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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Coffee is a sensorial and emotional pleasure. It is a catalyst to get
you going in the morning. It can also give a moment of uplift, relaxation, indulgence
or social connection. Coffee is a sample, accessible, affordable moment of
pleasure in everyday life; and worldwide billions of people enjoy coffee everyday.
The busier the day, the more those simple moments of coffee pleasures become
important, all those developments led to some key trends in coffee. The annual
coffee crop amounts to 7 billion kilos of green coffee. Global consumptions come
to more than 800 billion cups: billions of people enjoy coffee pleasure every day,
calculated as a cup of coffee and its consumptions still grows every year. If you
multiply the number of cups with the price of good cup of coffee, you start to
understand that coffee is a global business employing millions of people both in
agriculture and in industry. Caffeine, adenosine and dopamine: these are three key
terms in understanding the appeal of coffee. We all know caffeine, in pure form; it
is an odorless white powder with a bitter taste.
In the Philippines, coffee was first introduced by the Franciscans. Today,
Philippines already one of the exporting countries producing coffee’s around the
world.
Background of the Study
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST…
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on the concept that…
Conceptual Framework
The figure that follows is a graphical representation of how this study was
carried out. The study aimed at…
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Feedback
2
……
……
……
UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTFigure 1
Research Paradigm
The INPUT component contains the…
Statement of the Problem
This study will distinguish the implications of coffee drinking among the first
year Business Administration (B.A) Students of the University of the East (UE),
Manila for the first semester of academic year 2011-2012.
Specifically, this endeavor will answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the first year Business Administration (B.A)
students of the University of the East (UE), Manila in terms of :
I.1 gender,
I.2 age, and
I.3 General Point Average (GPA).
2. What are the possible reasons for drinking coffee among the students?
3. What are the possible effects of drinking coffee in terms of :
2.1 Behavior
2.2 Health, and
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST2.3 Beliefs.
4. Is there any significance relationship between drinking coffee with that of the
students’ GPA?
Assumptions
This study is premised on the following hypotheses:
1.
Scope and Limitations
The focal point of this study was to…
Significance of the Study
This research endeavored to…
Definition of Terms
The following terms are hereby…
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
4
UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTThis chapter discusses the review of related literature and studies. It details
observation of books and studies on the subject matter conducted here and abroad
and their connection to the current research. The researcher looked for a record of
foreign and local studies and some related literatures that have either direct or
indirect behavior to the study.
Foreign Literature
According to Nielsen, even though it tastes "stronger", dark roasted coffees
actually have LESS caffeine than medium or light roasts. The longer a coffee is
roasted, the darker it becomes and the more caffeine burns off during the process.
Similarly, contrary to popular assumptions, espresso coffee actually contains about
one-third of the caffeine of a brewed cup of coffee. This is partially due to the fact
that espresso is typically made using top premium Arabica beans which have lower
caffeine content than Robusta beans, which are found in many coffee blends used
for standard brewing. Also, in the espresso brewing method, water is in contact
with the grounds for only 20 to 25 seconds and extracts less caffeine than methods
that put water in contact with the grounds for several minutes.
{Nielsen added that the term "Joe" when referring to coffee originates with
the fact that coffee has long been a favorite drink among American soldiers.
Soldiers in the Civil War, for example, were issued rations of coffee which they
brewed in water over camp fires. During World War II, American soldiers were
given instant coffee rations and were known to consume large amounts of coffee.
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTSince these soldiers were known as "G.I. Joes", the phrase "cup of Joe" was
adapted to describe a cup of coffee.}
According to Nielsen, caffeine can enhance athletic endurance and
performance. Until 2004, caffeine was on the International Olympic Committee list
of prohibited substances. Athletes who tested positive for more than 12
micrograms of caffeine per milliliter of urine (about 5 cups of coffee) were banned
from the Olympic Games. Even though caffeine has now been removed from the
list of prohibited substances, the controversy continues as experts differ in their
opinions as to whether caffeine consumption on the day of performance can give
an athlete an unfair advantage or not.
Local Literature
According to Philippine panorama magazine under Nestor Cuartero
column (2007), he states that in Batangas, coffee drinking is a daily, sometimes,
hourly, habit, a way of life, shared by entire families at breakfast, or at any time of
night and day. No one bothered to ask why we, children as tender as five or six
years old, were allowed to drink the wicked brew so early in the day, and that early
in our life. In addition, coffee is said to be healthier than what we think of it, says a
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTstudy by US scientist, who claim that coffee probably contributes far more healthy
antioxidants to our diet than fruits and vegetables. According to a DPA report,
scientists measured the antioxidant content more than 100 different foods, including
fruits, vegetables, nuts, spices, oils, and beverages. The findings were then
combined with data from US department of Agriculture on each item’s contribution to
the average American diet. They found out that coffee was the biggest source of
antioxidants per serving and level consumption. It was followed by black tea,
bananas, dry beans, and corn.
