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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Coffee is a sensorial and emotional pleasure. It is a catalyst to get

you going in the morning. It can also give a moment of uplift, relaxation, indulgence

or social connection. Coffee is a sample, accessible, affordable moment of

pleasure in everyday life; and worldwide billions of people enjoy coffee everyday.

The busier the day, the more those simple moments of coffee pleasures become

important, all those developments led to some key trends in coffee. The annual

coffee crop amounts to 7 billion kilos of green coffee. Global consumptions come

to more than 800 billion cups: billions of people enjoy coffee pleasure every day,

calculated as a cup of coffee and its consumptions still grows every year. If you

multiply the number of cups with the price of good cup of coffee, you start to

understand that coffee is a global business employing millions of people both in

agriculture and in industry. Caffeine, adenosine and dopamine: these are three key

terms in understanding the appeal of coffee. We all know caffeine, in pure form; it

is an odorless white powder with a bitter taste.

In the Philippines, coffee was first introduced by the Franciscans. Today,

Philippines already one of the exporting countries producing coffee’s around the

world.

Background of the Study

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST…

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the concept that…

Conceptual Framework

The figure that follows is a graphical representation of how this study was

carried out. The study aimed at…

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Feedback

2

……

……

……

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTFigure 1

Research Paradigm

The INPUT component contains the…

Statement of the Problem

This study will distinguish the implications of coffee drinking among the first

year Business Administration (B.A) Students of the University of the East (UE),

Manila for the first semester of academic year 2011-2012.

Specifically, this endeavor will answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the first year Business Administration (B.A)

students of the University of the East (UE), Manila in terms of :

I.1 gender,

I.2 age, and

I.3 General Point Average (GPA).

2. What are the possible reasons for drinking coffee among the students?

3. What are the possible effects of drinking coffee in terms of :

2.1 Behavior

2.2 Health, and

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST2.3 Beliefs.

4. Is there any significance relationship between drinking coffee with that of the

students’ GPA?

Assumptions

This study is premised on the following hypotheses:

1.

Scope and Limitations

The focal point of this study was to…

Significance of the Study

This research endeavored to…

Definition of Terms

The following terms are hereby…

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTThis chapter discusses the review of related literature and studies. It details

observation of books and studies on the subject matter conducted here and abroad

and their connection to the current research. The researcher looked for a record of

foreign and local studies and some related literatures that have either direct or

indirect behavior to the study.

Foreign Literature

According to Nielsen, even though it tastes "stronger", dark roasted coffees

actually have LESS caffeine than medium or light roasts. The longer a coffee is

roasted, the darker it becomes and the more caffeine burns off during the process.

Similarly, contrary to popular assumptions, espresso coffee actually contains about

one-third of the caffeine of a brewed cup of coffee. This is partially due to the fact

that espresso is typically made using top premium Arabica beans which have lower

caffeine content than Robusta beans, which are found in many coffee blends used

for standard brewing. Also, in the espresso brewing method, water is in contact

with the grounds for only 20 to 25 seconds and extracts less caffeine than methods

that put water in contact with the grounds for several minutes.

{Nielsen added that the term "Joe" when referring to coffee originates with

the fact that coffee has long been a favorite drink among American soldiers.

Soldiers in the Civil War, for example, were issued rations of coffee which they

brewed in water over camp fires. During World War II, American soldiers were

given instant coffee rations and were known to consume large amounts of coffee.

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTSince these soldiers were known as "G.I. Joes", the phrase "cup of Joe" was

adapted to describe a cup of coffee.}

According to Nielsen, caffeine can enhance athletic endurance and

performance. Until 2004, caffeine was on the International Olympic Committee list

of prohibited substances. Athletes who tested positive for more than 12

micrograms of caffeine per milliliter of urine (about 5 cups of coffee) were banned

from the Olympic Games. Even though caffeine has now been removed from the

list of prohibited substances, the controversy continues as experts differ in their

opinions as to whether caffeine consumption on the day of performance can give

an athlete an unfair advantage or not.

Local Literature

According to Philippine panorama magazine under Nestor Cuartero

column (2007), he states that in Batangas, coffee drinking is a daily, sometimes,

hourly, habit, a way of life, shared by entire families at breakfast, or at any time of

night and day. No one bothered to ask why we, children as tender as five or six

years old, were allowed to drink the wicked brew so early in the day, and that early

in our life. In addition, coffee is said to be healthier than what we think of it, says a

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTstudy by US scientist, who claim that coffee probably contributes far more healthy

antioxidants to our diet than fruits and vegetables. According to a DPA report,

scientists measured the antioxidant content more than 100 different foods, including

fruits, vegetables, nuts, spices, oils, and beverages. The findings were then

combined with data from US department of Agriculture on each item’s contribution to

the average American diet. They found out that coffee was the biggest source of

antioxidants per serving and level consumption. It was followed by black tea,

bananas, dry beans, and corn.

