Primary school education Primary school education and computer-based and computer-based

language studylanguage study

TEMENUZHKA SEIZOVA-TEMENUZHKA SEIZOVA-NANKOVANANKOVA

New New methods of methods of studying Englishstudying English11

We are at the threshold of a new era of We are at the threshold of a new era of English language studies.English language studies.

The time-honoured, hands-on The time-honoured, hands-on methods,’using relatively small amounts methods,’using relatively small amounts of data and large amounts of thought’ of data and large amounts of thought’ are not supplanted but are strongly are not supplanted but are strongly complemented by the new methodscomplemented by the new methods

  11D. Crystal. Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English languageD. Crystal. Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language

‘‘grammatical syllabus’grammatical syllabus’

Research into the contemporary Research into the contemporary language of 20language of 20thth century fostered by the century fostered by the theories and methods of descriptive theories and methods of descriptive linguistics gave as a result the so-called linguistics gave as a result the so-called ‘‘grammatical syllabusgrammatical syllabus’ focusing the ’ focusing the linguistic competence of language linguistic competence of language speaker (NSvsNNS) . Grammars such as speaker (NSvsNNS) . Grammars such as Thompson and Martinet(1986) supported Thompson and Martinet(1986) supported English coursebooks based on slot and English coursebooks based on slot and filler approaches to language teachingfiller approaches to language teaching

‘‘the communicative the communicative syllable’syllable’

Research into language (Hymes 19..) Research into language (Hymes 19..) gave as a result the so-called ‘gave as a result the so-called ‘ communicative syllabuscommunicative syllabus’ in ’ in coursebooks focusing the coursebooks focusing the communicative competence of communicative competence of language speaker (NSvsNNS).language speaker (NSvsNNS).

Activities are built around a situation Activities are built around a situation and learners themselves are responsible and learners themselves are responsible for conduction the interaction to its for conduction the interaction to its conclusionconclusion

‘‘lexical syllabus’lexical syllabus’ The new perspective in language study The new perspective in language study

introduces new methods of analysis as a introduces new methods of analysis as a consequence of the technological revolution consequence of the technological revolution

the time-honoured, hands-on methods,’using the time-honoured, hands-on methods,’using relatively small amounts of data and relatively relatively small amounts of data and relatively large amounts of thought’large amounts of thought’22 are not supplanted are not supplanted but are strongly complemented by the new but are strongly complemented by the new methodsmethods

The ‘The ‘lexical syllabuslexical syllabus’ places special emphasis ’ places special emphasis on lexical patterns and reliance on a corpus for on lexical patterns and reliance on a corpus for making generalizations on language. making generalizations on language.

Some new contentionsSome new contentions

Grammar and lexis can no longer be Grammar and lexis can no longer be separated and opposed to each other separated and opposed to each other

Change of emphasis within mainstream Change of emphasis within mainstream linguistics inevitably brings about changes linguistics inevitably brings about changes in foreign language teaching/pedagogyin foreign language teaching/pedagogy

Electronic instrumentation and computer Electronic instrumentation and computer science has already changed the way we science has already changed the way we look at language. All areas of language look at language. All areas of language study have been profoundly affected by study have been profoundly affected by technological developments technological developments

Grammar – huge corpora of spoken Grammar – huge corpora of spoken and written English are making it and written English are making it possible to carry out studies of possible to carry out studies of structures of unprecedented detail and structures of unprecedented detail and in an unprecedented range of varietiesin an unprecedented range of varieties

The Lexicon – remarkable progress in The Lexicon – remarkable progress in the compilation of lexical databases the compilation of lexical databases giving rise to an explosion of new types giving rise to an explosion of new types of dictionaries and that is not all.of dictionaries and that is not all.