There was an idea that came from Prof. Joe Vinson, head researcher at
Scranton University in Pennsylvania said: ‘Americans get more of their antioxidants
from coffee than any other dietary source.’ The study revealed that both caffeinated
and decaffeinated coffee appeared to provide similar antioxidant levels. Antioxidants
are the body’s agents against harmful free radicals and destructive molecules that
damage cells and DNA. They bring to the human body various heart benefits such
as protection against heart disease and cancer. In recent years, studies have shown
that coffee-drinking could help reduce risk of liver and colon cancer, type 2 diabetes
and Parkinson’s diseases.
An observation is shared by Dr. Gerry H. Tan, Chief of the section of
endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism of College of Medicine at Cebu Doctors
University. Some facts: A study of Finnish men and women published in the journal
of American Medical Association in 2004 said increased coffee consumption is
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTassociated with decreasing risk of developing type 2 diabetes. On the other hand,
the Atherosclerosis risk in Communities (ARIC) Study published in the American
According to Shabs Piercy her father tell not to drink too much coffee as it
mixes to the blood and makes her skin darker. It had been always a refreshing
advice every time she tell them I could drink five to six cups, as in, "mugs" of coffee
in a day in exchange of inculcating into me that too much drinking [of coffee] would
give a negative effect her my health.Coffee had been a staple drink in my province,
Batangas (Philippines). We call it "kapeng barako". A strong and aromatic coffee
was naturally processed. It could be perfect with rice crispies or what we called here
as "pinipig".
In every Filipinos, coffee would never be missing besides; it is already a part
of Filipino culture. Cups of coffee turn up in any context, at any time. Early in the
morning it is poured in the intimacy of one’s kitchen, the clatter of the market
“KAPIHAN or the hash of the café”. Coffee lends itself to many purposes. It is both
sword and shield in handling stress. It is the source of livelihood to over 30,000
growers, and to hundreds of thousands more traders, roasters, café owners and
corporate employees. Coffee engages a wide range of energies, from the
preoccupations of farmers and agronomists to the creativity of the chef’s. Coffee
has woven itself into the community life of the Igorot, where it is accorded its own
ritual. Coffee entrepreneur Patrick Joson of Kape ni Juan, coffee has become an
anchor of national identity and source of pride .coffee is everywhere, and
everywhere performs it’s called-upon duty (Noel Sy Quia, 2007).
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTIn 1930 the Brazilian, Coffee Institute approached Nestle with a request.
Brazil had been building up surplus stocks of coffee , and beans often had to be
destroyed to keep prices from getting punitively low. When it first appeared in the
Philippines , this can was a novelty . A generation later it was the stuff of nostalgia.
According to Shabs Piercy her father tells not to drink too much coffee as it
mixes to the blood and makes her skin darker. It had been always a refreshing
advice every time she tell them I could drink five to six cups, as in, "mugs" of coffee
in a day in exchange of inculcating into me that too much drinking [of coffee] would
give a negative effect her my health. Coffee had been a staple drink in my
province, Batangas (Philippines). We call it "kapeng barako". A strong, aromatic
coffee was naturally processed. It could be perfect with rice crispies or what we
called here as "pinipig". Some Filipino families use coffee not just as drink but also
include it to their main course. Hot or cold, they pour it over a steaming or left over
rice which we called, "kaning lamig". It is perfect with "tuyo" or sun-dried fish and
"sinaing na isda" or fish cooked in a clay pot. It is very unique for the Filipinos how
we make use of coffee in our meals. Like also for our breakfast. Common families
make use of it as a dip for breads which we call, "pandesal". In doing so, we had
the old kidding connotation of being so clean that we have to wash first the food we
are about to eat. Coffee was never just a steroid for us Filipinos, it was the bean of
the innate that can never be taken away from our lifestyle, from what we got used
to.
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST There was an idea that came from Jessie that we can't get away a morning without
coffee is the start of a bad day. It has become a part of our culture. Drinking coffee
becomes extra special whenever we share it with our loved ones. Barako is a rare and
exotic coffee grown primarily in the Philippines. “Barako” (also spelled “Baraco”) has
become a generic name for all coffee from the province of Batangas, but real Barako is
actually Philippine Liberica and is known for its particularly strong taste, powerful body,
and a distinctly pungent aroma. The beans are indigenous to the Philippines, though the
trees can also be found in Vietnam and Indonesia. Of the four identified species of coffee
(Robusta, Excelsa, Arabica and Liberica), Liberica has the largest cherries and therefore,
bigger beans. Liberica is now predominantly grown in the province of Cavite. However,
this coffee is in danger of becoming extinct. The reason why this coffee has become rare
stems from the plight of the once thriving Philippine coffee industry.