There was an idea that came from Prof. Joe Vinson, head researcher at

Scranton University in Pennsylvania said: ‘Americans get more of their antioxidants

from coffee than any other dietary source.’ The study revealed that both caffeinated

and decaffeinated coffee appeared to provide similar antioxidant levels. Antioxidants

are the body’s agents against harmful free radicals and destructive molecules that

damage cells and DNA. They bring to the human body various heart benefits such

as protection against heart disease and cancer. In recent years, studies have shown

that coffee-drinking could help reduce risk of liver and colon cancer, type 2 diabetes

and Parkinson’s diseases.

An observation is shared by Dr. Gerry H. Tan, Chief of the section of

endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism of College of Medicine at Cebu Doctors

University. Some facts: A study of Finnish men and women published in the journal

of American Medical Association in 2004 said increased coffee consumption is

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTassociated with decreasing risk of developing type 2 diabetes. On the other hand,

the Atherosclerosis risk in Communities (ARIC) Study published in the American

According to Shabs Piercy her father tell not to drink too much coffee as it

mixes to the blood and makes her skin darker. It had been always a refreshing

advice every time she tell them I could drink five to six cups, as in, "mugs" of coffee

in a day in exchange of inculcating into me that too much drinking [of coffee] would

give a negative effect her my health.Coffee had been a staple drink in my province,

Batangas (Philippines). We call it "kapeng barako". A strong and aromatic coffee

was naturally processed. It could be perfect with rice crispies or what we called here

as "pinipig".

In every Filipinos, coffee would never be missing besides; it is already a part

of Filipino culture. Cups of coffee turn up in any context, at any time. Early in the

morning it is poured in the intimacy of one’s kitchen, the clatter of the market

“KAPIHAN or the hash of the café”. Coffee lends itself to many purposes. It is both

sword and shield in handling stress. It is the source of livelihood to over 30,000

growers, and to hundreds of thousands more traders, roasters, café owners and

corporate employees. Coffee engages a wide range of energies, from the

preoccupations of farmers and agronomists to the creativity of the chef’s. Coffee

has woven itself into the community life of the Igorot, where it is accorded its own

ritual. Coffee entrepreneur Patrick Joson of Kape ni Juan, coffee has become an

anchor of national identity and source of pride .coffee is everywhere, and

everywhere performs it’s called-upon duty (Noel Sy Quia, 2007).

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTIn 1930 the Brazilian, Coffee Institute approached Nestle with a request.

Brazil had been building up surplus stocks of coffee , and beans often had to be

destroyed to keep prices from getting punitively low. When it first appeared in the

Philippines , this can was a novelty . A generation later it was the stuff of nostalgia.

According to Shabs Piercy her father tells not to drink too much coffee as it

mixes to the blood and makes her skin darker. It had been always a refreshing

advice every time she tell them I could drink five to six cups, as in, "mugs" of coffee

in a day in exchange of inculcating into me that too much drinking [of coffee] would

give a negative effect her my health. Coffee had been a staple drink in my

province, Batangas (Philippines). We call it "kapeng barako". A strong, aromatic

coffee was naturally processed. It could be perfect with rice crispies or what we

called here as "pinipig". Some Filipino families use coffee not just as drink but also

include it to their main course. Hot or cold, they pour it over a steaming or left over

rice which we called, "kaning lamig". It is perfect with "tuyo" or sun-dried fish and

"sinaing na isda" or fish cooked in a clay pot. It is very unique for the Filipinos how

we make use of coffee in our meals. Like also for our breakfast. Common families

make use of it as a dip for breads which we call, "pandesal". In doing so, we had

the old kidding connotation of being so clean that we have to wash first the food we

are about to eat. Coffee was never just a steroid for us Filipinos, it was the bean of

the innate that can never be taken away from our lifestyle, from what we got used

to.

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST There was an idea that came from Jessie that we can't get away a morning without

coffee is the start of a bad day. It has become a part of our culture. Drinking coffee

becomes extra special whenever we share it with our loved ones. Barako is a rare and

exotic coffee grown primarily in the Philippines. “Barako” (also spelled “Baraco”) has

become a generic name for all coffee from the province of Batangas, but real Barako is

actually Philippine Liberica and is known for its particularly strong taste, powerful body,

and a distinctly pungent aroma. The beans are indigenous to the Philippines, though the

trees can also be found in Vietnam and Indonesia. Of the four identified species of coffee

(Robusta, Excelsa, Arabica and Liberica), Liberica has the largest cherries and therefore,

bigger beans. Liberica is now predominantly grown in the province of Cavite. However,

this coffee is in danger of becoming extinct. The reason why this coffee has become rare

stems from the plight of the once thriving Philippine coffee industry.

