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Smart Grid for Sustainable Development Regulatory and operational perspective
Vijay MenghaniJoint Chief ( Engg.)
B.E.,MBACentral Electricity Regulatory Commission
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Sustainable Development
• “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” Brundtland Commission : Our Common Future( 1987)
– Sustainable Economy – Sustainable Power Sector– Sustainable Regulatory Mechanism
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Indian Scenario• Low Per Capita Energy Consumption= 918
kWh( 2012-13)• Installed Capacity=237743 MW ( Feb,2014)• 2013-14
– Peak Demand Met 129915 MW Shortage 4.3% – Energy Availability 877784 MU Shortage 4.2%– Decreasing PLF 70.13 (2012-13) 65.53(2013-14)– Reason – Coal Shortage, Economic slowdown and
affordability
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Many issues
G T D CGeneration Transmission Distribution ConsumerCoal Shortage ROW T&D Losses Low per
capita consumption
Environmental issues
Congestion Network Reach
Affordability( Legacy subsidy)
Land Renewable Integration
Low level of automation
Information Asymmetry
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Smart Grid as Tool• Earlier Smart Grid was being viewed as only meant for
distribution in line with US investment in aging infrastructure. • For managing grid Regulatory tools of Grid code and deviation
settlement mechanism were being used.• Commission started viewing this as an integrating solution.• Electricity Grid is an integrated eco system where problems of
one part quickly spill over to higher voltage level if not visible, measured and controlled.
• The big event of 30th and 31st July, 2012 due to Network visibility and reliability , Renewable issues and Grid discipline and load forecasting and management issues.
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Way out
• Generation : For sustainable Development and Energy Security dependency on Coal need to be reduced at least for Energy
• It may be due to compulsion like Domestic coal production not matching with requirement or costly imported coal resulting in higher generation cost for which there is no buyer.
• Desirable – TO reduce carbon foot print Renewable need to be embraced .
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IEA estimates
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IEA Estimates
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Renewable• Carbon emission (2011)
USA China India World
Total(Million Metric Ton)
5490 8715 1725 32578
Per capita 17.62 6.52 1.45 4.69
•Sustainable development possible only with Renewable•12th plan target - MW( working group report)
Wind Solar Biomass Small Hydro
Waste to energy
Tidal/Geo
Total
15000 10000 4050 2100 500 14 31664
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Issues in Renewable• Grid connected wind has integration issue due to
variability at system operation end and transmission investment issues.
• Solar PV has integration and commercial issues at distribution end .
• The mismatch in timing of renewable generation and demand both daily and seasonal .
• For effective and optimum use Storage and balancing power requirement .
• The impact of renewable on conventional generation management and cost of balancing service raise regulatory issues of tariff realization.
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Smart Grid
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Solution or more problem• Where we are , why we are here
(Hum kaoun thai ,kya ho gaye hai or kya hoge abhi)
• Shortage of fund , but more funds are required to implement smart grid.
• I am facing shortage of power Where I should invest money, to buy more power or invest in smart grid.
• Not an alternative solution but a complimentary solution
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Tariff hiked but can it continue
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Tariff hike needed but can be reduced
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Necessity
Capacity Reliability
Efficiency Sustainability
Smart Grid
Growing demand of Electricity
Providing high quality electrical energy whenever wherever it needed
Reducing losses in every part of delivery chain
Ensuring integration of Renewables
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Sustainable Development Agenda • Transmission for Renewable• New Capability( PEV, Storage)• Energy Demand Flexibility
Renewable Integration
• Network Visibility( PMUs)• Network Reliability• Reduce outage duration
Reliability
• Reduction of T&D Losses• Reduction of theftEfficiency
• Improve asset Utilization• Reduce retail operational cost• Demand Side management
Conservation
Inspired from : Accenture Analytic 2013
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Definition
• A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analogue or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity.[
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SMART
• Specific – target a specific area for improvement.• Measurable – quantify or at least suggest an
indicator of progress.• Assignable/Attainable – specify who will do it.• Realistic – state what results can realistically be
achieved, given available resources.• Time-related – specify when the result(s) can be
achieved.