Marcus Smith tells that Philippine Civet Coffee is the best for refreshing your
mood and soothing your senses. Renowned for its mellow aftertaste, caramel colour
soothing aroma, Philippine civet coffee is produced in the highlands of Benguet region at
a height of 1800 to 1970 meters above sea level. Besides stimulating taste and aroma,
the rareness and provenance of civet coffee beans make them the choice of
connoisseurs of coffee.
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTCivet coffee owes its name to the little-bodied animal called civet, which has cat-
like appearance. It is so because civet coffee beans are collected from civet dung. Now,
you must be thinking why they are collected from the civet faeces. Civets love coffee
cherries and have the sense to choose the tastiest cherries from the tree. They eat the
fruity outer part of cherries only and pass the beans inside, where the enzymes work on
the beans and add exceptional flavour and pleasing aroma to them. After spending
around a day in civet’s digestive tract, these coffee beans are defecated in clump. The
local tribes then hand pick these beans from civet dung and subsequently wash, sterilise
and dry them before roasting and brewing.
Some interesting facts about the provenance of civet coffee beans are: Production
of this coffee began when beans were collected in wild by the tribes from where a civet
would defecate to mark their territory. Earlier civets were widely hunted by the local tribes.
But now with the growing popularity and high income brought by civet coffee beans, civet
farming has become a common practice among them.
Foreign Studies
According to Rachel Nielsen from her column in EZINE ARTICLES, the
three biggest coffee drinkers in the world are the Americans, the French and the
Germans. They consume nearly 65% of the total world's consumption of coffee.
Worldwide annual coffee consumption is over 400 billion cups and continues to
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTgrow. In 2005, coffee was the seventh largest legal agricultural export in the world
by value.
Rachael Nielsen added that, in the United States alone, we consume 400
million cups every day, or 35% of the world's total. The statistics show that 54% of
the adult population drinks coffee cups on a daily basis, and another 25% of all
Americans drink it once in a while. This means that more than three quarters of
American adults drink coffee.
Rachel states that, Men drink as much, if not more, coffee than women. In
the year 2000, a National Coffee Association survey reported that the average
consumption of coffee corresponds to approximately 1.9 cups of coffee per day for
men and 1.4 cups per day for women when looking at the total population.
However, when looking at coffee drinkers only, the average consumption is raised
to about 3.1 cups per person per day.
Nielsen also believes that coffee can be good for you! Coffee can increase
the effectiveness of pain killers, reduce headaches and can help fight asthma,
possibly due to the enhanced adrenal effect from the caffeine. Coffee may reduce
the risk for some cancers and Parkinson's disease. Recent studies have shown
that caffeine reduces the incidence of diabetes by 54% for men and 30% for
women. Lastly, coffee's stimulant effects and fat burning potential has some in the
medical field pushing it as a means of lowering the incidence of heart disease.
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTRachel Nielsen concluded that coffee is loved the world over. There are not
too many beverages which inspire the love and devotion that coffee does. In fact,
coffee is the second most consumed beverage in the world after water.
Local Studies
-------------------------------------don’t include this--------- drag n lng ha----sa taas
Local Literature
Some Filipino families use coffee not just as drink but also include it to their
main course. Hot or cold, they pour it over a steaming or left over rice which we
called, "kaning lamig". It is perfect with "tuyo" or sun-dried fish and "sinaing na isda"
13
UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTor fish cooked in a clay pot. It is very unique for the Filipinos how we make use of
coffee in our meals. Like also for our breakfast. Common families make use of it as a
dip for breads which we call, "pandesal". In doing so, we had the old kidding
connotation of being so clean that we have to wash first the food we are about to
eat.Coffee was never just a steroid for us Filipinos, it was the bean of the innate that
can never be taken away from our lifestyle, from what we got used to.
