Transcript
Page 1: Temporomandibular Disorders, Examination and TX of, An Evidence-Based Manual PT Approach (2010) - PPT

Ken Olson PT, DHSc, OCS, FAAOMPTEric Furto PT, DPT, FAAOMPT

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PurposeThis breakout session will include description of the kinematics and functional anatomy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and related structures, and the physical therapy examination, classification, and treatment of Temporomandibulardisorders (TMD). 

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ObjectivesDescribe the functional anatomy and kinematics of the TMJIdentify the classification of TMD and describe the components of each disorderPerform a comprehensive examination of the TMJ and related structures Perform treatment procedures for the TMJ including soft tissue mobilization, joint mobilization/manipulation, and exercise instructionDescribe the functional interrelationships between the TMJ and cervical spineDescribe the evidence to support a physical therapy approach for treatment of temporomandibular disorders.

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Craniomandibular Anatomy and Kinematics

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Occlusional plane

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AnatomyOsseous StructuresTemporal bone

Postglenoid spineMandibular FossaArticular EminenceArticular CrestArticular Tuberle

MandibleCondyle‐medial and lateral poleNeck of CondyleCoronoid ProcessRamusBody

Teeth ‐Mandibular and Maxillary

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Muscles of MasticationTemporalis, Masseter, Buccinator, Medial/Lateral pterygoid

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Medial/lateral pterygoids

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Hyoid Muscles

Supra – hyoid

DigastricMylohyoidStylohyoid

Infra‐HyoidOmohyoidthyrohyoidSternohyoid

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Intercapsular Structures

Articular disc3 bands

Anterior ‐ 2 mmMiddle ‐ 1 mmPosterior ‐ 3 mm

AttachmentsMedial and lateral collateral ligamentsPosterior Attachments / Bilaminar Zone

Superior LaminaeInferior LaminaeRetrodiscal pad

Lateral Pterygoid

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Articular Disc

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ArthrokinematicsDepressionLateral ExcursionProtrusion

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Mandibular Depression

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Mandibular Depression Arthrokinematics

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Depression Kinematics First 25 mm of opening that occurs primarily as a rotational motion (roll‐gliding) of the condyle in the inferior joint space.Once the collateral ligaments tauten, the opening continues as primarily a translatory gliding motion in the upper joint space until 35 mm is reached and the posterior and collateral ligaments are taut. Opening greater than 35 mm results from further translation with overrotation and further stretching applied to the posterior and collateral ligaments.12The lateral pterygoid, inferior head, provides a protracting force on the condyles and discs; the geniohyoid and digastic muscles produce a depressing and retracting force on the chin; and the mylohyoid muscle pulls downward on the body of the mandible to combine to produce the rotatory and translatory movements of the jaw that occur with mandibular depression

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Mandibular depression

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Muscular Action with Open/closing

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Lateral Excursion

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Lateral Excursion KinematicsLateral excursion occurs when the condyle and disc of the contralateral side are pulled forward, downward, and medially along the articular eminence. The condyle on the ipsilateral side performs minimal rotation around a vertical axis and a slight lateral shift.12

These motions take place primarily in the upper joint space. Lateral excursion is created by contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscles on the contralateral side of the direction of the motion combined with the ipsilateral side temporalismuscle contracting to hold the rest position of the condyleto prevent the mandible from deviating anteriorly.12

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Protrusion

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Protrusion KinematicsProtusion of the mandible is created with symmetrical anterior translation of both condyle/disc complexes on the articulareminenceThe motion occurs at the superior joint space. Protrusion is created by contraction of the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid and holding action of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles.12 The lateral pterygoid pulls the condyle and disc forward and down along the articular eminence while the elevator and depressor muscles maintain the mandibularposition.12Retrusion is the return to rest position from the protrusion position and is created by the contraction of the middle and posterior fibers of both temporalis muscles while the depressors and elevators maintain a slight opening of the mouth.12

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Mandibular Mapping

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Cervical Spine and TMJ interrelationships

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Relationship Between Posture and The TMJ

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The Effect of Occlusion on Resting Posture of TMJ ‐Normal

Kraus

Normal Intermolar relationship (red).

Allows Normal seating of Mandible‐disc‐condyle relationship (blue). 

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The Effect of Occlusion on Resting Posture of TMJ ‐Pathological

Poor occlusion between molars (red).

Places anterior stress on the disc of the TMJ.

Pulls mandible forward (green).

Jaw and facial pain.