SOME OLD AND NEW SOME OLD AND NEW CONCEPTS AND TERMSCONCEPTS AND TERMS

CORPUSCORPUSWORD/WORD FORM/ LEXEMEWORD/WORD FORM/ LEXEMEGRAMMATICAL OR FUNCTIONAL GRAMMATICAL OR FUNCTIONAL

WORD / LEXICAL WORD WORD / LEXICAL WORD ENTRY/HEADWORD/LEMMAENTRY/HEADWORD/LEMMATYPES AND TOKENSTYPES AND TOKENSCORE VOCABULARYCORE VOCABULARY

CORPUSCORPUS

What is a corpus- a large collection of data What is a corpus- a large collection of data in machine readable form available for in machine readable form available for use not only for researchers but also for use not only for researchers but also for language teachers and learners. Some of language teachers and learners. Some of the standard computer corpora:the standard computer corpora:

The BNC (British National Corpus)The BNC (British National Corpus) Corpus of the Contemporary American. Corpus of the Contemporary American. The Brown Corpus of American EnglishThe Brown Corpus of American English

WORD/WORD FORM/ WORD/WORD FORM/ LEXEMLEXEMEE

Ambiguity of the term ‘word’Ambiguity of the term ‘word’ (Lyons p.194-208): (Lyons p.194-208): The phonological or orthographic word The phonological or orthographic word The grammatical wordsThe grammatical words

e.g. e.g. sangsang the past tense of the past tense ofsing,sing, represents one grammatical word, represents one grammatical word, while while cut cut on the other represents 3 grammatical words. The on the other represents 3 grammatical words. The relation is relation is one-to-oneone-to-one. Instances of . Instances of one-manyone-many b/n phonological b/n phonological and grammatical words: e.g. /mi:t/:and grammatical words: e.g. /mi:t/:meetmeet, , meatmeat, and , and many-onemany-one/ri:d/,/red/: read(homonymous form pr.& past tense of /ri:d/,/red/: read(homonymous form pr.& past tense of read)read) the latter being in correspondence with the orthographic the latter being in correspondence with the orthographic word word redred, and , and reedreed

The lexeme -a third usage of the term ‘word’The lexeme -a third usage of the term ‘word’

e.g. e.g. singingsinging is another form of the word /verb is another form of the word /verb singsing, but , but singersinger is a is a different word with its own set of forms. Notationally, lexemes will different word with its own set of forms. Notationally, lexemes will be distinguished from words by the use of capitals. The be distinguished from words by the use of capitals. The orthographic word orthographic word cutcut represents three different inflectional represents three different inflectional forms’/i.e. 3 different grammatical words/ of the lexeme CUT.forms’/i.e. 3 different grammatical words/ of the lexeme CUT.

GRAMMATICAL OR GRAMMATICAL OR FUNCTIONAL WORD / FUNCTIONAL WORD /

LEXICAL WORDLEXICAL WORD the four major parts of speech /PoS: the four major parts of speech /PoS: Noun, verb, adjective and adverbNoun, verb, adjective and adverb

PoS taggingPoS tagging

Defining the adjective Defining the adjective “honest”“honest”

A person who is honest does not tell lies, cheat A person who is honest does not tell lies, cheat people or violate the lawpeople or violate the law

A person who is honest always tells the truth, A person who is honest always tells the truth, respects other people, obeys the law and pays respects other people, obeys the law and pays taxestaxes

Someone who is honest can always be trustedSomeone who is honest can always be trustedSomeone who is honest does not hide things Someone who is honest does not hide things

from youfrom youSomeone who is honest can be trusted with Someone who is honest can be trusted with

valuables and moneyvaluables and money etc. etc. etc. etc.

THE MEANING OF WORDS CAN BE THE MEANING OF WORDS CAN BE CULTURALLY CONDITIONEDCULTURALLY CONDITIONED

Defining the noun “bird”Defining the noun “bird”A bird is…A bird is…

An animal with the body covered in/with feathers, with two An animal with the body covered in/with feathers, with two wings and a beak, which is able to fly. Female birds lay eggswings and a beak, which is able to fly. Female birds lay eggs

An animal with feathers, two legs and two wings, which is An animal with feathers, two legs and two wings, which is able to fly.able to fly.

BUT WHAT ABOUT PENGUINS AND OSTRICHS?BUT WHAT ABOUT PENGUINS AND OSTRICHS?

