Download - System Loss Segregation Process
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SYSTEM LOSS SEGREGATION PROCESS
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OBJECTIVE
TO BE ABLE TO MAKE US AWARE OF THE DETAILED PROCEDURE OF SYSTEM LOSS SEGREGATION FROM GATHERING OF SYSTEM DATA TO THE ACTUAL SEGREGATION OF LOSSES.
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OUTLINE
I. DATA GATHERINGII. DATA ORGANIZATION / ENCODINGIII. SANITY CHECK PROCESSIV. SYSTEM MODELLINGV. LOAD FLOW SIMULATIONSVI. SEGREGATION OF LOSSES
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I. DATA GATHERING
We try to capture as accurate as possible all the information and physical characteristics of the system from the Sub-Transmission Line, Power Transformers down to the individual consumers.
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Typical Distribution System
a) Sub-transmission Linesb) Substation Power
Transformersc) Primary Distribution Linesd) Distribution Transformerse) Secondary Distribution
Linesf) Service Dropsg) Voltage Regulatorsh) Capacitorsi) Reactorsj) Other electrical equipment
Substation Transformer
Residential
Sub-Transmission Lines
Primary Distribution Lines (Laterals)
Distribution Transformer
Commercial Industrial
Misc Loads
Secondary Distribution Lines
Service Drop
Primary Distribution Lines (Main Feeder)
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BUS ID Assignment
Equipment installedLateral LinesChanges of ConfigurationConductor sizeUnderbuilt (pole to pole)Open Secondary (pole to pole)Service drop
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Where can you find the system data ?
In the fieldIn the office (billing and engineering)
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What are the requirements of data gathering activities?
Qualified and dedicated technical personnel.Tools /instrument such as measuring wheel or tape, compass, GPS unit, digital camera, binocular, calculator, communication units such as mobile phone or two-way radio, visible markers, and so on.
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What are the requirements of data gathering activities?
Gathered data must be placed in a worksheet, staking sheet, map or diagram (it should be understandable for all the members of the team).Logistics support such as vehicle, computers, and dedicated area in the engineering office.
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Lessons learned from data gathering in the FIELD
Pilferage reduction (by-pass of metering facilities and fraud to authority)Technical loss reduction (broken neutral, unloaded DTs, no neutral wire, stop meter, and so on)System corrections due to poor workmanship ( octopus tap, non-observance of basic clearances, material substitution, and so on) Plan maintenance activities (clearing program, pole maintenance program, replacement of damage insulators, and so on)Familiarity on the physical location of vital protection/equipment of the systemLocation awareness
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Lessons learned from data gathering in the OFFICE
Check and balance of billing records with engineering records Correction of office data versus field dataUn-billed customer/no customer recordRetrieval and safe-keeping of technical data of equipment/materials.
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Impact of Data Gathering in Improvement of System Operation
Reduction of System Loss (though not readily quantifiable)Improved service reliability
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II. DATA ORGANIZATION and ENCODING
In-charge must be familiar with the ff.:Microsoft Excel program (expert)ERC Guidelines and prescribed instructions in filling-up the ERC-DSL Form.NEA Standard CodingSpecifications of 13.2 kV distribution systemRecommend to acquire AM/FM software
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ERC Data Requirements TemplatesERC-DSL-01 Administrative Load DataERC-DSL-02 Customer DataERC-DSL-03 Billing Cycle DataERC-DSL-04 Customer Energy Consumption DataERC-DSL-05 Load Curve DataERC-DSL-06 Bus DataERC-DSL-07 Subtransmission Line Data - OverheadERC-DSL-08 Subtransmission Line Data - Underground/Submarine ERC-DSL-09 Substation Power Transformer Data - Two WindingERC-DSL-10 Substation Power Transformer Data - Three WindingERC-DSL-11 Primary Distribution Line Data - OverheadERC-DSL-12 Primary Distribution Line Data - Underground CableERC-DSL-13 Primary Customer Service Drop Data - OverheadERC-DSL-14 Primary Customer Service Drop Data - Underground ERC-DSL-15 Distribution Transformer DataERC-DSL-16 Secondary Distribution Line DataERC-DSL-17 Secondary Customer Service Drop DataERC-DSL-18 Voltage Regulator DataERC-DSL-19 Shunt Capacitor DataERC-DSL-20 Shunt Inductor DataERC-DSL-21 Series Inductor DataERC-DSL-22 Energy Sales DataERC-DSL-23 Other Technical Data
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Lessons Learned in Data Organization / Encoding
