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Solar System & Solar System & ConstellationConstellation

OverviewOverview

• Solar system refers to the sun (our star) and all Solar system refers to the sun (our star) and all objects that travel around its.objects that travel around its.

• Components of the solar system divided into Components of the solar system divided into planets, satellites, asteroids, and comets.planets, satellites, asteroids, and comets.

• Planets in Solar System are Mercury, Venus, Planets in Solar System are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.Pluto.

• Planets in Solar System named after figures from Planets in Solar System named after figures from Greek and Roman mythology.Greek and Roman mythology.

Nine planets can classified or grouped different Nine planets can classified or grouped different ways:ways:

• By size : By size : Small planet – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Pluto.Small planet – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Pluto. Giant planet – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.Giant planet – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.• By position from Sun : By position from Sun : Inner planet – Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.Inner planet – Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Outer planet – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Outer planet – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.Pluto.• By composition : By composition : Terrestrial or rocky planet – Mercury, Venus, Earth andTerrestrial or rocky planet – Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.Mars. Gas planet – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.Gas planet – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

SunSun

• A gigantic ball of very hot gases.A gigantic ball of very hot gases.

• Converts 6 million tons of hydrogen Converts 6 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second.into helium every second.

SunSun

• Diameter : 1.4 million km (870,000 miles), Diameter : 1.4 million km (870,000 miles), which is 109 Earth diameterswhich is 109 Earth diameters

• Mass : 330,000 times the mass of the Mass : 330,000 times the mass of the EarthEarth

• Time to rotate (at equator) : 25 Earth daysTime to rotate (at equator) : 25 Earth days• Temperature in central core : 14 million Temperature in central core : 14 million • Distance from center of our galaxy : Distance from center of our galaxy :

26,000 light years26,000 light years• Age : 4.5 billion yearsAge : 4.5 billion years

Mercury – at the edge of the SunMercury – at the edge of the Sun

• A dense, rocky planet with a core made of iron A dense, rocky planet with a core made of iron and nickel.and nickel.

• The planet closet to the Sun.The planet closet to the Sun.

• Size bigger than Pluto, about the size of Earth. Size bigger than Pluto, about the size of Earth.

• Surface is scarred by ancient craters.Surface is scarred by ancient craters.

• Temperatures soar to 370 day and night -185. Temperatures soar to 370 day and night -185.

• Orbit around the Sun, travels 50km/s(30 Orbit around the Sun, travels 50km/s(30 mile/s) faster than other planet.mile/s) faster than other planet.

MercuryMercury

• Average distance from the Sun: 58 million Average distance from the Sun: 58 million kmkm

• Diameter: 4880 km(3032 miles)Diameter: 4880 km(3032 miles)

• Mass: 0.06 times the Earth’s massMass: 0.06 times the Earth’s mass

• Time to orbit the Sun: 88 Earth daysTime to orbit the Sun: 88 Earth days

• Rotation time (a day): 59 Earth daysRotation time (a day): 59 Earth days

• Number of Moons: NoneNumber of Moons: None

Venus – cloud-covered infernoVenus – cloud-covered inferno

• Called Earth’s sister planet.Called Earth’s sister planet.

• Hottest world in the Solar system.Hottest world in the Solar system.

• Second planet from the Sun.Second planet from the Sun.

• The size and masses same as the Earth.The size and masses same as the Earth.

• Temperature on surface 480 (896 )Temperature on surface 480 (896 )

• Venus shrouded under a thick blanket of Venus shrouded under a thick blanket of clouds, containing carbon dioxide and clouds, containing carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid.sulfuric acid.

VenusVenus

• Average distance from the Sun: 108 Average distance from the Sun: 108 million km (67 million miles)million km (67 million miles)

• Diameter: 12,102 km (7520 miles)Diameter: 12,102 km (7520 miles)

• Mass: 0.82 times the Earth’s massMass: 0.82 times the Earth’s mass

• Time to orbit the Sun: 225 Earth daysTime to orbit the Sun: 225 Earth days

• Rotation time (a day):243 Earth DaysRotation time (a day):243 Earth Days

• Number of Moon: NoneNumber of Moon: None

Earth – the oasisEarth – the oasis

• The only planet that can support human.The only planet that can support human.