We conceive a general image, a We conceive a general image, a mental PROTOTYPE based on our mental PROTOTYPE based on our experience and containing the most experience and containing the most distinctive characteristics of the distinctive characteristics of the class. Some members are less central class. Some members are less central than others.than others.

““BUTTERFLY”BUTTERFLY”

Butterflies live only one dayButterflies live only one day She is a butterfly when she She is a butterfly when she

dancesdances

WORDS DENOTE OBJECTS AND WORDS DENOTE OBJECTS AND CONCEPTS , BUT MAY HAVE CONCEPTS , BUT MAY HAVE EMOTIONAL OR STYLISTIC EMOTIONAL OR STYLISTIC CONNOTATIONSCONNOTATIONS

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEXEMELEXEME

1. 1. The computerThe computer is an electronic machine which is used for storing, is an electronic machine which is used for storing, organizing and finding different types of informationorganizing and finding different types of information

SOME WORDS HAVE ONLY ONE REFERENT OR MEANING SOME WORDS HAVE ONLY ONE REFERENT OR MEANING (MONOREFERENTIAL)(MONOREFERENTIAL)

2a A violent 2a A violent storm storm broke outbroke out2b It was only 2b It was only a storm in a tea cupa storm in a tea cup2c His speech provoked 2c His speech provoked a storm of criticisma storm of criticismSOME WORDS HAVE SEVERAL RELATED MEANINGS (POLYSEMOUS)SOME WORDS HAVE SEVERAL RELATED MEANINGS (POLYSEMOUS)

3a. I was walking along 3a. I was walking along the bankthe bank of the river Cam of the river Cam3b. I used to work at 3b. I used to work at the Royal Bank of Scotlandthe Royal Bank of Scotland3c 3c The nearest bankThe nearest bank is in Gower street is in Gower street SOME WORDS HAVE DIFFERENT UNRELATED MEANINGS SOME WORDS HAVE DIFFERENT UNRELATED MEANINGS

( HOMONYMS)( HOMONYMS)

THE NATURE OF LEXEMES AFFECTS THE THE NATURE OF LEXEMES AFFECTS THE ORGANISATION OF LEMMAS IN ORGANISATION OF LEMMAS IN DICTIONARIESDICTIONARIES

Semantic links between Semantic links between wordswords

1 1 Freedom and libertyFreedom and liberty (NEAR)-SYNONYMY(NEAR)-SYNONYMY2.2. Black or white; fast or slow; brother or Black or white; fast or slow; brother or

sister; married or singlesister; married or single ANTONYMY (or COMPLEMENTARITY)ANTONYMY (or COMPLEMENTARITY)3. 3. flowers, roses, daffodils, violets, tulips, flowers, roses, daffodils, violets, tulips,

daisiesdaisies HYPERONYMY (SUPERORDINATES) HYPERONYMY (SUPERORDINATES)

and HYPONYMY ( SUBORDINATES)and HYPONYMY ( SUBORDINATES)4. 4. To cook, roast, simmer, fry, bake, boil, To cook, roast, simmer, fry, bake, boil,

barbecue…barbecue… SEMANTIC FIELD SEMANTIC FIELD

Discuss the following Discuss the following examplesexamples

1. I would like to win a post-graduate scholarship 1. I would like to win a post-graduate scholarship to do research (not * to make research)to do research (not * to make research)

2. How do you do? 2. How do you do? 3. The ups and downs of life ( not * the downs and 3. The ups and downs of life ( not * the downs and

ups)ups)4. The early bird catches the worm ( not * the 4. The early bird catches the worm ( not * the

early cat catches the mouse)early cat catches the mouse)5. Torrential/heavy rain in Bangladesh ( not * 5. Torrential/heavy rain in Bangladesh ( not *

strong rain) strong rain) 6. He has spilled the beans ( not * spilled the 6. He has spilled the beans ( not * spilled the

peas)peas)

“ “WORDS KEEP COMPANY WITH OTHER WORDS KEEP COMPANY WITH OTHER WORDS” AND TEND TO CO-OCCUR IN WORDS” AND TEND TO CO-OCCUR IN PREFERRED OR FIXED COLLOCATIONS.PREFERRED OR FIXED COLLOCATIONS.

