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THINKING, LANGUAGE &
INTELLIGENCEUnit 7B
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THINKING Cognition
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Concept mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas,
or people Prototype
mental image or best example of a category Algorithm
methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
The Friendship Algorithm
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THINKING Heuristic
simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently Representativeness Availability
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THINKINGUnscramble
S P L O Y O C H Y G
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THINKING Insight
sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
Confirmation Bias tendency to search for information that confirms
one’s preconceptions Fixation
inability to see a problem from a new perspective
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THINKING Mental Set
tendency to approach a problem in a particular way
Functional Fixedness tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
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THINKING Overconfidence
tendency to be more confident than correct
tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments
Framing how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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THINKING Belief Bias
the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid
Belief Perseverance clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis
on which they were formed has been discredited
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LANGUAGE Language
our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
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LANGUAGE Morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
Grammar a system of rules in a language that enables us
to communicate with and understand others
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LANGUAGE Semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
also, the study of meaning Syntax
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
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LANGUAGE Linguistic Determinism
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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ANIMAL THINKING AND LANGUAGE
Gestured Communication
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ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING
Intelligence Test a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
Intelligenceability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? Factor Analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
General Intelligence (g) factor that Spearman and others believed
underlies specific mental abilities measured by every task on an intelligence test
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ARE THERE MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES? Savant Syndrome
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
Daniel Tammet
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ARE THERE MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES?
Social Intelligence the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
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INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY
Creativity the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas expertise imaginative thinking skills venturesome personality intrinsic motivation creative environment
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ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING
Mental Age a measure of intelligence test performance
devised by Binet chronological age that most typically
corresponds to a given level of performance
child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
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ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING
Stanford-Binet the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test revised by Terman at Stanford
University
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ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
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ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a person’s future performance
aptitude is the capacity to learn Achievement Test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
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ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence test
subtests verbal performance (nonverbal)
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ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE: SAMPLE ITEMS FROM THE WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBALGeneral Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution
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ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes
the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
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THE NORMAL CURVE
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ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
assessed by consistency of scores on: two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting
Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts
what it is supposed to
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ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the
behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion behavior (such as college grades) that a test
(such as the SAT) is designed to predict the measure used in defining whether the
test has predictive validity
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ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts the
behavior it is designed to predict assessed by computing the correlation
between test scores and the criterion behavior
also called criterion-related validity
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THE DYNAMICS OF INTELLIGENCE Mental Retardation
a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below 70 produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of
life varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome retardation and associated physical disorders
caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup
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GENETIC INFLUENCES
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
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GENETIC INFLUENCES
Heritability the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
variability depends on range of populations and environments studied
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GENETIC INFLUENCES