Marcus Smith tells that Philippine Civet Coffee is the best for refreshing your

mood and soothing your senses. Renowned for its mellow aftertaste, caramel colour

soothing aroma, Philippine civet coffee is produced in the highlands of Benguet region at

a height of 1800 to 1970 meters above sea level. Besides stimulating taste and aroma,

the rareness and provenance of civet coffee beans make them the choice of

connoisseurs of coffee.

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTCivet coffee owes its name to the little-bodied animal called civet, which has cat-

like appearance. It is so because civet coffee beans are collected from civet dung. Now,

you must be thinking why they are collected from the civet faeces. Civets love coffee

cherries and have the sense to choose the tastiest cherries from the tree. They eat the

fruity outer part of cherries only and pass the beans inside, where the enzymes work on

the beans and add exceptional flavour and pleasing aroma to them. After spending

around a day in civet’s digestive tract, these coffee beans are defecated in clump. The

local tribes then hand pick these beans from civet dung and subsequently wash, sterilise

and dry them before roasting and brewing.

Some interesting facts about the provenance of civet coffee beans are: Production

of this coffee began when beans were collected in wild by the tribes from where a civet

would defecate to mark their territory. Earlier civets were widely hunted by the local tribes.

But now with the growing popularity and high income brought by civet coffee beans, civet

farming has become a common practice among them.

Foreign Studies

According to Rachel Nielsen from her column in EZINE ARTICLES, the

three biggest coffee drinkers in the world are the Americans, the French and the

Germans. They consume nearly 65% of the total world's consumption of coffee.

Worldwide annual coffee consumption is over 400 billion cups and continues to

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTgrow. In 2005, coffee was the seventh largest legal agricultural export in the world

by value.

Rachael Nielsen added that, in the United States alone, we consume 400

million cups every day, or 35% of the world's total. The statistics show that 54% of

the adult population drinks coffee cups on a daily basis, and another 25% of all

Americans drink it once in a while. This means that more than three quarters of

American adults drink coffee.

Rachel states that, Men drink as much, if not more, coffee than women. In

the year 2000, a National Coffee Association survey reported that the average

consumption of coffee corresponds to approximately 1.9 cups of coffee per day for

men and 1.4 cups per day for women when looking at the total population.

However, when looking at coffee drinkers only, the average consumption is raised

to about 3.1 cups per person per day.

Nielsen also believes that coffee can be good for you! Coffee can increase

the effectiveness of pain killers, reduce headaches and can help fight asthma,

possibly due to the enhanced adrenal effect from the caffeine. Coffee may reduce

the risk for some cancers and Parkinson's disease. Recent studies have shown

that caffeine reduces the incidence of diabetes by 54% for men and 30% for

women. Lastly, coffee's stimulant effects and fat burning potential has some in the

medical field pushing it as a means of lowering the incidence of heart disease.

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTRachel Nielsen concluded that coffee is loved the world over. There are not

too many beverages which inspire the love and devotion that coffee does. In fact,

coffee is the second most consumed beverage in the world after water.

Local Studies

-------------------------------------don’t include this--------- drag n lng ha----sa taas

Local Literature

Some Filipino families use coffee not just as drink but also include it to their

main course. Hot or cold, they pour it over a steaming or left over rice which we

called, "kaning lamig". It is perfect with "tuyo" or sun-dried fish and "sinaing na isda"

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTor fish cooked in a clay pot. It is very unique for the Filipinos how we make use of

coffee in our meals. Like also for our breakfast. Common families make use of it as a

dip for breads which we call, "pandesal". In doing so, we had the old kidding

connotation of being so clean that we have to wash first the food we are about to

eat.Coffee was never just a steroid for us Filipinos, it was the bean of the innate that

can never be taken away from our lifestyle, from what we got used to.