To sum up, lexis …To sum up, lexis … is dynamic is dynamic refers to the external world refers to the external world refers to mental concepts refers to mental concepts has emotional and stylistic has emotional and stylistic

connotations connotations has one or several referents and has one or several referents and

meanings meanings relates to other words in the language relates to other words in the language may co-occur with other words in may co-occur with other words in

fixed or semi-fixed patterns. fixed or semi-fixed patterns.

WHAT DOES KNOWING A WHAT DOES KNOWING A WORD MEAN?WORD MEAN?

How many words are there How many words are there in English? in English?

It is not easy to count them It is not easy to count them and there are different and there are different ways of doing it :ways of doing it :

1.1. DictionariesDictionaries

2.2. Electronic corporaElectronic corpora

3.3. Speakers’ competenceSpeakers’ competence

S. JOHNSON’S S. JOHNSON’S DICTIONARY (1755), DICTIONARY (1755), about about

42,000 entries42,000 entries LEXICOGRAPHER. n.s. LEXICOGRAPHER. n.s.

[? [? lixicographelixicographe, , French.] A writer of French.] A writer of dictionories; a dictionories; a harmless drudge, that harmless drudge, that busies himself in busies himself in tracing the original, tracing the original, and detailing the and detailing the signification of words.signification of words.

Commentators and Commentators and lexicographerslexicographers acquainted acquainted with the Syriac language, with the Syriac language, have given these hints in have given these hints in their writings on scripture. their writings on scripture. Watt’s Improvement of the Watt’s Improvement of the Mind.Mind.

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY ON THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY ON

HISTORICAL PRINCIPLES, OEDHISTORICAL PRINCIPLES, OED The 20 volume 1989 editionThe 20 volume 1989 edition

OED FeaturesOED Features The project started in the second The project started in the second

half of the 19th centuryhalf of the 19th century It covers English since the 14th It covers English since the 14th

centurycentury The second print edition in 20 The second print edition in 20

volumes + 4 additions has volumes + 4 additions has 616,500 616,500 headwords and derived words and headwords and derived words and phrasesphrases

A CdROM and an online version, A CdROM and an online version, which is regularly updated, are also which is regularly updated, are also available.available.

OED: a selection from the OED: a selection from the entry for entry for

“spaghetti” “spaghetti” [It., pl. of spaghetto thin string, twine.]      1. a. A variety of pasta made in long thin

strings. Occas., a dish of spaghetti. 18881888 MRS. BEETON Bk. Househ. Managem.Bk. Househ. Managem. §2952 Maccheroni, or §2952 Maccheroni, or

Spaghetti, a smaller kind of macaroni,..generally follows the soupSpaghetti, a smaller kind of macaroni,..generally follows the soup. .         2.2. An Italian: usu. contemptuous. An Italian: usu. contemptuous. slang.slang. 19311931 ‘D. STIFF’ Milk & Honey RouteMilk & Honey Route iii. 38 Italian hobos are equally iii. 38 Italian hobos are equally

rare. They are the ‘wops’ or ‘spaghettis’.rare. They are the ‘wops’ or ‘spaghettis’.         3.3. Complex roadways forming a multi-level Complex roadways forming a multi-level

junction, esp. on a motorway. junction, esp. on a motorway. colloqcolloq 19661966 GuardianGuardian 4 June 14/2 Details of one of the 4 June 14/2 Details of one of the

biggest pieces of motorway spaghetti so far biggest pieces of motorway spaghetti so far designed in Britain were published... designed in Britain were published...

MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S :MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S :the American counterpart the American counterpart

to OEDto OED

The Webster’s The Webster’s

It covers American English since It covers American English since the 18th centurythe 18th century

Its 1963 edition contains Its 1963 edition contains c. c. 114,000 word families114,000 word families (a (a headword accompanied by its headword accompanied by its inflected and derived forms)inflected and derived forms)

It is regularly updated. There are It is regularly updated. There are several print editions and an several print editions and an online edition, which is freely online edition, which is freely availableavailable

OTHER TYPES OF OTHER TYPES OF DICTIONARYDICTIONARY

in SIZE (college dictionaries, desk in SIZE (college dictionaries, desk dictionaries, pocket dictionaries)dictionaries, pocket dictionaries)

in ADDRESSEES for EFL learners (from in ADDRESSEES for EFL learners (from 60,000 to 80,000 entries), or for native 60,000 to 80,000 entries), or for native speakers speakers

in CONTENTS ( general or specialised, in CONTENTS ( general or specialised, varieties of English) varieties of English)

in NUMBER OF LANGUAGES in NUMBER OF LANGUAGES ( monolingual, bilingual, multilingual) ( monolingual, bilingual, multilingual)

In FORMAT ( paper, CD-ROM, online)In FORMAT ( paper, CD-ROM, online)

THE COLLINS COBUILD Learner’s THE COLLINS COBUILD Learner’s

DictionaryDictionary Monolingual general Monolingual general

Learners’ Dictionaries Learners’ Dictionaries usually contain:usually contain:

1.1. Spelling variantsSpelling variants2.2. IPAIPA p phonetic transcriptionhonetic transcription3.3. Grammatical and syntactic Grammatical and syntactic

informationinformation4.4. Information on frequencyInformation on frequency5.5. Definitions of various Definitions of various

sensessenses6.6. Examples of usageExamples of usage7.7. Sense relations, e.g. Sense relations, e.g.

antonymyantonymy8.8. Register labels (e.g Register labels (e.g

formal, slang)formal, slang)9.9. Frequent lexical Frequent lexical

collocationscollocations10.10. Usage notesUsage notes11.11. Typical learner errors Typical learner errors 12.12. Use of colours, symbols Use of colours, symbols

and figuresand figures13.13. Special sectionsSpecial sections

ELECTRONIC CORPORAELECTRONIC CORPORA

Corpora are collections of text in Corpora are collections of text in electronic form that are meant to electronic form that are meant to represent a language, or a register represent a language, or a register of it. of it.

Several corpora are available for Several corpora are available for English that can be analysed English that can be analysed through specific software in terms of through specific software in terms of frequency and use of words in frequency and use of words in context.context.

e.g. The British National Corpus e.g. The British National Corpus (BNC)(BNC)

WHAT ARE THE MOST WHAT ARE THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED WORDS IN FREQUENTLY USED WORDS IN

ENGLISH ?ENGLISH ?From” The British From” The British

National Corpus, BNC”National Corpus, BNC”

1.1. the determiner the determiner 2.2. of preposition of preposition 3.3. and conjunction and conjunction 4.4. a determiner a determiner 5.5. in preposition in preposition 6.6. to infinitive to infinitive 7.7. it pronoun it pronoun 8.8. is verb is verb 9.9. to preposition to preposition 10.10. was verb was verb

11.11. I pronoun I pronoun 12.12. for preposition for preposition 13.13. that conjunction that conjunction 14.14. you pronoun you pronoun 15.15. he pronoun he pronoun 16.16. be verb be verb 17.17. with preposition with preposition 18.18. on preposition on preposition 19.19. at preposition at preposition 20.20. by preposition by preposition

GRAMMATICAL WORDS GRAMMATICAL WORDS ARE THE MOST ARE THE MOST FREQUENTLY USEDFREQUENTLY USED

FREQUENCY OF LEXICAL FREQUENCY OF LEXICAL WORDS ( based on the WORDS ( based on the

BNC)BNC) The 10 most frequent nouns are: The 10 most frequent nouns are:

time, year, people, way, man, day, time, year, people, way, man, day, thing, child, Mr, government.thing, child, Mr, government.

The most commonly mentioned The most commonly mentioned animal is theanimal is the horse horse, closely , closely followed by followed by dogdog

The 10 most frequent adjectives The 10 most frequent adjectives are: are: other, good, new, old, great, other, good, new, old, great, high, small, different, large, high, small, different, large, local. local.

The most frequently mentioned The most frequently mentioned colours are colours are black, white, red and black, white, red and greengreen . The order coincides with . The order coincides with the hierarchy of colours which the hierarchy of colours which scholars have observed in many scholars have observed in many languages.languages.