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Why clarity is required• From a regulatory perspective , a clear
definition is important for following reasons:
1• It helps if consumers , utilities , vendor and regulators all
starts from a common understanding of smart grid.
2.• It establishes the framework to guide expectations, resource
allocation decisions and implementation priorities
3.
• We all agree that it implies a modernization of the existing electric grid but may differ on :
• How modernization translates into the specific policy actions or resource decisions.
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Drivers for Smart Grid in IndiaUtilities Customers Government /
Regulator1. Reduction of T&D losses in all utilities as well as improved collection efficiency2. Peak load management – multiple options from direct load control to consumer pricingincentives3. Reduction in power purchase cost4. Better asset management5. Increased grid visibility6. Self-healing grid7. Renewable integration
1. Expand access to electricity – “Power for All”2. Improve reliability of supply to all customers – no power cuts, no more DG sets and inverters3. Improve quality of supply – no more voltage stabilizers4. User friendly and transparent interface with utilities5. Increased choices for consumers, including green power6. “Prosumer” (producer and consumer) enablement7. Options to save money by shifting loads from peak periods to off-peak periods
1. Satisfied customers2. Financially sound utilities3. Tariff neutral system upgrade and modernization4. Reduction in emission intensity
Source: Smart Grid forum of India
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Objectives for Smart Grid
UTILITYCost
Recovery
Objective
RegulatorCost
effectiveness
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What is a Smart Grid?A smart grid uses digital technologies to improve the reliability,
security, efficiency, and flexibility of the electric system.
Image used courtesy of Florida Power and Light
Smart Grids Involve System-Wide Approaches
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Existing and expectedExisting Grid Smart Grid
Type Electro mechanical +DigitalCommunication One Way Two wayGeneration Centralised DistributedPresence of sensor
Few Throughout
Monitoring /Fault Detection
Manual Automatic
Fault Correction Manual Restoration +Self HealingControl Limited PervasiveConsumer Passive Active
Source : POWERGRID
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Key Technologies and Systems for Smart Grids
sourceUS Energy Department
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Cost price and benefit• To reach informed decision on any Regulatory issue like
Tariff, Quantum of Renewables or smart Grid investment say Smart meter it is necessary that whole value chain is understood.
• “It was opined that the cost of smart meter was quite prohibitive.” Minutes of meeting.
• If smart meter is considered as only a metering device to get 15 minutes data and it is not clear that what will be done with that data, this confusion about cost would prevail.
• Smart Meter is only a building block.
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Without application?
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Spectrum of applications
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Regulatory Perspective
• Expectations from Regulator• Information to Regulator• Structural issues for Regulator• Technical and Commercial appraisal issues • Tariff Design Challenges• Performance Measurement Challenges• Consumer Engagement Challenges
Forum of Regulator 39th meeting in Chandigarh emphasis few of these issues
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Expectations from Regulator• Smart Grid need proactive support from Regulator• The condition of India are different from US and EU . To sell a
concept of smart Grid in high energy consumption country where people understand benefit of electricity and its quality is easier than the country where power shortage exist.
• Indian Regulator is working under various constraints like staff shortage, technology uncertainty, limited pass through of investment cost in addition to legacy political economy issue of subsidy .
• Smart Grid is not a priority area for local government and utility which is fire fighting with resource crunch.
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Expectations from Regulator• Collaborate with public and private sector stakeholders to
determine regulatory and market solutions that can mobilise private sector investment in all electricity system sectors.
• Recognise that smart grid deployments should reflect regional needs and conditions – a “one-size-fits-all” does not apply to the deployment of smart grids.( e.g. Renewable Rich or not, consumer profile, status of unbundling)
• Plan for evolution in regulation along with technology development – new technologies will both offer and need new regulatory options.
• Invest in research, development and demonstration (RD&D) that address system-wide and broad-range sectoral issues, and that provide insights into behavioral aspects of electricity use. (Source: IEA Road map)
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Information base
• Traditional information asymmetry is more pronounced in Smart Grid investments.
• Traditionally utility held back information from Regulator for commercial reasons.
• Here even utility is not certain about benefit and information is either vendor driven and or expectation driven based on project done elsewhere.
