Transcript

Sports and Young Athletes

By Dr. Rajal Sukhiyaji (M.PT. in Sports Science)

Contents • Introduction of Sports and Young athletes• Epidemiology• Benefits of sports activities• Differences between young athletes and adult athletes• Where and why young athletes participate in sports??• Sport participation : Medical issue• Reason of dropout of sports• Sport training for young athletes• Sport parent responsibilities• Rights of young athletes• References

What is Sports ????

• Sport (or sports) is all forms of usually competitive physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing entertainment to participants, and in some cases, spectators.

Who are Young athletes ???

• Young athletes are a category of athletes who compete under the age of 18 years.

• Problems of adolescence

• Athletics for adolescents can provide a way to learn various significant life skills in a fun and enjoyable manner.

• Sport for social development is a way in which sports can have a positive impact on young athletes..

• The first reason that young athletes participate in a sports program is

“ To have fun “ and also “Winning the game” And to share that success with family members and friends.

Epidemiology

• It is estimated that 27 million US young athletes between 6 to 18 years of age participate in team sports.

• The National Council of Sports survey found that 60 million young athletes aged 6 to 18 years participate in some form of organized athletics, with 44 million participating in more than 1 sport.

(Clin J Sport Med Volume 24, Number 1, January 2014)

Benefits of Sports activities

• Sports help Physical development• Sports help Cognitive and academic development • Sports help Psychological development• Sports help Social development (games and

teams are miniature social systems)• Sports help Character development.

Benefits of Sport in Young athletes

Self- discipline

Healthy Lifestyle

New Skills,Challenges

Decision Making

CommitmentConfidenceTeamworkTrust

Motivation

Fun, Enjoyment,

Making Friends

Achievement

Self-worth

• Participation in athletics improves physical fitness, coordination, and self-discipline, and gives them valuable opportunities to learn teamwork.

• Because young athletes are still growing, they are at a greater risk for injury than adults.

• Many sports injuries can be prevented.

• Some of the more effective ways to prevent these injuries include – Age-specific coaching, – Appropriate physical conditioning, and – Proper use of equipment.

• Coaches and parents can prevent injuries by fostering an atmosphere of healthy competition that emphasizes confidence, cooperation, and a positive self-image, rather than just winning.

Differences Between Young athletes and Adult Athletes

• Young athletes are Still Growing

• Young athletes vary in Size and Maturity

• Young athletes Can Injure Growth Plates

Where young athletes participate in sports?

Agency sponsored sports Eg,Little league baseballPop Warner football

Club sports Pay for services (gymnastics, tennis)

Recreational sport programs Everyone plays

Intramural sports Middle, junior, senior high school

Interscholastic sports Middle, junior, senior high school

Most Popular Interscholastic Sports

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1gqX07V-pacaa.../embed

Why young athletes participate in sports ???• To have fun • To improve skills• To be with friends• To be part of a team• To experience excitement• To receive awards• To win• To become physically fit (Wankel & Kreisel, 1985)

Sport Participation

• Medical Issues

Acute injuries

• Caused by a sudden trauma, such as a twist, fall, or collision.

• Common acute injuries include broken bones, sprains (ligament injuries), strains (muscle and tendon injuries), and cuts or bruises.

• Most acute injuries should be evaluated by a doctor. • This usually consists of the RICE method.• Proper first aid will minimize swelling and help the doctor

establish an accurate diagnosis.

Overuse injuries

• There is very little research specifically on the incidence and prevalence of overuse injuries in young athletes.

• Overall estimates of overuse injuries versus acute injuries range from 45.9% to 54%.

• The prevalence of overuse injury varies by the specific sport, ranging from 37% (skiing and handball) to 68% (running).

(Clin J Sport Med Volume 24, Number 1, January 2014)

• Overuse injuries occur gradually over time, when an athletic activity is repeated so often, parts of the body do not have enough time to heal between playing.

• Examples of overuse injuries include throwing injuries in the elbow, Achilles tendinitis, and shin splints.