• The only planet has oceans of liquid water, The only planet has oceans of liquid water, plenty of oxygen in its atmosphere.plenty of oxygen in its atmosphere.

• Third planet from the Sun.Third planet from the Sun.

• Pretty planet with swirling white clouds, Pretty planet with swirling white clouds, blue oceans and mostly brown continents.blue oceans and mostly brown continents.

• Earth’s core mostly made up of nickel and Earth’s core mostly made up of nickel and iron. iron.

EarthEarth


• Diameter: 12,756 km (7926 miles)Diameter: 12,756 km (7926 miles)• Mass: 6 x 10Mass: 6 x 102424kilogramskilograms• Time to orbit the Sun: 365 Earth daysTime to orbit the Sun: 365 Earth days• Rotation time (a day): 23 hours 56 minutes Rotation time (a day): 23 hours 56 minutes

4 second4 second• Number of Moon: OneNumber of Moon: One

Moon – our traveling companionMoon – our traveling companion

• Has no atmosphere and no oceans of Has no atmosphere and no oceans of water.water.

• Surface of Moon is pitted by numerous Surface of Moon is pitted by numerous craters produced by series of impact about craters produced by series of impact about 4 billion years ago.4 billion years ago.

• Surface was strewn with loose rocks, Surface was strewn with loose rocks, ranging in the size from pebbles to ranging in the size from pebbles to boulders as big as houses.boulders as big as houses.

MoonMoon

• Average distance from the Sun: Average distance from the Sun: 384,400 km (238,855 miles)384,400 km (238,855 miles)

• Diameter: 3475 km (2160 miles)Diameter: 3475 km (2160 miles)

• Mass: Almost 1/100Mass: Almost 1/100thth of the mass of of the mass of the Earththe Earth

• Rotation time (a day): 27 Earth days, Rotation time (a day): 27 Earth days, 7 hours and 45 minutes, with respect 7 hours and 45 minutes, with respect to the starsto the stars

Mars – the red worldMars – the red world

• The red planet.The red planet.• A small rocky planet.A small rocky planet.• Fourth planet from the Sun.Fourth planet from the Sun.• Has inspired numerous science fiction tales as Has inspired numerous science fiction tales as

a source of hostile alien beings and a source of hostile alien beings and underground colonies.underground colonies.

• Smaller and colder than the Earth.Smaller and colder than the Earth.• Rock looks red because iron in its surface soil Rock looks red because iron in its surface soil

has combined with oxygen to make rust.has combined with oxygen to make rust.• Has two tiny moon called Phobos and Deimos.Has two tiny moon called Phobos and Deimos.• Temperatures as low as -140 (-220 )Temperatures as low as -140 (-220 )

MarsMars


• Diameter: 6794 km (4221 miles )Diameter: 6794 km (4221 miles )• Mass: 0.11 times the Earth’s massMass: 0.11 times the Earth’s mass• Time to orbit the Sun: 687 Earth days Time to orbit the Sun: 687 Earth days

(or 1.88 years)(or 1.88 years)• Rotation time (a day): 24 Earth hours Rotation time (a day): 24 Earth hours

and 43 minutesand 43 minutes• Number of Moon: twoNumber of Moon: two

Jupiter – king of planetJupiter – king of planet

• The largest planet in the Solar system.The largest planet in the Solar system.• Fifth planet from the Sun.Fifth planet from the Sun.• Is a gas planet and does not have a solid Is a gas planet and does not have a solid

surface like the Earth.surface like the Earth.• Atmosphere bristles with lightning and Atmosphere bristles with lightning and

huge storm systems.huge storm systems.• Top layers of Jupiter form swirling patterns Top layers of Jupiter form swirling patterns

of cloud, with bands of different color.of cloud, with bands of different color.• Temperatures change rapidly., from much Temperatures change rapidly., from much

hotter to much colder than any other places hotter to much colder than any other places on Earth.on Earth.