The top ten frequency adverbs The top ten frequency adverbs are: are: never, always, often, ever, never, always, often, ever, sometimes, usually, once, sometimes, usually, once, generally, hardly, no longer generally, hardly, no longer

rarer nouns are: rarer nouns are: fax, fax, ribbon, ant, colitis, wheat, ribbon, ant, colitis, wheat, spelling, holly, monarch, spelling, holly, monarch, voltage, moralevoltage, morale

Rarer adjectives ; Rarer adjectives ; rude, rude, faithful, ministerial, faithful, ministerial, innovative, controlled, innovative, controlled, conceptual, unwilling, conceptual, unwilling, civic, meaningful civic, meaningful disturbingdisturbing

HOW MANY WORDS DO HOW MANY WORDS DO NATIVE SPEAKERS OF NATIVE SPEAKERS OF

ENGLISH KNOW?ENGLISH KNOW?It depends on variables such as age and It depends on variables such as age and

education and use (receptive or productive): education and use (receptive or productive):

According to researchAccording to research A two-year old child: very limited vocabulary A two-year old child: very limited vocabulary

but growing at great speedbut growing at great speed An English university student : 20,000 word An English university student : 20,000 word

familiesfamilies An adult educated speaker : 50,000 lexemesAn adult educated speaker : 50,000 lexemes

CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF ITALIAN:CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF ITALIAN:““CERULEO” ,“CETACEI” ,“OTITE”CERULEO” ,“CETACEI” ,“OTITE”““ILLUMINISMO”ILLUMINISMO”

The mixed nature of PDE The mixed nature of PDE lexis: Germanic versus lexis: Germanic versus

romance wordsromance words- a core (c. 40%) of high-frequency - a core (c. 40%) of high-frequency

Germanic words usually short and used Germanic words usually short and used to refer to common “things”, actions and to refer to common “things”, actions and concepts (e.g. concepts (e.g. man, woman, day, child, man, woman, day, child, bread, to go, to get, phrasal verbs)bread, to go, to get, phrasal verbs)

and and - a wider component (c. 60%), of less - a wider component (c. 60%), of less

frequent words of classical or romance frequent words of classical or romance origin usually longer and used in origin usually longer and used in specialised or formal contexts (e.g. specialised or formal contexts (e.g. encyclopaedia, tonsillectomy, parliament, encyclopaedia, tonsillectomy, parliament, infrastructure)infrastructure)

GERMANIC /ROMANCE GERMANIC /ROMANCE NEAR-SYNONYMSNEAR-SYNONYMS

Discover e.g. Columbus discovered a new continentDiscover e.g. Columbus discovered a new continent Find out e.g. Her parents found out that she had a Find out e.g. Her parents found out that she had a

boyfriend boyfriend

Continue e.g. The treatment has to be continued for Continue e.g. The treatment has to be continued for 4 weeks4 weeks

Go on e.g. We can’t go on like this any longerGo on e.g. We can’t go on like this any longer

Pig / cow = Pig / cow = the living animal the living animal Pork/ beef = Pork/ beef = the meat you eatthe meat you eat

regal, royal e.g. royal family, regal powersregal, royal e.g. royal family, regal powers Kingly e.g. kingly mannerKingly e.g. kingly manner

““GOOD” AND “FALSE GOOD” AND “FALSE FRIENDS” WITH ITALIANFRIENDS” WITH ITALIAN

Similarity may help at timesSimilarity may help at times

e.g. e.g. problem, result, company, problem, result, company, million, communitymillion, community

Similarity may be misleading at Similarity may be misleading at other times, other times,

e.g. e.g. actually, eventually, actually, eventually, argument, factory, educated, argument, factory, educated, lecture, library, magazine, major, lecture, library, magazine, major, agendaagenda

English loans in Italian and English loans in Italian and other European languagesother European languages

From a “borrowing language” English has From a “borrowing language” English has become a “donor language”. Why? become a “donor language”. Why?

