Transcript
Page 1: The 17 th Century England and the Dutch Republic

The 17The 17thth Century Century

England and the Dutch England and the Dutch RepublicRepublic

Page 2: The 17 th Century England and the Dutch Republic

"Golden Age" of the Dutch "Golden Age" of the Dutch RepublicRepublic

History of the Dutch prior to WestphaliaHistory of the Dutch prior to Westphalia Rebellion against Philip IIRebellion against Philip II The Eighty Years’ War (1568-1648)The Eighty Years’ War (1568-1648)

Peace of Westphalia recognizes the Peace of Westphalia recognizes the independence of the United Provincesindependence of the United Provinces

Internal dissension after independence – Internal dissension after independence – two centers of political powertwo centers of political power

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Politics in the Dutch Politics in the Dutch RepublicRepublic

House of OrangeHouse of Orange Each province had a stadholder who was responsible for Each province had a stadholder who was responsible for

leading the army and maintaining orderleading the army and maintaining order Starting with William of Orange, his house occupied the Starting with William of Orange, his house occupied the

stadholderate in most of the 7 provinces, which were stadholderate in most of the 7 provinces, which were Favored the development of a centralized government with Favored the development of a centralized government with

them as heredity monarchsthem as heredity monarchs William II and his sonWilliam II and his son

The States GeneralThe States General Assembly of representatives from every provinceAssembly of representatives from every province Opposed the centralizing actions of the House of OrangeOpposed the centralizing actions of the House of Orange Dominated Dutch politics throughout most of the late 17th Dominated Dutch politics throughout most of the late 17th

centurycentury However, the States General was ill-equipped to handle the However, the States General was ill-equipped to handle the

threat from France and Louis XIVthreat from France and Louis XIV

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William of OrangeWilliam of Orange

In 1672, with threats from both In 1672, with threats from both France and England the States France and England the States General turns again to the General turns again to the House of Orange, in the person House of Orange, in the person of William to lead themof William to lead them

Is able to stem the tide against Is able to stem the tide against FranceFrance

In 1688 gains the English In 1688 gains the English crown and its resources in his crown and its resources in his battle against Francebattle against France

Upon his death in 1702, the Upon his death in 1702, the republican forces regain control republican forces regain control over Dutch affairsover Dutch affairs

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Economic Power of the Economic Power of the DutchDutch

Economic Prosperity Economic Prosperity The United Provinces, with its access to the Atlantic, become The United Provinces, with its access to the Atlantic, become

the major trading power of the 17th centurythe major trading power of the 17th century However, the wars with France and competition from England However, the wars with France and competition from England

erode its economic strength and by 1715 the Dutch erode its economic strength and by 1715 the Dutch experience an economic decline that would last into the 18th experience an economic decline that would last into the 18th centurycentury

Amsterdam as a Commercial Capital Amsterdam as a Commercial Capital Center of the Dutch commercial empireCenter of the Dutch commercial empire Replaced Antwerp as financial and commercial capital of Replaced Antwerp as financial and commercial capital of

EuropeEurope Was also a manufacturing center producing woolen cloth, Was also a manufacturing center producing woolen cloth,

refined sugar and tobacco products, glass, beer, paper, refined sugar and tobacco products, glass, beer, paper, books, jewelry, and leather goodsbooks, jewelry, and leather goods

Also important as a financial centerAlso important as a financial center Exchange Bank of Amsterdam, 1609Exchange Bank of Amsterdam, 1609 Amsterdam Stock ExchangeAmsterdam Stock Exchange

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England and the StuartsEngland and the Stuarts

With the death of With the death of Elizabeth in 1603, Elizabeth in 1603, the Tudor line the Tudor line came to an end came to an end and was replaced and was replaced by the Stuartsby the Stuarts

James VI of James VI of Scotland becomes Scotland becomes James I of EnglandJames I of England

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James VI becomes James IJames VI becomes James I