• So there is need of a information clearing house for knowledge management which become more important as staff in most of the Commission is on deputation.
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Structural and Policy issues
• The success of smart grid elsewhere was driven by active collaboration of Federal Government( Through Act), Federal Regulator Policy , State Regulator, Private Utility, Innovators/ entrepreneur in other sector of economy like banking and IT.
• Although SGIF are doing commendable job, the policy and finance support need to be strengthen .
• More active engagement of Central Regulator and Authority will bring more confidence in investors for policy certainty.
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Technical and commercial appraisal
• Pilot projects and its results must be appraised for effective transition to large investment grade projects.
• Difficulty in case of new technology . Industry need to create sound business case to assure Regulator.
• The assumptions in appraisal need to be realistic.• If transparent competitive bidding is there , not much
issue on commercial part.• Both economic and Non-monetary Appraisal are
required.
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Exam
ple
Analytical Approach to Assess Smart Grid Technology Benefits
Improvesfeeder voltage regulation
Reduced feeder losses worthRs.per MWh
Automatic voltage and VAR control
• Capacitor controls
• Distribution Management System
Functions Mechanisms Benefits
What does the Smart Grid do?
How does itdo that?
What “goodness” results?
Monetary Value
What is the goodness
worth?
What are Smart Grid technologies?
Assets
Rs lakhs per year
34 34Source: EPRI
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Cautious handling of Claim Counter claim
• CLAIM:"For example, the cumulative transmission capacity of all the inter-regional corridors by 2012 is around 28,000 MW. However, the Transfer capability based upon voltage/angular stability consideration as well as off-line simulation studies declared in the Month of March, 2012 is about 8,500 MW. On implementation of URTDSM scheme, conservative side if 10% of the Total Transfer Capability is increased on the inter-regional corridors only, additional 850 MW power can be exchanged. Such quantum of power shall translate into annual energy of about 2978 MU [Energy in MU= (850X0.40X8760)/103].
• If we consider cheapest rate of energy at Rs. 2 per unit on the conservative side then the total annual energy cost comes out to be about Rs. 595 Crs. In other words, the subject scheme whose annual estimated transmission charges is of Rs. 147 Cr. shall enable the grid to handle additional energy whose cost is of the order of Rs. 595 Cr.
• View:We know that Transfer capability depend on load generation balance and network on a particular time frame, so this claim can not form basis of decision.
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Cautious handling of Claim Counter claim• Order:• 15. The Indian power system is growing manifolds and complexity is increasing in
all fronts viz. generation, transmission and distribution. New regime of open electricity market also poses challenge in maintaining grid security and reliability. On the one hand, non-conventional energy resources must be developed and need to be integrated with the grid for sustainability. On the other hand, increasing emphasis on Renewable Energy Sources, which are beset with variability and intermittency in their output, contribute to challenges in system operation.
• Indian power system now has 1000 MW single power stations, high capacity 765 kV transmission lines and single generation units of 1000 MW and 800kV HVDC transmission system feeding large cities and various critical loads are on the anvil. The incidents like natural calamity, etc., even on a single element of this capacity, have the potential to cause a major grid disturbance.
• The highest order of real time measurements, monitoring and control system is a must to avoid or mitigate impact of such incidences. To address these issues, introduction of intelligence in transmission system through smart grid applications is inevitable.
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Cautious handling of Claim Counter claim
• No false sense of benefit• 17. Some of the beneficiaries like BSEB and BRPL have submitted that
Regulatory approval should be accorded only if the petitioner assures that the transmission system would achieve 100% availability after implementation of the JRTDSM scheme. In this connection, we intend to clarify that the primary purpose of the URTDSM scheme is to improve the visibility and security of the grid and to mitigate the probability of the gird failure and cannot prevent the physical faults like earth fault, line to line fault, etc. It may not be possible to achieve 100% availability is the forced outage in the system cannot be ruled out.
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Tariff Design Challenges• The issue of Tariff design for smart Grid is
challenging due to involvement of IT and Communication technology.
• It is necessary that higher depreciation is allowed but as benefits of smart grid investments are realised over a longer period , it is difficult to take a call.
