Download - Siemens barcelona v94.2.pdf

Power Generation 1 Collected by: BEHTA MIRJANY, STC. Co.

Power Gen Conference EUROPE, Barcelona/Spain, May 20042004-03-15

SIEMENS Heavy Duty GT Product Line

50 Hz Applications

60 Hz ApplicationsW501F 198 MW

V94.2 163 MWV94.3A 278 MW V64.3A 67 MWV94.2A 188 MW

W501D5A 121 MWW501G 266MW V84.2 110 MW

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

50 Hz, 60 Hz

Power Generation 2Collected by: BEHTA MIRJANY, STC. Co.


• xxxxxxxxxx

• xxxxxxxxxxxx

• xxxxxxxxxxxxx

• xxx

• xxx

Proven Design Features

Gas Turbine Design V94.2,V84.2

17 /16 stage compressor(one rowadjustable inlet guide vane, fast acting for grid frequency stabilization)

Two large external silo-type combustors. 2x8/2x6 hybrid burners for50/60 Hz

Weld design for hot gas casings

4 stage turbine

Built disc-type rotor with radial Hirth-serrations and one central tie rod.

Two bearings only

Cold end drive

Axial exhaust for Ease of GUD-CC

• Fast Starting Capability

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

Power Generation 3Bohrenkämper/ Reiermann / Höhne / Lingner


Flame tube lined with easily replaceable ceramic tiles

Walk-in combustion chamberdesign enables minor inspectionwithout cover lift

Hybrid burners in premix mode for Dry Low NOx and Low CO Emissions (natural gas & fuel oil)

Diffusion burners for special fuels (ash forming fuel oil, low btu gas) with water or steam injection

Turbine Blading benefits from highly uniform hot-gas temperature distribution and no direct flame radiation

Silo Type Combustor Design V94.2,V84.2

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



Technology Downloads from W- / V- Frames for W- / V- Frames

Tec

hnol

ogy

Time

Technology DownloadV93

V94.2,V84.2

Vx4.3

Latest W- /V-Frames

Next GenerationTechnologiesModernizations

Download latest technologies to existing mature fleet to address market drivers:• Performance• Emissions• Availability / Reliability

• Higher TT1• Advanced - materials- coatings- cooling

• Advanced compressortechnology

501F

W501B-B4

W501D-D4

W501D5W251B12

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



Development Roadmap for V94.2

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

Year of Introduction

Bas

e L

oad

Per

form

ance

Basis VX4.2(3)

TT1+

Future upgrade

CMF+

performance optimized for33MAC (TT1=1075°C)

Option: availability optimized41MAC (TT1=1060°C)

<1999 2001 2003 2005

V94.2(3) V94.2(6)V94.2(4)

Wet Compression available since 2003

Version

Future upgrade



ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

SC

Eff

icie

ncy

%

28,00

30,00

32,00

34,00

36,00

80,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 160,00 180,00

SC Power Output, MW

V94.2(3)

V94.2 (4)

V94.2 (6)V94.2 (2)

V94.2 (1)

V94.0

25MAC 33MAC

Conditions: - @ ISO conditions, no inlet/outlet pressure losses -- GT Power Output and Efficiency at Generator Terminals, methane firing

Thermodynamic Performance Evolution V94.2 Simple Cycle Operation



ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

40,00

42,00

44,00

46,00

48,00

50,00

52,00

54,00

320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520

CC Power Output, MW

CC

Eff

icie

ncy

, %

V94.2 (3)

V94.2 (4)

V94.2 (6)V94.2 (2)

V94.2 (1)

Conditions: -@ ISO conditions, CC Net Power Output and Efficiency, - 2 on 1 CC configuration, 10/35 mbar pressure losses, methane firing, condenser vaccuum 50mbar- dual pressure, no reheat

Thermodynamic Performance Evolution V94.2 Combined Cycle (GUD) Operation



Extension of Maintenance Intervals V94.2 / 84.2

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

0,000

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

1 2 3

Eq

uiv

alen

t O

per

atin

g H

ou

rs (

EO

H)

1996 2001<1996Year of Introduction

25,000

33,000

41,000

25MAC33MAC

41MAC

MAC = Maintenance Concept

at constant TT1-ISO= 1060°C but with different Hot Gas Path Hardware



Operating Results for V94.2, V84.2 Fleet

Total V-frame fleet : > 400 units installed

V94.2: > 160 units installed

V84.2: 80 units installed

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion } VX4.2 > 240 units installed

FleetStatus: February 2004

No. of Starts

Operating Hours

(million hours)

Equivalent Operating

Hours (million hours)

No. of Units included

V94.2 76.045 4.82 7.33 126 (OEM)

V84.2 58.077 1.44 2.47 74 (OEM)