Knew little about the laws and traditions of EnglandKnew little about the laws and traditions of England Believed in Divine Right of MonarchyBelieved in Divine Right of Monarchy This put him into conflict with Parliament which had grown This put him into conflict with Parliament which had grown

accustomed to a “balanced polity” of ruleaccustomed to a “balanced polity” of rule Parliament expressed its displeasure with James by refusing Parliament expressed its displeasure with James by refusing

to grant him the monies he requested to grant him the monies he requested James’s religious policy also alienated many in ParliamentJames’s religious policy also alienated many in Parliament

Puritans wanted James to eliminate the Episcopal system, and Puritans wanted James to eliminate the Episcopal system, and replace it was a more Presbyterian modelreplace it was a more Presbyterian model

James refused because the bishops were an important prop for James refused because the bishops were an important prop for monarchical powermonarchical power

With this setback, the Puritans become a strong opponent of With this setback, the Puritans become a strong opponent of the Stuart monarchythe Stuart monarchy

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Charles ICharles I

Charles I (1625-49) Charles I (1625-49) believed even more believed even more strongly in divine strongly in divine rightright

This would involve This would involve himself in a himself in a protracted conflict protracted conflict with Parliament with Parliament resulting in Civil resulting in Civil War and his death War and his death in 1649in 1649

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Charles ICharles IPetition of Right (1628)Petition of Right (1628)

Charles had to accept before any new Charles had to accept before any new taxes could be raisedtaxes could be raised

Prohibited taxation without Parliament’s Prohibited taxation without Parliament’s consent, arbitrary imprisonment, consent, arbitrary imprisonment, quartering of soldiers in private homes, quartering of soldiers in private homes, and the declaration of martial law in and the declaration of martial law in peacetimepeacetime

Charles initially agrees, but reneges on the Charles initially agrees, but reneges on the Petition because it limits the power of the Petition because it limits the power of the monarchmonarch

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Personal Rule, 1629-1640Personal Rule, 1629-1640

Result of the Petition controversy is that Result of the Petition controversy is that Charles decides he cannot work with Charles decides he cannot work with Parliament and decides not to summon itParliament and decides not to summon it

Now Charles had to find ways to raise Now Charles had to find ways to raise money without Parliamentmoney without Parliament

The Ship MoneyThe Ship Money Applied to all of England and not just the coastApplied to all of England and not just the coast Tax angers the GentryTax angers the Gentry

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Personal Rule, 1629-1640Personal Rule, 1629-1640Religious PoliciesReligious Policies

Marries the sister Marries the sister of Louis XIII, of Louis XIII, Henrietta Maria Henrietta Maria

Charles, along with Charles, along with Archbishop Laud, Archbishop Laud, tries to introduce tries to introduce more ritual into the more ritual into the Church of EnglandChurch of England

Tries to impose Tries to impose reforms on reforms on Scotland and they Scotland and they rise in revolt rise in revolt against Charlesagainst Charles

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The Long Parliament (1640-The Long Parliament (1640-1660)1660)

To raise the funds needed to fight the Scots, Charles To raise the funds needed to fight the Scots, Charles recalled Parliament, but 11 years had taken their recalled Parliament, but 11 years had taken their tolltoll

In first session (Nov. 1640 – Sept. 1641), Parliament In first session (Nov. 1640 – Sept. 1641), Parliament takes several steps to limit the power of the kingtakes several steps to limit the power of the king Abolition of arbitrary courts and the collection of the Ship Abolition of arbitrary courts and the collection of the Ship

MoniesMonies The Triennial ActThe Triennial Act

Radical Parliamentarians wanted to push harder, Radical Parliamentarians wanted to push harder, especially to eliminate bishopsespecially to eliminate bishops

Charles moves on ParliamentCharles moves on Parliament Backfires as a group of Puritans led by John Pym Backfires as a group of Puritans led by John Pym

decide the king had gone too far and England slips decide the king had gone too far and England slips into Civil Warinto Civil War