Kraus

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Effect of FHP on mandible

Neumann

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Pseudomalocclusion Change rest position of mandible can change head / neck posture – (Daly)Increase FHP places mandible in more retruded position   ‐ (Darling)  Increase FHP changes the trajectory of the mandible –(Goldstein)

Daly P. 1982 Postural response of the head to bite opening in adult males. American Journal of Orthodontics. 82:157‐160.Darling DW, et al. 1984 Relationship of head posture and the rest position of the mandible. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 52(1):111‐115.Goldstein DF, Krauss S, Williams WB, Glasheen‐Wray MB. 1984 Influence of cervical posture on mandibular movement. Journal Prosthetic Dentistry. 52(3):421‐426.

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How the Muscles and Joints  Work Together• Increase forward head 

posture.  

• Tight posterior neck musculature will rotate the cranium backward leaving the mouth open at rest.

• Muscles of mastication overwork to maintain jaw closure.  

Cailliet

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Referral patterns from Cervical spine to Mandibular region

S/O muscles and mastoid muscles

Greater and lesser occipital nerves

Cervical plexusC2C3 facet

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SummaryFunctional and Anatomical interrelationships between TMJ complex and Cervical spine dictate that a thorough examination and treatment of both regions is necessary to obtain positive clinical outcomes

This an opportunity for physical therapists to play an active role in management of cervical spine and TMD conditions

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EvaluationHistoryStructureActive Range of Motion ‐ CervicalActive Range of Motion ‐MandiblePassive Accessory Motion ‐ CervicalPassive Accessory Motion ‐ TMJProvocation / Palpation

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Mandibular Dynamics

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TMJ Passive Accessory Mobility Testing

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Provocation testing

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TMD ClassificationCapsulitis / SynovitisCapsular FibrosisHypermobilityArticular Disc Displacement 

With reductionWithout reduction

Post ‐ Surgical TMJ

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Capsulitis / Synovitis

Tender to palpation at TMJ lateral condyle or posterior compartment Pain with biting on opposite sidePain with retrusive overpressurePain with accessory motion testing

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Masticatory Muscle DisordersNo joint soundsPain with palpation muscles of masticationInconsistent alterations in mandibular controlParafunctional oral behaviorsPain with biting on same side

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Capsular Fibrosis

Capsular patternDeviation toward limited side with opening and protrusionLimited contralateral lateral excursion

Limited AROM mandibular dynamicsLimited mobility with TMJ accessory motion testsNo joint soundsHistory of trauma or surgery

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TMJ Capsular pattern

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Hypermobility

End range click with deviation away from hypermobile side? SymptomaticMay lead to disc displacement conditionExcessive AROM with opening >40 mmJoint sound at end range of openingHypermobility with accessory motion testing

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Hypermobility

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Articular Disc DisplacementWith reduction

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Articular Disc Displacement with reduction

Reciprocal joint sound with opening and closing“S” curve with openingFull AROM (unless combined with acute capsulitis or muscle dysfunction)

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Disc Displacement w Reduction

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Articular Disc DisplacementWithout reduction

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Articular Disc Displacement without reduction

History of joint soundsLimited opening <25 mm if acuteDeviation of mandible with opening toward limited side

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TMJ Capsular pattern

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Post ‐ Surgical TMJ

capsulitis/synovitis Assess for underlying TMJ dysfunction

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OsteoarthritisTMJ crepitus as noted with stethoscopePain with TMJ palpationRadiographic evidence of osteoarthritis

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Physical Therapy Treatment of TMJ Dysfunction

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Physical Therapy GoalsRestore Natural Motion of TMJ and Cervical SpineImprove Postural AwarenessImprove Function (eating, talking, etc.)Decrease Pain and HeadachesTeach Patients How to Prevent Future Occurrences of Head and Facial Pain

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Treatments for TMDModalitiesManipulation

Cervical/thoracic spineTMJ

Postural EducationTherapeutic exercise

Neuromuscular re‐education

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Modalities

UltrasoundIontophoresisMoist Heat

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IontophoresisIn a study by Majwer and Swider,22 27 of 32 cases of posttraumatic TMD benefited with decreased pain from the application of dexamethasone (n = 8) or xylocane (n = 24) through iontophoresis

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Cervical ManipulationEnhance cervical mobility and functionImprove postureIndirectly encourage a proper rest position of the condyle