• CERC tariff Regulations 2014 and RLDC fee and Charges Regulations take care of the fact that SCADA and communication system investment need to paid back early.
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Tariff Design Challenges
• For DSM related efforts there is need to adopt innovative methods to convince utility that by selling less number of units , it will not suffer.
• The present design of discom tariff wherein the volume of sales ( unit sold) may affect discom as part of fixed charges are also recovered through energy charges.
• Any coercive action , may not be fulfilling real objective of energy saving.
• Say Rs 40 crs granted for DSM are not utilised then equivalent energy would not be considered for tariff determination then commercially it may be ok but real objective of energy saving is not achieved.
• The loads shedding and subsidy structure is also hampering DSM adoption.
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Tariff Design
NREL: Decoupling Policies : Option to Encourage Energy Efficiency Policy for Utilities
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Tariff Design Challenges• The concept of Decoupling may be adopted to incentivise
utilities. A decoupling mechanism is simply a system to regularly adjust rates to ensure a utility’s actual revenues match its authorized revenues to recover its fixed costs. The small rate adjustments break the link between—or decouple—a utility’s revenues and sales by either restoring to the utility or giving back to customers the money that was under- or overcollected as a result of fluctuations in retail sales. This ensures that utilities:
– Recover only the prudently incurred fixed costs that were approved by their regulator or governing board
– Cannot make a windfall by encouraging higher sales– Are not penalized when energy-efficiency programs, clean
distributed generation, and other demand-side efforts reduce sales
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Performance Measurement Challenges
• Due to non availability of base line data there is always a difficulty in measuring the effectiveness of a initiatives.
• R APDRP is improving situation.• Utilities more proactive while seeking approval
but at the time of performance measurement not willing to share the data.
• Portal based real time assessment than year end review may be a better solution.
• Information dissemination experience in R-APDRP.
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Smart Grid Data Hub
“SGIG and SGDP projects have different reporting requirements to the Smart Grid Data Hub for build and impact metrics:Build metrics are uploaded to the Data Hub on a quarterly basis for both SGIG and SGDP projects, following approval by DOE of a project’s Metrics and Benefits Reporting Plan.Impact metrics for SGIG projects are uploaded to the Data Hub on a semi-annual basis, following approval by DOE of a project’s Metrics and Benefits Reporting Plan.
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Sharing of information is sharing of responsibility
Electric Transmission System Assets Quantity* Incurred Cost** Number of Entities
Reporting***
PMUs 1,032 $82,420,443 12
Phasor data concentrators 152 $14,083,333 12
Dynamic rating systems 0 $0 0
IT hardware, systems, and applications that enable transmission functionalities
$82,537,945 31
Advanced applications $54,313,513 14
Other transmission related costs $281,644,813 24
Total transmission installed cost $432,462,101 24
SGIG Program Electric Transmission Asset ExpendituresDeployed as of December 31, 2013 Updated April 1, 2014
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Customer Engagement challenges• The success of Smart Grid will depend on consumer confidence
which can be achieved only through customer engagement.• In India it is expected that consumers would react only during
tariff hearing in Regulatory Commission .• In place of utility , the Regulator through its order is supposed
to satisfy, pacify a consumer who due to propaganda is already shifted toward opposing any investment due to tariff fear . ( Delhi Electronic Meter Expereince)
• Efforts need to be made by utility to engage customer using all means of communication including social media.
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Engage Customers
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Capacity Building issues
• 39th meeting Forum of Regulator, emphasis the need of capacity building for Smart Grid “Consultation/awareness programmes for Regulators and regulatory staff should be undertaken on the subject.”
• Capacity building in not required only at Regulatory level but at utility level, junior and middle level staff need to be roped in as success of any Smart Grid project depend on their support.