• Common sites: epiphyseal plates, cartilage of the apophyses, articular cartilage, stress fractures

• To keep athletes in the game long-term, overuse injuries need to be diagnosed and treated by a physician as soon as possible. Parents and coaches should be aware of the more common signs of overuse injury. These include:– Pain. This pain cannot be tied to an acute injury, such

as from a fall. The pain often increases with activity– Swelling– Changes in form or technique– Decreased interest in practice

Strategies for Preventing Sports Injuries

• Be in proper physical condition to play a sport • Know and abide by the rules of a sport• Wear appropriate protective gear (for example, shin guards

for soccer, a hard-shell helmet when facing a baseball pitcher, a helmet and body padding for ice hockey)

• Know how to correctly use athletic equipment (for example, correctly adjusting the bindings on snow skis)

• Always warm up before playing• Stay hydrated• Avoid playing when very tired or in pain• Atmosphere of Healthy Competition

Female young Athletes

• Female athlete who focuses on being thin or lightweight may eat too little or exercise too much. Doing this can cause long-term health damage.

• Three interrelated illnesses may develop when a girl or young woman goes to extremes in dieting or exercise. Together, these conditions are known as the "female athlete triad."

• The three conditions are:– Disordered eating– Menstrual dysfunction– Premature osteoporosis (low bone density for age)

Steroid Use

• Many young athletes — boys and girls — use black-market anabolic steroids to improve their athletic performance.

• Steroids have been shown to increase muscle mass, but they can cause serious and potentially life-threatening complications and should be avoided.

• Most steroids are illegal and are banned by sports organizations.

Sports Supplements• Many athletes of all ages take sports supplements, such

as creatine, because they think it will increase strength and improve sports performance.

• The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not regulate nutritional supplements.

• There is also not enough research on the long-term health effects of taking sports supplements, especially in adolescents and children who are still growing.

• Always takes advice from doctor before taking nutritional supplements.

Why young athelets dropout of sports ??? Most Important Reasons to Stop Playing a Sport(Athletic Footwear Association, 1990)

• I lost interest• I was not having fun• It took too much time• Coach was a poor teacher• There was too much pressure• I wanted a nonsport activity• I was tired of it• I needed more study time• Coach played favorites• The sport was boring• There was an overemphasis on winning

Psychological issues

• Some of the most important implications of sport psychology are found in the athletes, where participants are plentiful and highly involved.

• Stress – Unpleasant emotional state • Burnout is a special case of sport withdrawal in which a

young athlete discontinues sport involvement in response to chronic stress.

• Model depicting the development of stress and potential behavioral outcomes

SituationIndividual views

outcome as important

Emotional ResponseUnfavorable appraisalleads to physiologicaland cognitive stress

Appraisal Individual evaluates

his/herability to meet the

demandsof the situation

Consequences Withdraw and try a

new sport; Withdraw

permanently

• Precompetitive state anxiety also play a role.

• For that reducing stress level by– Change something about the sport.– Skill training instills confidence– Children who perceive themselves as competent are

less threatened and perform better– Winning/losing should be placed in perspective– Help child set realistic goals

Keep Young Athletes Healthy and Fit• Proper preparation

• A balanced body

• Proper warm up, stretching and strength-training exercises are essential for athletes involved in sports.

• Young athletes should begin with a slow jog as a general warm-up, followed by a sport-specific warm-up. They should then stretch all the major muscle groups.

• Proper technique and supervision

• Proper nutrition and hydration are also extremely vital.

• While an ordinary person may need to drink eight to ten glasses of water each day, athletes need to drink even more than that for proper absorption.

• Breakfast should be the most important meal of the day. • Eating a healthy meal two to four hours before a practice

or a game and another within one to two hours after a game or practice allows for proper replenishment and refuels the body.

• All athletes should seek rehabilitation following injury.

Encourage child to:

• Wear the proper equipment.• Eat healthy meals.• Maintain a healthy weight. • Drink water.• Drink milk.• Avoid sugar-loaded, caffeinated and carbonated drinks.• Follow a warm-up routine. • Take vitamins daily.• Avoid trendy supplements.• Get plenty of rest.

Sports training for young athletes

• Sports conditioning coaches are in a good position to help younger athletes perform at their peak.

• From a coaching perspective, understanding athletic ability and potential gives greater vision in athlete selection and overall team development.