Marcus Smith tells that Philippine Civet Coffee is the best for refreshing your

mood and soothing your senses. Renowned for its mellow aftertaste, caramel colour

soothing aroma, Philippine civet coffee is produced in the highlands of Benguet

region at a height of 1800 to 1970 meters above sea level. Besides stimulating taste

and aroma, the rareness and provenance of civet coffee beans make them the

choice of connoisseurs of coffee. Civet coffee owes its name to the little-bodied

animal called civet, which has cat-like appearance. It is so because civet coffee

beans are collected from civet dung. Now, you must be thinking why they are

collected from the civet faeces. Civets love coffee cherries and have the sense to

choose the tastiest cherries from the tree. They eat the fruity outer part of cherries

only and pass the beans inside, where the enzymes work on the beans and add

exceptional flavour and pleasing aroma to them. After spending around a day in

civet’s digestive tract, these coffee beans are

defecated in clump. The local tribes then hand pick these beans from civet dung and

subsequently wash, sterilise and dry them before roasting and brewing. Some

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTinteresting facts about the provenance of civet coffee beans are: Production of this

coffee began when beans were collected in wild by the tribes from where a civet

would defecate to mark their territory. Earlier civets were widely hunted by the local

tribes. But now with the growing popularity and high income brought by civet coffee

beans, civet farming has become a common practice among them.

Since the average yearly production of civet coffee is 1000 pounds only, its

cost varies between USD100 and USD 600 per pound. Due to the high cost involved

it is out of reach for many and hence, is not available in all coffee stores. With the

growing number of online coffee merchants, you can get the costly Philippine Civet

Coffee at your doorstep. All you need to do is browse the web to find out the online

sellers of civet coffee and place an order with the one whom you find the best

suitable.Coffee is one of the most important crops not only in the Philippines but also

in other countries. It is said that water maybe the essential liquid for Earth’s life

forms, but coffee really gets the body’s motor going. Each day, millions stagger to

the kitchen coffee pot. It is among the top ten agricultural crops in terms of value

(Agriculture Magazine). No wonder why coffee occupies an important role in the

economy. In world trade, coffee ranks first among the enjoyment goods, surpassing

alcohol drinks, tea and tobacco. (http://hubpages.com/hub/coffee-production-

philippines)

Based on the book of (Pacita U. Juan and Ma. Regina S. Francisco). In the

Philippines, coffee is still reigns supreme over tea. In the provinces that grow coffee,

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTthe best coffee, the best crops (those with the reddest cherries) are separated for

private consumption (“home use” or “family use”) and are never sold. These are

specially roasted in pans and meticulously pounded or ground

and passed through screens until the grind is perfectly even. The grounds are then

cooked in pots and served freshly “boiled” or brewed.Roasting is done in small

batches, usually limited to as much as what the family will use for a week or a few

days. Upon entering a house in the province, the first beverage offered is coffee.

Coffee is then prepared and usually drank just with a little sugar. Milk is an option,

which is usually fresh carabao’s milk or convenience, evaporated milk in cans.

Foreign Studies

As far as the studies abroad are concerned, it can be assumed that no study

of this sort has ever been conducted The introduction of coffee to the Americas was

effected by Captain Gabriel des Clieux, who obtained cuttings from the reluctant

botanist Antoine de Jussieu, who was loath to disfigure the

king's coffee tree. Clieux, when water rations dwindled during a difficult voyage,

shared his portion with his precious plants and protected them from a Dutchman,

perhaps an agent of the Provinces jealous of the Batavian trade. Clieux nurtured the

plants on his arrival in the West Indies, and established them

in Guadeloupe and Saint - Domingue in addition to Martinique, where a blight had

struck the cacao plantations, which were replaced by coffee plantations in a space of

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTthree years, is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the

continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the

first French coffee plantations were founded.

The first coffee plantation in Brazil occurred in 1727 when Lt. Col. Francisco

de MeloPalheta smuggled seeds, still essentially from the germ plasm originally

taken from Yemen to Batavia, from French Guiana. By the 1800s, Brazil's harvests

would turn coffee from an elite indulgence to a drink for the masses. Brazil, which

like most other countries cultivates coffee as a commercial commodity, relied heavily

on slave labor from Africa for the viability of the plantations until the abolition of

slavery in 1888. The success of coffee in 17th-century Europe was paralleled with

the spread of the habit of tobacco smoking all over the continent during the course of

the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).

For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil was the biggest

producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade. However, a policy of

maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations, such

as Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua,Indonesia and Vietnam, now second only to

Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world. Large-scale production in Vietnam

began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995. Nearly all of the

coffee grown there is Robusta.

Despite the origins of coffee cultivation in Ethiopia, that country produced only

a small amount for export until the Twentieth Century, and much of that not from the

south of the country but from the environs of Harar in the northeast.

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST

The Kingdom of Kaffa, home of the plant, was estimated to produce between

50,000 and 60,000 kilograms of coffee beans in the 1880s. Commercial production

effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of Gambela, and

greatly increased afterwards: 100,000 kilograms of coffee was exported from

Gambela in 1908, while in 1927-8 over 4 million kilograms passed through that port.