In present-day Italian there are many In present-day Italian there are many different types of anglicisms and people different types of anglicisms and people have different attitudes to this phenomenon. have different attitudes to this phenomenon. What is happening in other languages?What is happening in other languages?

Comment on the following anglicisms in Comment on the following anglicisms in Italian. Do they have an Italian counterpart? Italian. Do they have an Italian counterpart?

film, mission, management, welfare, film, mission, management, welfare, governance, briefing, week-end, pub, governance, briefing, week-end, pub, scannerizzare /”scannare”, mouse, scannerizzare /”scannare”, mouse, computer, talk-show, report, devolution, computer, talk-show, report, devolution, boom, impeachment, ghostwriterboom, impeachment, ghostwriter

Variation in EnglishVariation in English

1. USER-RELATED VARIATION1. USER-RELATED VARIATION e.g. geographical area (GB, USA etc), e.g. geographical area (GB, USA etc),

age, educationage, education2. USE-RELATED VARIATION, or REGISTER 2. USE-RELATED VARIATION, or REGISTER

MODELMODEL 2.1. what is talked about (FIELD or 2.1. what is talked about (FIELD or

TOPIC)TOPIC) 2.2. the MEDIUM used ( e.g. spoken 2.2. the MEDIUM used ( e.g. spoken

/written, electronic language)/written, electronic language) 2.3. the relationship between 2.3. the relationship between

speakers/writers , e.g. formal, informal speakers/writers , e.g. formal, informal (PERSONAL TENOR) (PERSONAL TENOR)

Some lexical differences Some lexical differences between BrE and AmEbetween BrE and AmE

1. He lives in a lovely 1. He lives in a lovely apartmenapartment in New Yorkt in New YorkAmE /AmE /flat flat BrEBrE

22. The . The autumn autumn term will start in Septemberterm will start in SeptemberBr.E / Br.E / fallfall AmEAmE

3. Where can I find a 3. Where can I find a gas gas station?station?AmE /AmE /petrol petrol (BrE)(BrE)

4. 11/9/20014. 11/9/2001Br E / Br E / 9/11/20019/11/2001 AmE AmE

Register variationRegister variation

1.1 Tonsillectomy is needed1.1 Tonsillectomy is needed1.2. Doctor “ I have to remove/to take your 1.2. Doctor “ I have to remove/to take your

tonsils outtonsils out

2.1 Influenza 2.1 Influenza A/H1N1 broke out in Mexico A/H1N1 broke out in Mexico last yearlast year

2.2. Swine flu broke out in Mexico last year2.2. Swine flu broke out in Mexico last year

3.1 These are my children3.1 These are my children3.2 These are my kids3.2 These are my kids3.3. This is my offspring3.3. This is my offspring

CORE / BASIC CORE / BASIC VOCABULARYVOCABULARY

Choose the most neutral and Choose the most neutral and general lexeme to refer to general lexeme to refer to someone “who has very little fat someone “who has very little fat on his/her body”and, with the on his/her body”and, with the help of dictionaries, identify the help of dictionaries, identify the differences in meaning: differences in meaning:

emaciated, skinny, slender, lean, emaciated, skinny, slender, lean, slim, thinslim, thin

Frequency listsFrequency lists

What is a frequency list: it is a list of What is a frequency list: it is a list of words but unlike in a dictionarywords but unlike in a dictionary

Adjective Adjective thinthin (16)(16)S: (adj) (adj) thinthin (of relatively small extent from one surface to the (of relatively small extent from one surface to the

opposite or in cross section) opposite or in cross section) "thin wire"; "a thin chiffon blouse"; "a thin "thin wire"; "a thin chiffon blouse"; "a thin book"; "a thin layer of paint"book"; "a thin layer of paint"

(15)(15)S: (adj) (adj) thinthin, , lean (lacking excess flesh) (lacking excess flesh) "you can't be too rich or "you can't be too rich or too thin"; "Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look"-Shakespearetoo thin"; "Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look"-Shakespeare