JupiterJupiter


• Diameter: 142,984 km (88,846 miles)Diameter: 142,984 km (88,846 miles)

• Mass: 317 times the Earth’s massMass: 317 times the Earth’s mass

• Time to orbit the Sun: 11.9 Earth yaersTime to orbit the Sun: 11.9 Earth yaers

• Rotation time (a day): 9 Earth hours and Rotation time (a day): 9 Earth hours and 51 minutes51 minutes

• Number of Moon: at least 28Number of Moon: at least 28

Saturn – jewel of the Solar SystemSaturn – jewel of the Solar System

• Sixth planet from the Sun.Sixth planet from the Sun.

• Famous for its dazzling and complicated rings.Famous for its dazzling and complicated rings.

• Saturn’s ring span about 270,000 km(168,000 Saturn’s ring span about 270,000 km(168,000 miles) from edge to edge.miles) from edge to edge.

• The rings are very thin, only a few tens of The rings are very thin, only a few tens of meters thick.meters thick.

• Saturn composed of hydrogen and helium.Saturn composed of hydrogen and helium.

• No solid surface.No solid surface.

• Has more moon than others planet.Has more moon than others planet.

SaturnSaturn


• Diameter: 120,536 km (74,898 miles)Diameter: 120,536 km (74,898 miles)• Mass: 95 times the Earth’s massMass: 95 times the Earth’s mass• Time to orbit the Sun: 29.5 Earth yearsTime to orbit the Sun: 29.5 Earth years• Rotation time (a day): 10 Earth hours Rotation time (a day): 10 Earth hours

and 48 minutesand 48 minutes• Number of Moon: at least 30Number of Moon: at least 30

Uranus – rolling on its sideUranus – rolling on its side

• A giant gas planet.A giant gas planet.• Seventh planet from the Sun.Seventh planet from the Sun.• Has cloudy atmosphere made up of hydrogen Has cloudy atmosphere made up of hydrogen

and helium.and helium.• Spins on its axis in the opposite direction Spins on its axis in the opposite direction

(known as retrograde) to most of the other (known as retrograde) to most of the other planet.planet.

• The atmosphere has streaking bands and dark The atmosphere has streaking bands and dark spot.spot.

• Circled by very thin rings which composed of Circled by very thin rings which composed of centimeter-sized particles.centimeter-sized particles.

UranusUranus


• Diameter: 51,118 km (31,763 miles)Diameter: 51,118 km (31,763 miles)• Mass: 14.5 times the Earth’s massMass: 14.5 times the Earth’s mass• Time to orbit the Sun: 84 Earth yearsTime to orbit the Sun: 84 Earth years• Rotation time (a day): 17 Erath hours Rotation time (a day): 17 Erath hours

and 17 minutesand 17 minutes• Number of Moon: at least 21Number of Moon: at least 21

Neptune – blue world of the deepNeptune – blue world of the deep

• The fourth and last giant gas planet.The fourth and last giant gas planet.

• Eighth planet from the Sun.Eighth planet from the Sun.

• Atmosphere made up of hydrogen.Atmosphere made up of hydrogen.

• Streaks of white cloud, ranging in Streaks of white cloud, ranging in width from 50-200km (30-120 miles) width from 50-200km (30-120 miles) cross the atmosphere.cross the atmosphere.

NeptuneNeptune


• Diameter: 49,528 km (30,775 miles)Diameter: 49,528 km (30,775 miles)• Mass: 16.7 times the Earth’s massMass: 16.7 times the Earth’s mass• Time to orbit the Sun: 165 Earth yearsTime to orbit the Sun: 165 Earth years• Rotation time (a day): 16 Earth hours Rotation time (a day): 16 Earth hours

and 5 minutesand 5 minutes• Number of Moon: at least eightNumber of Moon: at least eight

Pluto – baby of the familyPluto – baby of the family

• Smallest planet in Solar System.Smallest planet in Solar System.

• Is icy and rocky, with frozen surface layers Is icy and rocky, with frozen surface layers of methane.of methane.

• Smaller than Earth’s Moon.Smaller than Earth’s Moon.

• Temperature at the surface is about -220 (-Temperature at the surface is about -220 (-365 )365 )

• Orbit around the Sun is highly elongated Orbit around the Sun is highly elongated (or elliptical) and more tilted than other (or elliptical) and more tilted than other planet.planet.