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TMJ Manipulations

TechniquesLong Axis DistractionMedial GlideLateral Glide

Indications– Loss of jaw motion– Limited accessory motion– Pain

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Case SeriesNicolakis et al9 had successful outcomes in a series of 20 patients with OA of the TMJ with improved measures of pain at rest, incisional opening, and function. The interventions included joint mobilization of the TMJ, soft tissue techniques, active and passive TMJ exercises, and postural exercises.9

Data collected on these patients at a 12‐month follow‐up examination continued to suggest favorable results for the use of exercise and manual physical therapy in the management of TMD.10

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Nicolakis et al1030 patients with TMJ anterior disc displacement with reduction treatment with temporomandibular joint and soft tissue mobilization, range of motion and isometric exercises, and postural education for an average of nine visits with a physical therapist. Seventy‐five percent of the patients had successful outcomes 

pain level and mouth opening measurements at the 6‐month follow‐up examination; 13% had reduction in TMJ sounds.10

This study supports the use of exercise combined with gentle manual therapy techniques for treatment of anterior disc displacement with reduction.

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Single Case designCleland and Palmer27 showed a good clinical outcome in a single case design study of a patient with bilateral articulardisc displacement without reduction that was confirmed with MRI. The treatment approach included TMJ mobilization techniques, cervical spine mobilization/manipulation techniques, postural and neck exercises, and patient education regarding parafunctional habits, soft diet, relaxation techniques, activity modification, and tongue resting position. The patient had a return of normal mouth opening and a reduction in pain and disability measures as a result of the physical therapy approach.27

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Neuromuscular Re‐educationTongue/teeth positionControlled openingGentle isometrics

The utilization of a co‐contraction of the musculature surrounding a joint to facilitate stability

Posterior Temporalis (Anteriorly) Deep Masseter (Laterally)Superior Lateral Pterygoid (Medially) 

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Home Exercise ProgramEvery patient receives a home exercise programExercises take < 1 minute to performExercises are to be performed every 2 hours for 6 repetitions

Encourages postural compliance – “Good Posture Never Rests” Trains endurance and function of postural muscles

All exercises are reviewed at each session

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Randomized clinical trial, Yoda et al26

Compared an exercise program with educationForty‐two patients with anterior disc displacement with reductionThe results showed that the exercise group had better outcomes for decreased pain and increased ROM (P = .0001).26

61.9% of the exercise group had favorable outcomes (13/21 patients), and 0% of the control group had favorable results.26

Success was measured on the severity of joint sounds or pain with maximal mouth opening. Of the 13 patients with a successful outcome, only three of the patient’s TMJ articular discs (23.1%) were recaptured with reexamination with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).26

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Condylar Remodeling ‐ TheoryHyperboloid encourages proper jaw to disc alignment.Utilization of muscle contraction – biting –increases the natural stability and convexity of the joint structure.Through multiple repetitions (6 times every 2 hours), the joint will be “retrained” to maintain normal condylar alignment with movement.  

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Condylar Remodeling 

Rest PositionGently rest device between teeth between incisors. Maintain normal airway for breathing.  

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Condylar Remodeling ‐ TheoryContralateral lateral deviation will gap and glide the condyle anteriorly on the eminence while the disc remains positioned correctly.  Biting in this position creates a co‐contraction of the musculature acting on the disc and facilitates stabilization

Posterior TemporalisDeep MasseterSuperior Lateral Pterygoid

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Condylar Remodeling

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Condylar Remodeling ‐ TheoryThe return to midline while maintaining the contraction creates a coupling force.  

Approximates the natural condylar‐disc‐eminence relationships with motion.  Theory suggests the biconcave disc can reform to the approximated condyle and eminence.  

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Exercise Phases for RehabRest device gently between front teeth

Phase I ‐ Roll device away from affected side.Phase II ‐ After roll, gently bite down as if to make an impression on the device. Phase III ‐ After bite, maintain force onto device and return to midline

Do all exercises six times three times per day.  

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Condylar Remodeling ‐Modifications

ProtrusionWhile maintaining bite, protrude jaw

With ResistanceProvide gentle distraction on device while maintaining gentle bite

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Furto ES, Olson KA, Whitman JM, Cleland JA.

Furto ES, Cleland JA, Whitman JM, Olson KA. Manual Physical Therapy interventions and exercise for patients with temporomandibulardisorders. J of Craniomandibular practice. 2006; 24 (4):283‐291

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Background & PurposeTemporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a relatively common and often disabling condition, yet little evidence exists to support the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs for this patient population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes of a consecutive series of patients with TMD who were treated with manual physical therapy interventions and exercise.