Coffee plantations were also developed in Arsi Province at the same time, and were

eventually exported by means of the Addis Ababa - Djibouti Railway. While only

245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway, this amount jumped to 2,240,000

kilograms by 1922, surpassed exports of "Harari" coffee by 1925, and reached

9,260,000 kilograms in 1936.

Australia is a minor coffee producer, with little product for export, but its coffee

history goes back to 1880 when the first of 500 acres (2.0 km2) began to be

developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown. Today

there are several producers of Arabica coffee in Australia that use a mechanical

harvesting system invented in 1981.

Local Studies

The Philippines belongs to this special are area and is one of only fifty-three

countries that produce coffee (pacita and regina). Several master’s theses and

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTdoctoral dissertations focusing on the production and export of coffee was once a

major industry in the Philippines, which 200 years ago was the fourth

largest coffee producing nation. Today, however, the Philippines produce

only .012% of the world's coffee supply. Efforts are being undertaken to revive the

industry however, with the majority of coffee produced in the mountain areas

of Batangas,Bukidnon, Benguet, Cavite, Kalinga, Apayao, Davao, and Claveria.

(Wikipedia.com)

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies

According to Kevin Knox and Julie Sheldon Huffaker (1997), A considerable

number of foreign and local literature containing discussions in developing

knowledgeable relationship with coffee and particularly to learn to distinguish and

appreciate its content – one must first understand what coffee is and where did it

came from, The coffee bean is actually the seed, or pit, of the round, red “cherry”

fruit of a tropical evergreen shrub.

Coffee according to Pacita and regina beans come from coffee cherries which

are the fruit of tree. Each cherry contains two beans. The belt wraps the earth and is

bound by the tropic of can cer and tropic of Capricorn.

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The purpose of this study was to conduct a linguistic-syntactic analysis of

expressions and utterances from selected short stories in English by National Artists

to draw out from them Filipino family values. This chapter hallmarks the…

Method of Research

The researcher made use of the…

Research Instrument

Data-Gathering Procedure

The procedure followed by the researcher is hereby presented.

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter hallmarks the analysis and interpretation of data, following the

sequence of the specific problems stated in Chapter 1.

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study conducted a linguistic-syntactic analysis of expressions and

utterances from selected short stories in English by National Artists to draw out from

them Filipino family values. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following

questions…

Summary

Based on the analysis and interpretation of data gathered, the research

hereby presents the following findings of the study.

Conclusions

Based on the foregoing findings, this researcher arrived at the following

conclusions:

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTRecommendations

From the findings and conclusions of this study, the researcher has come up

with the following recommendations:

WORKS CITED

BOOKS

Abcarian, Richard and Marvin Klotz. Literature: The Human Experience. New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1988. Print.

Andres, Tomas D. Understanding Filipino Values. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1981. Print.

---. Dictionary of Values. Quezon City: Giraffe Books, 2000. Print.

UNPUBLISHED THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

Agua, Naomi B. “Teaching Philippine Literature for Values Reorientation.” MA thesis. Baguio Colleges Foundation, 1997. Print.

Alibanto, Dominga E. “Filipino Values in the Short Stories of Selected Bikolano Writers in English.” MA thesis. Bicol University, Bicol, 1990. Print.

Bael, Renie B. “Filipino Values as Portrayed in the Selected Works of Edilberto K. Tiempo.” MA thesis. Andres Bonifacio College, Dipolog City, 1992. Print.

PERIODICALS

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTGonzalez, NVM. “The Poetic Image in Philippine Letter.” Literature and Society.

Manila: Alberto S. Florentino, 1964. Print.

Halili- Jao, Nina. “Pinoys Turn to God in Times of Crisis.” The Philippine Star. 11 October 2009: M-2. Print.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES AND OTHER REFERENCES

Brynildssen, Shawna. “Character Education Through Children’s Literature.” August 2002. Web. 1 April 2008.

Caballero, Mariana. “What is Sociolinguistics?” Web. 3 January 2009.

Conrad D. and Hedin D. “School-based Community Service: What we Know from Research and Theory.” Web. 1 April 2008.

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: The Short Stories Under Study

Appendix 2: Quotes on Family

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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST

CERTIFICATION OF EDITING

This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis entitled Short

Stories in English by National Artists: A Linguistic-Syntactic Analysis of Expressions

and Utterances by Julius Cesar Rosales Pascual has been edited by the

undersigned.

MILAGROS F. CAÑARES, PhD Editor

Done this:

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