Marcus Smith tells that Philippine Civet Coffee is the best for refreshing your
mood and soothing your senses. Renowned for its mellow aftertaste, caramel colour
soothing aroma, Philippine civet coffee is produced in the highlands of Benguet
region at a height of 1800 to 1970 meters above sea level. Besides stimulating taste
and aroma, the rareness and provenance of civet coffee beans make them the
choice of connoisseurs of coffee. Civet coffee owes its name to the little-bodied
animal called civet, which has cat-like appearance. It is so because civet coffee
beans are collected from civet dung. Now, you must be thinking why they are
collected from the civet faeces. Civets love coffee cherries and have the sense to
choose the tastiest cherries from the tree. They eat the fruity outer part of cherries
only and pass the beans inside, where the enzymes work on the beans and add
exceptional flavour and pleasing aroma to them. After spending around a day in
civet’s digestive tract, these coffee beans are
defecated in clump. The local tribes then hand pick these beans from civet dung and
subsequently wash, sterilise and dry them before roasting and brewing. Some
14
UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTinteresting facts about the provenance of civet coffee beans are: Production of this
coffee began when beans were collected in wild by the tribes from where a civet
would defecate to mark their territory. Earlier civets were widely hunted by the local
tribes. But now with the growing popularity and high income brought by civet coffee
beans, civet farming has become a common practice among them.
Since the average yearly production of civet coffee is 1000 pounds only, its
cost varies between USD100 and USD 600 per pound. Due to the high cost involved
it is out of reach for many and hence, is not available in all coffee stores. With the
growing number of online coffee merchants, you can get the costly Philippine Civet
Coffee at your doorstep. All you need to do is browse the web to find out the online
sellers of civet coffee and place an order with the one whom you find the best
suitable.Coffee is one of the most important crops not only in the Philippines but also
in other countries. It is said that water maybe the essential liquid for Earth’s life
forms, but coffee really gets the body’s motor going. Each day, millions stagger to
the kitchen coffee pot. It is among the top ten agricultural crops in terms of value
(Agriculture Magazine). No wonder why coffee occupies an important role in the
economy. In world trade, coffee ranks first among the enjoyment goods, surpassing
alcohol drinks, tea and tobacco. (http://hubpages.com/hub/coffee-production-
philippines)
Based on the book of (Pacita U. Juan and Ma. Regina S. Francisco). In the
Philippines, coffee is still reigns supreme over tea. In the provinces that grow coffee,
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTthe best coffee, the best crops (those with the reddest cherries) are separated for
private consumption (“home use” or “family use”) and are never sold. These are
specially roasted in pans and meticulously pounded or ground
and passed through screens until the grind is perfectly even. The grounds are then
cooked in pots and served freshly “boiled” or brewed.Roasting is done in small
batches, usually limited to as much as what the family will use for a week or a few
days. Upon entering a house in the province, the first beverage offered is coffee.
Coffee is then prepared and usually drank just with a little sugar. Milk is an option,
which is usually fresh carabao’s milk or convenience, evaporated milk in cans.
Foreign Studies
As far as the studies abroad are concerned, it can be assumed that no study
of this sort has ever been conducted The introduction of coffee to the Americas was
effected by Captain Gabriel des Clieux, who obtained cuttings from the reluctant
botanist Antoine de Jussieu, who was loath to disfigure the
king's coffee tree. Clieux, when water rations dwindled during a difficult voyage,
shared his portion with his precious plants and protected them from a Dutchman,
perhaps an agent of the Provinces jealous of the Batavian trade. Clieux nurtured the
plants on his arrival in the West Indies, and established them
in Guadeloupe and Saint - Domingue in addition to Martinique, where a blight had
struck the cacao plantations, which were replaced by coffee plantations in a space of
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTthree years, is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the
continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the
first French coffee plantations were founded.
The first coffee plantation in Brazil occurred in 1727 when Lt. Col. Francisco
de MeloPalheta smuggled seeds, still essentially from the germ plasm originally
taken from Yemen to Batavia, from French Guiana. By the 1800s, Brazil's harvests
would turn coffee from an elite indulgence to a drink for the masses. Brazil, which
like most other countries cultivates coffee as a commercial commodity, relied heavily
on slave labor from Africa for the viability of the plantations until the abolition of
slavery in 1888. The success of coffee in 17th-century Europe was paralleled with
the spread of the habit of tobacco smoking all over the continent during the course of
the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).
For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil was the biggest
producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade. However, a policy of
maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations, such
as Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua,Indonesia and Vietnam, now second only to
Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world. Large-scale production in Vietnam
began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995. Nearly all of the
coffee grown there is Robusta.
Despite the origins of coffee cultivation in Ethiopia, that country produced only
a small amount for export until the Twentieth Century, and much of that not from the
south of the country but from the environs of Harar in the northeast.
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST
The Kingdom of Kaffa, home of the plant, was estimated to produce between
50,000 and 60,000 kilograms of coffee beans in the 1880s. Commercial production
effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of Gambela, and
greatly increased afterwards: 100,000 kilograms of coffee was exported from
Gambela in 1908, while in 1927-8 over 4 million kilograms passed through that port.