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MethodsAll patients (14/15 female) received a comprehensive upper quarter examination, including a manual physical therapy assessment of the bilateral temporomandibular joints (TMJ), the cervical spine, and the upper thoracic spine and rib cage.Manual physical therapy techniques were used to address identified impairments in the TMJ and upper quarter.  Home exercises were prescribed to reinforce the manual therapy interventions.Patients completed a self‐report questionnaires at baseline and 2‐week follow‐up.  Outcomes included the Temporomandibular Index, body diagram, the Patient Specific Functional Scale, and  the Global Rating of Change scale (GROC).

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Data AnalysisDescriptive information, including patient gender, age and duration of symptoms, was recorded for all patients.The mean change score and associated 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all outcome measures assessed at baseline and at the 2‐week follow‐up. Paired t‐tests were performed between the baseline and 2‐week follow‐up scores (a=0.05) to evaluate if the experienced change was significant. 

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ResultsPatients had experienced symptoms in the TMJ region for a median duration of 6 months (range 0.07–120 months). Thirteen had associated headache symptoms for a median duration of 6 months (range 0.07–60 months).At the time of the two‐week follow‐up session, the group had received a mean of 4.3 (0.98) physical therapy intervention sessions.The mean TMD Disability Index scores were 32.1% (15.4%) at baseline and 18.3% (12.5%) at the 2‐week follow up, representing an improvement of 13.9% (CI: 8.2%, 19.5%) (p<0.05).Seventy‐three percent (11/15) of patients reported they were “somewhat better” to “a very great deal better” on the GROC, and Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) scores improved 3.1 points (CI: 2.3, 3.9) (p<0.05).

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Basline 2-Week

PSFS

Sco

re (0

-10)

Patient Specific Functional Scale

PSFS: 0 = unable to do activity due to the problem, 10=able to do activity as before the problem; Score is average of 3 activity scores

Page 79: Temporomandibular Disorders, Examination and TX of, An Evidence-Based Manual PT Approach (2010) - PPT

05

101520253035404550

Basline 2-Week

TMD

Sco

reTMD Disability Questionnaire

Higher scores mean higher levels of disability

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

TMD TMD & Associated Symptoms

GR

C S

core

(ran

ge -7

to +

7)Global Rating of Change Scale (GRC)

Score of -7= “a very great deal worse”, 0=“no change”, +3=“somewhat better”,

+7=“a very great deal better”.

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DiscussionPatients with temporomandibular disorder who are treated with a rehabilitation program including manual physical therapy interventions plus exercise can demonstrate clinically meaningful improvements in disability and overall perceived change in a relatively short period of time.

Continued research is needed to identify the long term effects and to determine if a specific subgroup of patients most likely to benefit from a manual physical therapy approach exists as well at to determine whether this mode of treatment is more beneficial than other management strategies for patients with TMD.

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TMD Classification Interventions

Exercise-

Iontophoresis

Stabilization exercises

Hypermobility Capsular Fibrosis

Classification Criteria

Classification Criteria

Classification Criteria

TMJ mobilization Mobility exercises

Sustained stretch

Ultrasound?

Capsulitis

Page 83: Temporomandibular Disorders, Examination and TX of, An Evidence-Based Manual PT Approach (2010) - PPT

TMD Classification Interventions

Mobility, stability and proproprioception exercises

STM techniquesJt mob

Exercise—Mobility, stability and

proprioception

Post surgical

Classification Criteria

Classification Criteria

Muscles of Mastication Disorders

Page 84: Temporomandibular Disorders, Examination and TX of, An Evidence-Based Manual PT Approach (2010) - PPT

TMD Classification Interventions

Exercise-mobility, stability, and proprioception

TMJ mobilizationExercise-mobility,

stability, and proprioception

TMJ mobilization

Disc dislocation without reduction

Classification Criteria

Classification Criteria

Disc dislocation with reduction

Page 85: Temporomandibular Disorders, Examination and TX of, An Evidence-Based Manual PT Approach (2010) - PPT

EducationLimit parafunctional activities: nail biting, gum chewing, clenching and grinding teethTongue position: at rest, the tip of the tongue should be at the ridge of the roof of the mouth with the front one third of the tongue on the roof of the mouthTeeth position: the teeth should be 2 to 3 mm apart at restLips should be lightly together with breathing through the noseKeep the tip of the tongue up on the roof of the mouth when yawningAvoid sleeping in the prone position Do not rest chin in handsSoft diet: avoid hard crunchy foodsCut food up into small bites Warm water rinsesPostural and TMJ exercises 5‐6 times per day 


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