(7)(7)S: (adj) (adj) slender, , thinthin (very narrow) (very narrow) "a thin line across the page""a thin line across the page" (2)S: (adj) sparse, (2)S: (adj) sparse, thinthin (not dense) (not dense) "a thin beard"; "trees were sparse""a thin beard"; "trees were sparse" (1)S: (adj) (1)S: (adj) thinthin (relatively thin in consistency or low in density; not (relatively thin in consistency or low in density; not

viscous) viscous) "air is thin at high altitudes"; "a thin soup"; "skimmed milk is "air is thin at high altitudes"; "a thin soup"; "skimmed milk is much thinner than whole milk"; "thin oil"much thinner than whole milk"; "thin oil"

S: (adj) S: (adj) thinthin ((of sound) lacking resonance or volume) ((of sound) lacking resonance or volume) "a thin feeble "a thin feeble cry"cry"

S: (adj) S: (adj) thinthin (lacking spirit or sincere effort) (lacking spirit or sincere effort) "a thin smile""a thin smile" S: (adj) flimsy, fragile, slight, tenuous, S: (adj) flimsy, fragile, slight, tenuous, thinthin (lacking substance or (lacking substance or

significance) significance) "slight evidence"; "a tenuous argument"; "a thin plot"; a "slight evidence"; "a tenuous argument"; "a thin plot"; a fragile claim to fame"fragile claim to fame"

Types of “prefabricated Types of “prefabricated language”language”

SOCIAL ROUTINES ( OR PRAGMATIC IDIOMS)SOCIAL ROUTINES ( OR PRAGMATIC IDIOMS) e.g. I’m looking forward to hearing from you, Can I help you?e.g. I’m looking forward to hearing from you, Can I help you?DISCOURSE ORGANISERSDISCOURSE ORGANISERS e.g. in other words, to sum up, for example, e.g.( exempli e.g. in other words, to sum up, for example, e.g.( exempli

gratia), .i.e (id est)gratia), .i.e (id est)IDIOMS IDIOMS e.g. to beat about the bush, to kill two birds with one stone,e.g. to beat about the bush, to kill two birds with one stone,BINOMIALSBINOMIALS e.g. to and fro, pros and cons, bed and breakfaste.g. to and fro, pros and cons, bed and breakfastPROVERBSPROVERBS e.g A friend in need is a friend indeed, Garbage in. garbage e.g A friend in need is a friend indeed, Garbage in. garbage

outout SIMILESIMILE e.g. e.g. As ugly as sin, as happy as a larkAs ugly as sin, as happy as a larkSLOGANS AND FAMOUS QUOTATIONSSLOGANS AND FAMOUS QUOTATIONS e.g e.g Ask not what your country can do for you but what you Ask not what your country can do for you but what you

can do for your country ( J. F. Kennedy) can do for your country ( J. F. Kennedy) Yes, we can (B. Obama)Yes, we can (B. Obama)

LEXICAL COLLOCATIONS: A PERVASIVE LEXICAL COLLOCATIONS: A PERVASIVE FEATURE OF ENGLISH AND A MAJOR FEATURE OF ENGLISH AND A MAJOR

DIFFICULTY FOR LEARNERSDIFFICULTY FOR LEARNERS

Napravi mi Napravi mi uslugausluga

Do me a favourDo me a favour

Napravi mi Napravi mi tortatorta

Make me a Make me a cakecake

A lexical collocation is…A lexical collocation is…

……when two lexemes belonging to two when two lexemes belonging to two different word classes tend to co-different word classes tend to co-occur for reasons other than occur for reasons other than grammatical onesgrammatical ones

e.g. e.g. to take up/start/pursue a careerto take up/start/pursue a career

* to make career* to make career

Communicative competenceCommunicative competence

Match the situations to expressions as in the model:1.You meet a friend Hi!2.You have done smth wrong3.It’s time to go home4. You meet your teacher5.you are having a wonderful time6.Somebody has done smth wrong to you7.You are bying an icecream8.You don’t like what you are eating. a. I’m sorryb. Thank you very muchc. Yippee!d. I’ll see you tomorrowe. This is not fairf. This is fun!g. So sorryh. Thanksi. Hi!j. Good morningk. How are you doingl. yummy