Coffee plantations were also developed in Arsi Province at the same time, and were
eventually exported by means of the Addis Ababa - Djibouti Railway. While only
245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway, this amount jumped to 2,240,000
kilograms by 1922, surpassed exports of "Harari" coffee by 1925, and reached
9,260,000 kilograms in 1936.
Australia is a minor coffee producer, with little product for export, but its coffee
history goes back to 1880 when the first of 500 acres (2.0 km2) began to be
developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown. Today
there are several producers of Arabica coffee in Australia that use a mechanical
harvesting system invented in 1981.
Local Studies
The Philippines belongs to this special are area and is one of only fifty-three
countries that produce coffee (pacita and regina). Several master’s theses and
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTdoctoral dissertations focusing on the production and export of coffee was once a
major industry in the Philippines, which 200 years ago was the fourth
largest coffee producing nation. Today, however, the Philippines produce
only .012% of the world's coffee supply. Efforts are being undertaken to revive the
industry however, with the majority of coffee produced in the mountain areas
of Batangas,Bukidnon, Benguet, Cavite, Kalinga, Apayao, Davao, and Claveria.
(Wikipedia.com)
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST
Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies
According to Kevin Knox and Julie Sheldon Huffaker (1997), A considerable
number of foreign and local literature containing discussions in developing
knowledgeable relationship with coffee and particularly to learn to distinguish and
appreciate its content – one must first understand what coffee is and where did it
came from, The coffee bean is actually the seed, or pit, of the round, red “cherry”
fruit of a tropical evergreen shrub.
Coffee according to Pacita and regina beans come from coffee cherries which
are the fruit of tree. Each cherry contains two beans. The belt wraps the earth and is
bound by the tropic of can cer and tropic of Capricorn.
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this study was to conduct a linguistic-syntactic analysis of
expressions and utterances from selected short stories in English by National Artists
to draw out from them Filipino family values. This chapter hallmarks the…
Method of Research
The researcher made use of the…
Research Instrument
…
Data-Gathering Procedure
The procedure followed by the researcher is hereby presented.
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter hallmarks the analysis and interpretation of data, following the
sequence of the specific problems stated in Chapter 1.
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study conducted a linguistic-syntactic analysis of expressions and
utterances from selected short stories in English by National Artists to draw out from
them Filipino family values. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following
questions…
Summary
Based on the analysis and interpretation of data gathered, the research
hereby presents the following findings of the study.
Conclusions
Based on the foregoing findings, this researcher arrived at the following
conclusions:
23
UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTRecommendations
From the findings and conclusions of this study, the researcher has come up
with the following recommendations:
WORKS CITED
BOOKS
Abcarian, Richard and Marvin Klotz. Literature: The Human Experience. New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1988. Print.
Andres, Tomas D. Understanding Filipino Values. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1981. Print.
---. Dictionary of Values. Quezon City: Giraffe Books, 2000. Print.
UNPUBLISHED THESES AND DISSERTATIONS
Agua, Naomi B. “Teaching Philippine Literature for Values Reorientation.” MA thesis. Baguio Colleges Foundation, 1997. Print.
Alibanto, Dominga E. “Filipino Values in the Short Stories of Selected Bikolano Writers in English.” MA thesis. Bicol University, Bicol, 1990. Print.
Bael, Renie B. “Filipino Values as Portrayed in the Selected Works of Edilberto K. Tiempo.” MA thesis. Andres Bonifacio College, Dipolog City, 1992. Print.
PERIODICALS
24
UNIVERS ITY OF THE EASTGonzalez, NVM. “The Poetic Image in Philippine Letter.” Literature and Society.
Manila: Alberto S. Florentino, 1964. Print.
Halili- Jao, Nina. “Pinoys Turn to God in Times of Crisis.” The Philippine Star. 11 October 2009: M-2. Print.
ELECTRONIC SOURCES AND OTHER REFERENCES
Brynildssen, Shawna. “Character Education Through Children’s Literature.” August 2002. Web. 1 April 2008.
Caballero, Mariana. “What is Sociolinguistics?” Web. 3 January 2009.
Conrad D. and Hedin D. “School-based Community Service: What we Know from Research and Theory.” Web. 1 April 2008.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: The Short Stories Under Study
Appendix 2: Quotes on Family
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UNIVERS ITY OF THE EAST
CERTIFICATION OF EDITING
This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis entitled Short
Stories in English by National Artists: A Linguistic-Syntactic Analysis of Expressions
and Utterances by Julius Cesar Rosales Pascual has been edited by the
undersigned.
MILAGROS F. CAÑARES, PhD Editor
Done this:
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