Accessibility of information needed;Analysis of system derived easily;Technology is the tool to fast-track the plan
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BENEFITS OF DATA ORGANIZATION SYSTEM OPERATION
Development of Distribution System Asset Database
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III. SANITY CHECK PROCESS
Checks for the ff: (Sanity Check Program )ConnectivityPhasingRadiality
OthersMultiplicity Program – uniqueness checkerComparator Program – 1 to 1 CheckerFROM-TO Changer Program – Root Checker
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Sanity Check 1.2.6
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Typical Distribution System
Substation Transformer
Residential
Sub-Transmission Lines
Primary Distribution Lines (Laterals)
Distribution Transformer
Commercial Industrial
Misc Loads
Secondary Distribution Lines
Service Drop
Primary Distribution Lines (Main Feeder)
Check for:1. Connectivity2. Phasing3. Radiality
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Interpretation of Results
A B C D E F G H I J K L M NPL_Bus0001 PL_Bus0002 BN 1 1 1 0 24 1 0 1 0 1 0PL_Bus0001 PL_Bus0007 BACN 0 1 1 0 2134 1 0 1 0 1 0PL_Bus0007 PL_Bus0009 BACN 0 2 1 2134 2134 1 1 1 0 1 0PL_Bus0009 PL_Bus0010 BACN 0 3 1 2134 2134 1 1 1 0 1 0PL_Bus0009 PL_Bus0019 CABN 0 3 1 2134 3124 1 1 1 0 1 0PL_Bus0009 PL_Bus0030 BACN 0 3 1 2134 2134 1 1 1 0 1 0PL_Bus0010 PL_Bus0011 BACN 1 4 1 2134 2134 1 1 1 0 1 0
From Bus ID
To Bus ID
Phasing
Terminal Branch
Layer
TreeNumber
Phasing of From_Bus
Phasing of To_Bus
PhasingCheck
Branch Type of From_Bus
Branch Type of To_Bus
Branch Type Check
Radiality Check 1
Radiality Check 2
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Interpretation of Results
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Interpretation of Results
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Interpretation of Results
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Interpretation of Results
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Interpretation of Results
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Interpretation of Results
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Interpretation of Results
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Interpretation of Results
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Interpretation of Results
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IV. MODELING PROCESS
Checking of data assignment based on prescribed instructions (Engineering Attributes Programs)Typical values assignmentField data checker
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Engineering Attributes Program
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V. LOAD FLOW SIMULATIONS / SEGREGATION OF LOSSES
Load flow simulation of system using three-phase unbalanced load flow algorithm.NOTE :
Segregation of System Loss accuracy is totally dependent on the integrity of the network data gathered.
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Uses of Load Flow Study
Sensitivity Analysis with Load Flow Study
Analysis of Existing Conditions
Analysis for Correcting PQ Problems
Expansion Planning
Contingency Analysis
System Loss Analysis
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Sensitivity Analysis with Load Flow Study1) Take any line, transformer or
generator out of service.2) Add, reduce or remove load to any or
all buses.3) Add new transmission or distribution
lines.4) Increase conductor size on T&D lines.5) Change bus voltages6) Change transformer taps.7) Increase or decrease transformer
size.
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ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
Check for voltage violationsPGC: 0.95 – 1.05 p.u. (For Transmission)PDC: 0.90 – 1.10 p.u (For Distribution)*
*Recommended 0.95 – 1.05 p.u.
Check for branch power flow violationsTransformer OverloadsLine Overloads
Check for system lossesCaps on Segregated DSL
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ANALYSIS FOR CORRECTING PQ PROBLEMS
• Voltage adjustment by utility at delivery pointTransformer tap changing
Available TapsAt Primary SideAt Secondary SideBoth Sides
Typical Taps Tap 1: +5%Tap 2: +2.5%Tap 3: 0% (Rated Voltage)Tap 4: -2.5%Tap 5: -5%
Capacitor compensationCompensate for Peak LoadingCheck overvoltages during Off-PeakOptimize Capacitor Plan
• System configuration improvement
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EXPANSION PLANNING
New substation constructionSubstation capacity expansionNew feeder segment construction / extensionAddition of parallel feeder segmentReconducting of existing feeder segment/ circuit Circuit conversion to higher voltageAddition of Generating units
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CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
Reliability analysis of the Sub-transmission System and Distribution System
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SYSTEM LOSS ANALYSIS
Segregation of System Losses
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DSL SEGREGATOR 2.0