PlutoPluto


• Diameter: 2274 km (1413 miles)Diameter: 2274 km (1413 miles)• Mass: 0.002 times the Earth’s massMass: 0.002 times the Earth’s mass• Time to orbit the Sun: 249 Earth yearsTime to orbit the Sun: 249 Earth years• Rotation time (a day): 6 Earth days and 9 Rotation time (a day): 6 Earth days and 9

hourshours• Number of Moon: OneNumber of Moon: One

SolarSolar SystemSystem Uranus

Venus

Earth

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Neptune

PlutoMercury

Circumpolar Constellations

The constellations near the north celestial pole are visible all year long

Its phase and brightness affect the number of stars you see even on the most cloud-free, haze-free nights.

PolarisPolaris

• One special, moderately bright star stays fixed in One special, moderately bright star stays fixed in the sky all the time, day and night, season after the sky all the time, day and night, season after season, and year after year.season, and year after year.

• Polaris always defines the points of the compass.Polaris always defines the points of the compass.

DracoDraco

• One of the largest circumpolar One of the largest circumpolar constellations, obscure to casual observers constellations, obscure to casual observers on account of its long, winding shape, is on account of its long, winding shape, is DracoDraco, the dragon., the dragon.

PerseusPerseus

• Perseus is another circumpolar Perseus is another circumpolar constellation with an elongated, constellation with an elongated, rather complicated shape.rather complicated shape.

Constellations Of SpringConstellations Of Spring

• There are certain star groups that are There are certain star groups that are Characteristic of the evening sky in Characteristic of the evening sky in spring in the northern hemisphere.spring in the northern hemisphere.

• The season of spring is 3 month long.The season of spring is 3 month long.

VirgoVirgo

• The virgin, is fairly high in the The virgin, is fairly high in the southeastern sky.southeastern sky.

• It has an irregular shape, something It has an irregular shape, something like a letter Y with a hooked tail.like a letter Y with a hooked tail.

Cancer And Canis MinorCancer And Canis Minor

• Cancer, the crab, stands high in the Cancer, the crab, stands high in the southwestern sky.southwestern sky.

• If you stand facing southwest and look up If you stand facing southwest and look up at an elevation about 70 degrees, you’ll at an elevation about 70 degrees, you’ll see a group of stars that resembles an see a group of stars that resembles an upside-down Y.upside-down Y.

• Next to cancer is Next to cancer is Canis MinorCanis Minor, the little , the little dog, which contains the prominent star dog, which contains the prominent star Procyon.Procyon.

GeminiGemini

• Gemini is moderately in the western Gemini is moderately in the western sky.sky.

• This constellation has the general This constellation has the general shape of a tail, thin, squared-off shape of a tail, thin, squared-off letter U.letter U.

• At the top of the U are prominent At the top of the U are prominent castor and pollux.castor and pollux.

AurigaAuriga

• Just to right of Gemini is the Just to right of Gemini is the constellation constellation Auriga.Auriga.

• It has the shape of an irregular It has the shape of an irregular pentagon.pentagon.

• Auriga contains the bright star Auriga contains the bright star Capella.Capella.

HerculesHercules

• A complex of star, none of them A complex of star, none of them bright, forming a trapezoid with bright, forming a trapezoid with limbs.limbs.

• Representing a man of legendary Representing a man of legendary strength and endurance.strength and endurance.

Constellations Of SummerConstellations Of Summer

• Appear in the sky in the middle of Appear in the sky in the middle of July.July.

• New star groups have risen at the New star groups have risen at the east, and old ones have set in the east, and old ones have set in the west.west.

SagittariusSagittarius

• In the east-southeast sky, to the right In the east-southeast sky, to the right and above Capricornus.and above Capricornus.

• Outline resembles a teapot.Outline resembles a teapot.

• Lies in the direction of the densest Lies in the direction of the densest part of the Milky Way.part of the Milky Way.

ScorpiusScorpius

• Sits in the southen sky.Sits in the southen sky.

• Resemblance to the animal or object Resemblance to the animal or object it represents.it represents.

• The eye of scorpion is the red giant The eye of scorpion is the red giant star Antares, which the brightness.star Antares, which the brightness.