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The English Civil War:The English Civil War:First Phase, 1642-1646First Phase, 1642-1646

Royalists vs. Parliamentarians (Roundheads)Royalists vs. Parliamentarians (Roundheads) Important BattlesImportant Battles

Marston Moor, 2 July 1644Marston Moor, 2 July 1644 Naseby, 14 June 1645Naseby, 14 June 1645

Parliament is successfulParliament is successful Main reason for success was the New Model Main reason for success was the New Model

Army led by Oliver CromwellArmy led by Oliver Cromwell New Model Army was mainly composed of the New Model Army was mainly composed of the

extreme Puritans that Cromwell forged into a extreme Puritans that Cromwell forged into a well disciplined and effective military forcewell disciplined and effective military force

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The English Civil War:The English Civil War:Second Phase, 1648Second Phase, 1648

With the capture of the King, a split With the capture of the King, a split occurred among the parliamentary forcesoccurred among the parliamentary forces

Presbyterian majority wanted to disband Presbyterian majority wanted to disband the army and restore Charles with a the army and restore Charles with a Presbyterian churchPresbyterian church

The Independents, comprising most of The Independents, comprising most of the army, opposed this and marched on the army, opposed this and marched on London in 1647 and began negotiations London in 1647 and began negotiations with the kingwith the king

Charles takes advantage of the split and Charles takes advantage of the split and flees to Scotlandflees to Scotland

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The English Civil War:The English Civil War:Second Phase, 1648Second Phase, 1648

Cromwell and the army are enraged and Cromwell and the army are enraged and wage war against the king once againwage war against the king once again

Cromwell defeats and captures the king Cromwell defeats and captures the king and determines to impose the army’s point and determines to impose the army’s point of viewof view

Cromwell purges the Presbyterian members Cromwell purges the Presbyterian members of Parliament leaving a “rump” of 53of Parliament leaving a “rump” of 53

They try Charles for treason and have him They try Charles for treason and have him executed in January of 1649executed in January of 1649

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Oliver Cromwell and the Oliver Cromwell and the CommonwealthCommonwealth

With the execution of the king, the With the execution of the king, the Rump Parliament abolished the Rump Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House of Lordsmonarchy and the House of Lords

England is declared a republic or England is declared a republic or commonwealthcommonwealth

Rebellion in IrelandRebellion in Ireland Political difficultiesPolitical difficulties

The LevellersThe Levellers Cromwell dismisses the Rump Parliament in Cromwell dismisses the Rump Parliament in

April 1653April 1653

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Oliver Cromwell and the Oliver Cromwell and the CommonwealthCommonwealth

Creation of the Instrument of GovernmentCreation of the Instrument of Government England’s first & only written constitutionEngland’s first & only written constitution Executive power is rested in the Lord Protector, which Executive power is rested in the Lord Protector, which

Cromwell is appointed toCromwell is appointed to Cromwell again encounters problems with ParliamentCromwell again encounters problems with Parliament Dismissal in 1655 and the Major GeneralsDismissal in 1655 and the Major Generals Cromwell now leads a military dictatorship with policies Cromwell now leads a military dictatorship with policies

no better than Charles I’sno better than Charles I’s Cromwell dies in 1658 with rule passing to his sonCromwell dies in 1658 with rule passing to his son Commonwealth cannot be maintained and the Commonwealth cannot be maintained and the

Stuarts are restored in the person of Charles IIStuarts are restored in the person of Charles II

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The Stuart Restoration andThe Stuart Restoration andCharles IICharles II

Charles II (1660-85) Charles II (1660-85) is restored to the is restored to the throne after 11 throne after 11 years of exileyears of exile

Charles is a Charles is a carefree monarchcarefree monarch

However, However, Parliament kept Parliament kept most of the powers most of the powers it gained during the it gained during the Civil WarsCivil Wars

