to promote the spirit of race pride" and create a sense of worldwide unity among blacks.

1920s: The Harlem Renaissance flourishes in the 1920s and 1930s. This literary, artistic, and intellectual movement fosters a new black cultural identity.

1947: Jackie Robinson breaks Major League Baseball's colour barrier when he is signed to the Brooklyn Dodgers by Branch Rickey.

1948: President Harry S. Truman issues an executive order integrating the U.S. armed forces.

1952: Malcolm X becomes a minister of the Nation of Islam. Over the next several years his influence increases until he is one of the two most powerful members of the Black Muslims (the other was its leader, Elijah Muhammad). A Black Nationalist and separatist movement, the Nation of Islam contends that only blacks can resolve the problems of blacks.

1954: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans. declares that racial segregation in schools is unconstitutional (May 17).

1955: A young black boy, Emmett Till, is brutally murdered for allegedly whistling at a white woman in Mississippi.

Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat at the front of the "coloured section" of a bus to a white passenger.

1957: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), a civil rights group, is established by Martin Luther King, Charles K. Steele, and Fred L. Shuttlesworth (Jan.-Feb.)

1960: Four black students in Greensboro, North Carolina, begin a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter (Feb. 1). Six months later the "Greensboro Four" are served lunch at the same Woolworth's counter. The event triggers many similar nonviolent protests throughout the South.

1962: James Meredith becomes the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi.

1963: Martin Luther King is arrested and jailed during anti-segregation protests in Birmingham, Alabama.

1964: President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act, the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. It prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, colour, religion, or national origin.

Martin Luther King receives the Nobel Peace Prize.

1965: Malcolm X, Black Nationalist and founder of the Organization of Afro-American Unity, is assassinated.

1966: The Black Panthers are founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.

1967: Major race riots take place in Newark (July 12-16) and Detroit (July 23-30).

President Johnson appoints Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court. He becomes the first black Supreme Court Justice.

The Supreme Court rules in Loving v. Virginia that prohibiting interracial marriage is unconstitutional.

Mildred Jeter and Richard Loving appealed against the Supreme court to overrule the interracial marriage ban.

1968: Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated in Memphis, Tenn. (April 4).

President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.

CIVIL RIGHTS

TIMELINE OF FACTS:

Black Americans had to 'fight' for their right to equality. In the 1950s a Baptist preacher named Martin Luther King became the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. He believed that peaceful protest was the way forward1952-the Supreme Court heard a number of school-segregation cases, including Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. In 1954 the court decreed that segregation was unconstitutional.

In Minnesota, the struggle was headed by leaders of the African-American communities, including, among others, Fredrick L. McGhee, the Reverend Denzil A. Carty, Nellie Stone Johnson, and Harry Davis; by ministers and congregations of black churches; by editors and publishers of black newspapers; by racial, interracial, and interdenominational organizations; and by orchestrated legal challenges in the courts

technological inno- vations in portable cameras and electronic news gathering (ENG) equipment increasingly enabled television to bring the non-violent civil disobedience campaign of the Civil Rights Movement and the violent reprisals of Southern law enforcement agents to a new mass audience.

1948 WWI Black SoldiersAlthough African Americans had participated in every major U.S. war, it was not until after World War II that President Harry S. Truman issues an executive order integrating the U.S. armed forces.

1966

Members of The Black Panthers Party: Bobby Seale and Huey NewtonThe Black Panthers are founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale (Oct.) Where black bands emerge.

2009- Barack Obama Democrat from Chicago, becomes the first African-American president and the country's 44th president. Providing a sense of equality of both black and white people in an equal world. Causing black men aspiring to be like Obama.