OrhiuchusOrhiuchus

• In the southen sky, centered at the In the southen sky, centered at the celestial equator.celestial equator.

• Has a meaningless job.Has a meaningless job.

Coma BerenicesComa Berenices

• About halfway between the horizon About halfway between the horizon and the zenith in the west-northwest and the zenith in the west-northwest sky, you will see a fuzzy blob. sky, you will see a fuzzy blob.

• With binoculars, this resolves into a With binoculars, this resolves into a cluster of stars known as Coma cluster of stars known as Coma Berenices ( the hair of Berenice ).Berenices ( the hair of Berenice ).

Constellations Of AutumnConstellations Of Autumn

• An evening in the middle of October, An evening in the middle of October, a couple of hours of sunset.a couple of hours of sunset.

• The sky looked after by new The sky looked after by new custodians as the night grow longer.custodians as the night grow longer.

PiscesPisces

• High in the southeast you will seeHigh in the southeast you will see Pisces, Pisces, the two fish.the two fish.

• Legend has it that Pisces were joined Legend has it that Pisces were joined or tied together at their long tails or tied together at their long tails ago, and to this day they are flailing ago, and to this day they are flailing about in that unfortunate condition.about in that unfortunate condition.

PegasusPegasus

• Nearly at the zenith there is a square Nearly at the zenith there is a square consisting of four medium- bright consisting of four medium- bright stars.stars.

• This is a body of This is a body of Pegasus,Pegasus, the winged the winged horse.horse.

AndromedaAndromeda

• Toward the northeast, Toward the northeast, Andromeda,Andromeda, representing a princess, rides the representing a princess, rides the horse alongside the Milky Way.horse alongside the Milky Way.

• The Ethiopian princess who married The Ethiopian princess who married Perseus.Perseus.

Constellations Of WinterConstellations Of Winter

• They appear from the latitude of They appear from the latitude of Lake Tahoe, Indianapolis, or Lake Tahoe, Indianapolis, or Washington, D.C. a few hour after Washington, D.C. a few hour after suppertime.suppertime.

Canis MajorCanis Major

• The southern portion of winter evening sky The southern portion of winter evening sky is dominated by Canis Major, the big dog.is dominated by Canis Major, the big dog.

• Canis Major is easy to spot because of Canis Major is easy to spot because of brilliant white star, that appears in the brilliant white star, that appears in the south-southeastsouth-southeast

• This is the brightest star in the whole sky, This is the brightest star in the whole sky, and its name in fact means “scorching” and its name in fact means “scorching” because it is contained in Canis Major, because it is contained in Canis Major, Sirius is often called the dog star.Sirius is often called the dog star.

OrionOrion

• Somewhat above and to the right of Somewhat above and to the right of Sirius you will see another winter Sirius you will see another winter landmark, Orion, the hunter.landmark, Orion, the hunter.

• Orion contains two bright stars of its Orion contains two bright stars of its own, Betelgeuse, a red giant, and own, Betelgeuse, a red giant, and Rigel, a blue-white star.Rigel, a blue-white star.

TaurusTaurus

• A few degrees from the zenith in the A few degrees from the zenith in the southern sky on winter evenings, is southern sky on winter evenings, is Taurus, the Bull.Taurus, the Bull.

• This constellation contains the bright This constellation contains the bright starstar Aldebaran, Aldebaran, which represents the which represents the eye of the bull.eye of the bull.

ConstellationsConstellations

Constellations Of Spring

Circumpolar Constellations

Constellations Of Summer

Constellation

of Winter

Constellations of Autumn

-Polaris, Ursa Minor, Ursa Major , Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Draco , Perseus

-Libra, Virgo, Leo, Cancer And Canis Minor , Gemini, Auriga, Hercules, Corona Borealis , Bootes, Canes Venatici, Corvus, Crater, And Hydra

-Capricornus, Sagittarius, Scorpius, The Summer Triangle, Ophiuchus And Serpens, Coma Berenices

-Pisces And Aries, Cetus, Pegasus And Andromeda, Aquarius, Piscis Austrinus And Grus

-Canis Major And Lepus, Orion, Taurus And The Pleiades, Eridanus

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