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Reign of Charles IIReign of Charles II

Religion continues to create controversyReligion continues to create controversy Anglican Church was restored with Parliament passing Anglican Church was restored with Parliament passing

laws to force Catholics and Puritan Dissenters to conformlaws to force Catholics and Puritan Dissenters to conform Charles’ sympathy toward CatholicismCharles’ sympathy toward Catholicism 1672 – Charles issues Declaration of Indulgences, 1672 – Charles issues Declaration of Indulgences,

suspending the religious laws passed by Parliamentsuspending the religious laws passed by Parliament Parliament responds by forcing Charles to suspend the Parliament responds by forcing Charles to suspend the

declaration and passing the Test Act of 1673declaration and passing the Test Act of 1673 Imaginary plot to assassinate Charles so James could take Imaginary plot to assassinate Charles so James could take

the throne forces Parliament to pass a law to exclude the throne forces Parliament to pass a law to exclude JamesJames

Those who favor exclusion are called Whigs; supporters of Those who favor exclusion are called Whigs; supporters of James known as ToriesJames known as Tories

Charles dismisses Parliament in 1681 and rules Charles dismisses Parliament in 1681 and rules without it through French subsidieswithout it through French subsidies

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James II and the "Glorious James II and the "Glorious Revolution"Revolution"

James succeeds his brother in 1685James succeeds his brother in 1685 Open and devout Catholic, James tries to Open and devout Catholic, James tries to

overturn all the anti-Catholic policies of overturn all the anti-Catholic policies of ParliamentParliament

Contrary to the Test Act, James appoints Contrary to the Test Act, James appoints Catholics to high governmental and military Catholics to high governmental and military positionspositions

Parliamentary outcries are muted because James Parliamentary outcries are muted because James is old and his heirs are his two Protestant is old and his heirs are his two Protestant daughtersdaughters

However, in June of 1688 a son was born and the However, in June of 1688 a son was born and the specter of a Catholic monarchy rose againspecter of a Catholic monarchy rose again

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William and Mary and the Bill William and Mary and the Bill of Rightsof Rights

In response, a group of seven prominent In response, a group of seven prominent English nobleman invite William of English nobleman invite William of Orange, husband of Mary, James’s eldest Orange, husband of Mary, James’s eldest daughter to invade England and rid them daughter to invade England and rid them of Jamesof James

Williams sails to England and with little Williams sails to England and with little bloodshed, James flees to Europebloodshed, James flees to Europe

William and Mary are installed as William and Mary are installed as monarchsmonarchs

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Results of the “Glorious Results of the “Glorious Revolution”Revolution”

The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights Affirmed Parliament’s right to make laws & levy taxesAffirmed Parliament’s right to make laws & levy taxes Standing armies could only be raised with the Standing armies could only be raised with the

support of Parliamentsupport of Parliament Elections and debates of Parliament had to be free Elections and debates of Parliament had to be free

without interference from the Kingwithout interference from the King Did not completely settle the religious Did not completely settle the religious

problems – Toleration Act of 1689 gave Puritan problems – Toleration Act of 1689 gave Puritan Dissenters the right of free worship, but they Dissenters the right of free worship, but they did not have full civil and political equality as did not have full civil and political equality as the Test Act was not repealedthe Test Act was not repealed

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Results of the “Glorious Results of the “Glorious Revolution”Revolution”

Essentially, the Glorious Revolution Essentially, the Glorious Revolution completed the 17th century struggle completed the 17th century struggle between King and Parliamentbetween King and Parliament

Parliament demolished the Divine Right Parliament demolished the Divine Right theory as William was king by their gracetheory as William was king by their grace

However, Parliament did not have However, Parliament did not have complete control of the government, but it complete control of the government, but it now had an unquestioned role in the now had an unquestioned role in the affairs of stateaffairs of state


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