Developing Athletic Talent

• It is a long-term process.• Scientific research has concluded that it takes a minimum

of 10 years and 10,000 hours of training for a talented athlete to reach elite levels

(Ericsson & Charness 1994; Salmela et al. 1998)

• This translates into more than 3 hours of training daily for 10 years.

• This is referred to as the "10-year rule," and in the preparation of Olympic athletes it is supported by both– The U.S. Olympic Committee (2002) and – Canadian Sport Centres (2006).

Three Pillars For Training

1. Sport movement: agility, quickness, multidirectional speed, external reaction skills, coordination, acceleration and deceleration

2. Sport strength: muscular, whole-body, multijoint strength; muscular endurance; explosive power; and recovery efficiency

3. Sport balance: stability, kinesthetic awareness, proprioception, neuromuscular pathways, transitional balance and internal reactivity

Periodization

• The schedule and design of a year-round sports conditioning plan is called periodization, or conditioning in cycles, where different physical components are developed at different densities, intensities, frequencies, durations and loads.

• Based on scientific principles and methodologies, periodization presents the best time and the best method for conditioning each physical component.

Program Design for the Young AthleteSports conditioning coach wants to:• Improve fitness• Increase athleticism• Build the physical tools that sports participation draws on• Provide immediate upgrades to the experience of playing

sports• Give athletes the physicality to excel at any new sports

they may pick up• Produce results so that improved sports competence

keeps athletes in the game • Provide an experience that will secure a positive link

between working out and feeling good about sports.

Sport Parent Responsibilities

• Encourage athletes to play sports, but don’t pressure them. Let them choose to play—and quit—if she or he wants.

• Understand what he/she wants from sport and provide a supportive atmosphere for achieving those goals.

• Set limits on athletes participation in sport. Determine when they are physically and emotionally ready to play and to ensure that that conditions for playing are safe.

• Make sure the coach is qualified to guide through the sport experience.

• Keep winning in perspective, and help athlete do the same.

• Help athlete set realistic performance goals.

• Help athlete understand the valuable lessons sports can teach.

• Help athlete meet his or her responsibilities to the team and the coach.

• Discipline when necessary.

• Supply the coach with informationregarding any allergies or special health conditions. Make sure athlete takes any necessary medications to games and practices.

Basic Guidelines for Coaches and Parents• Winning isn’t everything or the only thing.

• Failure is not the same as losing.

• Success does not equal winning - success is found in striving for victory and excellence.

Success = giving 100% effort

Rights of Young Athletes• Right of the opportunity to participate in sports

regardless of ability level

• Right to participate at a level that is commensurate with each child’s developmental level

• Right to have qualified adult leadership

• Right to participate in safe and healthy environments

• Right of each child to share in the leadership and decision making of his/her sport participation

• Right to play as a child and not as an adult

• Right to proper preparation for participation in the sport

• Right to an equal opportunity to strive for success

• Right to be treated with dignity by all involved

• Right to have fun through sport

(Guidelines for Children's Sports, R. Martens and V. Seefeldt (Eds.)., Washington, D.C. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 1979.)

Positive Role of Friends in Sport

• Companionship• Enhancement of self-esteem• Help and guidance• Prosocial behavior• Intimacy• Emotional support• Conflict resolution• Attractive personal qualities

Negative Role of Friends in Sport

• Conflict (e.g., insults, arguments)• Unattractive personal qualities

(e.g., self-centered)• Betrayal• Inaccessibility (lack of opportunity

to interact)

References

• A Guide to Safety for Young Athletes, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, May,2013.

• Keep Young Athletes Healthy and Fit, American Chiropractic Association,2014

• Kids and Sports: Creating a Healthy Experience for Every Child by Marianne Engle, Ph.D.

• Identifying, Understanding and Training Youth Athletes by Peter Twist, MSc, Janice Hutton, MA

• Principles of Manual Sports Medicine, Steven J. Karageanes, 2005 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

• Overuse Injuries and Burnout in Youth Sports: A Position Statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, January 2014,John P. DiFiori, MD,* Holly J. Benjamin, et.al, Clin J Sport Med Volume 24, Number 1.

Thank You


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