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Smart Grid applications
Wide Area Measurement Applications- PMU and analytic, Dynamic rating
Distribution Network Applications- CVR, Automatic switching
Customer end Applications -DSM
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Distribution Level Applications
• Distribution Automation SCADA• Outage Management Automated Switching• Controlled Voltage Reduction
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DSM –Customer end applications
• With Common Sense
• With Tariff Design
• With Smart Meter
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Three DSM Programs
• MSEDCL initiated three activities– Pilot Agricultural DSM Program: Replacement of Old
Agricultural Pumps by 4 Star rated pumps – BEE support– Replacement of 5000 Old Ceiling fans by 5 Star rated
Ceiling Fans -- LBNL support– Coating roofs with white color to reduce room
temperatures and energy use -- LBNL support
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Replacement of 5000 Old Ceiling Fans by 5-Star Rated Ceiling Fans
• Old ceiling fans with over 7 years vintage– Ceiling fans consume power in 80-105 watts– 5-Star rated fans have 55 watts consumption
• Goal: Switch 5000 fans in MSEDCL commercial 33/11 KV substations and section offices in 13 cities
• Cost was Rs. 1135 per fan• Ongoing M&V being carried out in 520 cites• 25 watts saving, and 11 hrs/day use, results in 0.4 M
kWh reduction• MSEDCL Potential Money saving - utility perspective –
Rs.575 per year per fan
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India Cool Roofs ExperimentsTwo India experiments
• In Hyderabad, India, 2007-2008 – Cool roof on two air-conditioned(AC) industry
buildings
• In Nagpur, India, 2013 -- – Cool roof on a utility company non-AC building
Source: LBNL
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• LBNL conducted a one year experiment at Satyam Computers Training Center in Hyderabad, India in 2006-07 –> 10 -20% reduction in AC load due to white roofs • LBNL staff convinced Delhi Chief Minister who approved mandatory white roofs for all new government buildings in July 2009
Albedo Effect: 100m2(~1000 ft2) of a white roof, replacing a dark roof, offsets the emission of 10 t CO2
White Roofs (WR) — Albedo EffectIndia WR activity is ancient
United States India – WR over many centuries
Source: Akbari, Menon, and Rosenfeld 2008
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Nagpur MSEDCL Building Data Example (2013)White Roof outdoor and indoor temperature difference is 15 degrees compared to 7 degrees difference in Grey Roof.
4-Jun 5-Jun 6-Jun 7-Jun 8-Jun 9-Jun-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30ia1-oa1
ia2-oa2
Indo
or a
ir &
out
door
air
tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
ia1-oa1 is white roofia2-oa2 is gray roof
Source: LBNL
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Increasing Renewables
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Variability and Uncertainty: Few Examples-TamilNadu
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Variability and Uncertainty: Few Examples-Tamil Nadu
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MAX WIND DAY: MAHARASHTRA 25 June 2011 30.69 MU GENERATED, 9.48 % OF TOTAL STATE CONSUMPTION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
49.5
49.7
49.9
50.1
50.3Maharashtra total Wind
WIND GENERATION IN MW
FREQUENCYMW
Hz
Time(hrs)
MAX: 1415 MW, MIN: 1136 MW9% OF DEMAND MET BY WIND @ 09:00 HRS.
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MAX WIND DAY:GUJARAT 17 June 2011 35 MU GENERATED, 15.15% OF TOTAL STATE CONSUMPTION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
49.5
49.7
49.9
50.1
50.3
Gujarat Total Wind
WIND GENERATION IN MW
FREQUENCYMW
H z
MAX: 1642 MW, MIN 1239 MW17% OF DEMAND MET BY WIND @18 HRS Time(hrs)
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Renewable integration• The variability and uncertainty of Renewables affect both
transmission i.e. Grid integration ,distribution and conventional generation too.
• The problem are both technical and commercial.• Green initiatives require that renewables are to be absorbed as
“Must Run”.• Renewable generation pattern is different from load pattern, so to
use it economic and efficient way , Energy Storage is a solution ,but costly at present.
• With lack of Pump storage facilities and costly imported gas , surely there is surely a need for Energy Storage case study but lack of data may hamper a true picture?
• Utilities are using Deviation settlement mechanism to curtail wind generation.
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Renewables Variability to stability
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Partners to reliable integrate high levels of VERs including regional coordination
Generation Storage
DemandResponse
DispatchableQuick Start
Wider Operating Range
Load Shift
Over Generation Mitigation
Voltage Support
Peak Load Reduction
Dispatchable Wind/Solar
Fast Ramping
Regulation
Frequency Response
Slide 63
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Grid Storage
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Benefits of smart grid
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Smart Grid :PMU initiative in India• CERC approved pilot project in Northern Region for
installation of four PMUs and Data concentrator in Dec,2009. and for Western Region in 2010
• Similar Pilot projects were initiated in other four regions with installation of PMUs at important locations.
• Unified Real Time Dynamic State Measurement Scheme( URDSM) scheme for installation of 1186 +554 PMUs and 32 PDCs and Analytic software approved on 6.9.2013 at Rs 655 crs and include 11000 km optical fibre.
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Process of Regulatory ApprovalAfter getting approval in Standing Committee of Power( 5.3.12) POWERGRID filed
petition
Commission asked to give cost benefit and discuss issue in Regional power Committee in each Region
Investment agreed in each RPC and queries of states replied by POWERGRID
Hearing held and all stakeholders were asked to give their comments
Approval for stage I was given on 6.9.2013 with instruction to file status report
WAMS / PMUs Projects
Total no of PMUs - 59 Nos.(including 3 nos. PMU installed by IPPs)
Region wise PMUs:
NR - 14 NosWR - 15 NosER - 12 NosSR - 10 NosNER – 08 Nos
At present data from 44 PMUs are available at NLDC PDC.
In addition to above data from 4 PMUs installed as demo project is also available
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PMU Architecture
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Synchronization of SR grid with NEW grid at 2025hrs on 31.12.13
328 MW
-191 MW
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Frequency Variation
Two grids –Two FrequenciesOne Grid –One Frequency
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How PMUs helped in Grid Integration• Continuous tracking of the following parameters from Raichur and Sholapur end
PMUs– Frequency– Voltage– Current– Phasor Angle
• 765 kV Raichur – Sholapur line flow monitored continuously
• Angular separation between asynchronous grids (NEW & SR) monitored continuously for appropriate moment of synchronization.
• Dynamic Visibility of the following events:– Bus Charging– Line Reactor Charging– ICT Charging– Line Charging– Line Synchronization
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30.7.2012
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31.7.2012
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Possible usage of PMUs
• Island detection tools – incorporate frequency into AGC• Automatic event analyzer• Dynamic model validation studies• State Estimator - validation and angle baselining• Dynamic phase angle difference limit – study the
usefulness of combining real-time PMU measurements with model-based programs
• Additional studies on oscillation mode detection and analysis – combined efforts with adjacent balancing authorities to write operating procedures
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Synchrophasors- Too much data
How much data will synchrophasors generate?A phasor measurement unit (PMU) sampling at 30 times per second with a data stream of typical parameters results in approximately 70 megabytes per day of data.Assuming 500 PMUs in the region, this requires storing 35 gigabytes per day at a central reliability center. How is the data time-stamped?All PMUs in the region are taking data at the same instant in time and the PMU time-stamps each sample. How will the data be transmitted?The data is transmitted to a Phasor Data Concentrator, often at a control center, over communication channels from various locations in the region. The data is likely to arrive at the PDC at slightly different times over the various communications paths, so the PDC aligns the data according the time-stamps to be used in visualization tools and other applications.
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Role of Academia
• While it is necessary that Government, Regulator, Utility and vendors works together, the academia need to provide the backbone to this development.
• Research is necessary to provide cost effective solution for smart metering, distribution switches, communication protocol and most important Cyber security.
• Application development for PMU and data analytic.
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Let us tryProcess should not be seen as Utility or vendor driven but need to be explained as an effort toward better and reliable power supply for people .
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Action Plan• Go ahead with firm belief that Smart Grid provides
tool and applications for sustainable Development by integrating all components of Electrical power which enable optimum utilization of Renewables .
• Central Regulator’s action plan for near term is focussed on following issues and it is expected that Industry would support us:– Renewable integration through Renewable Management
Centres: Visibility, Measurement and Forecasting – Business case for Storage solution in comparison of using
existing stranded gas capacity.– PMU data analytics for transfer capability optimisation