V94.20.53

(May 2003)

31 (under Licence)

Vx4.2 134.122 6.27 10.33 231



Availability and Reliability average over 5 years operating period from 1/1999 to 12/2003

Status: Feb. 2004

V94.2 Fleet leading units

Excellent Operating Results for V94.2 Fleet

No. of StartsOperating

Hours Equivalent

Operating Hours

>6900 at V94.0 Freimann/Munich since 1974

with original rotor

2962 at V94.2(3) Serdang/Malaysia since 1994

>110,000 at V94.2

Gersteinwerk/ Germany

8 units V94.2 > 150,000

2 units V94.2 > 200,000

Availability V7 (average value)

94.7% (29 units)

Pasir Gudang (2 units) is Best in Fleet : 96.8%

Reliability V3 (average value)

99.7% (29 units)

8 units reach 100.0%

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

V94.2 World Class in Reliability and Availability



About 300,000 OH Experience with Ash Forming Fuel Firing V94.2, V84.2

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion AFF: Ash Forming Fuel (e.g. Blended Fuel Oil at Kot Addu)OH: Operating HoursEOH: Equivalent Operating Hours

Plant name Frame V [ppm]TIT ISO

[°C]No. of Starts

OH-Total OH-AFF EOHOperating

Data, Status

Rousch 11 V94.2 40 to 50 1010 371 17488 17488 34764 21. Feb 03

Rousch 12 V94.2 40 to 50 1010 417 22975 22975 42292 21. Feb 03

Kot Addu 1 V94.2 14 to 40 930 2289 73847 59599 194219 09. Feb 03

Kot Addu 2 V94.2 14 to 40 930 2489 71088 49974 197218 09. Feb 03

Kot Addu 13 V94.2 14 to 40970 to

980939 52670 35078 74118 14. Feb 03

Kot Addu 14 V94.2 14 to 40970 to

980959 51113 34041 69244 14. Feb 03

Valadolid, 2 units

V84.2 up to 300 80000later converted to

natural gas

Total 289181 299155 611855

about



Operation Data for Syngas & Steel-Making Recovery-Gas Plants, V94.2 and V94.2K

Plant name, (Location)

FrameNet

Plant Output

Main FeaturesStart-Up

on Syngas

OH-Total

OH Syngas

EOHOperat. Data, Status

Nuon Power (Buggenum

Netherlands)V94.2 253 MW

CC Plant with integrated

SHELL coal gasification

1994 / 95 70000 56000 85700 03/2004

ISAB Energy (Priolo

Gargallo, Italy)

V94.2K (2 Uts.)

521 MWCC Plant with TEXACO oil gasification

1999>62000

both Units

>59000 both Units

>71000 08/2003

Elettra GLT (Servola,

Italy)V94.2K 180 MW

CC Plant with steel-making recovery gas

2000 >24000 >23000 10/2003

EniPower (Sannazzaro,

Italy)V94.2K 250 MW

CC Plant with SHELL oil

gasification2005 04/2004

> 138000Total OH on Syngas

OH: Operating HoursEOH: Equivalent Operating Hours

V94.2K = V94.2 with modified compressor (17 stages instead of 16)

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

Fuel oil(diffusion)

Natural gas+ steam

Air

Siemens Syngas Burner

Syngas

(diffusion)



Fra

me

Co

mp

resso

rM

assfl

ow

In

cre

ase (

CM

F+

)

Tu

rbin

e I

nle

tT

em

pera

ture

Incre

ase (

TT

1+

)

Tu

rbin

e E

ffic

ien

cy

Incre

ase

Hyd

rau

lic C

leara

nce

Op

tim

izati

on

(H

CO

)

Wate

rIn

jecti

on

Wet

Co

mp

ressio

n

Gri

d F

req

uen

ce

Sta

bil

ity

Ad

van

ced

Co

mp

resso

rC

lean

ing

Syste

m (

AC

CS

)

Dry

Lo

wN

Ox R

etr

ofi

t

Fu

el

Co

nvers

ion

Wate

rIn

jecti

on

Dig

ital

Co

ntr

ol

Syste

m R

etr

ofi

t

Fu

el

Pre

heati

ng

(50°C

)

Exte

nd

ed

Main

tain

an

ce

Inte

rvals

Red

uced

M

ain

ten

an

ce

Tim

e

VX4.3A

V94.3

V84.3

V64.3

V94.2

V84.2

V93.X

Available discussed during presentationIn Development

Thermodynamic PerformanceEmissions/

CombustionReliability & Availability

Modernization Products for V-Gas Turbines

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



Turbine Inlet Temperature Upgrade or Extended Maintenance Interval V94.2, V84.2

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

Upgraded Mixing Casing

Upgraded Inner Casing

Upgraded FlameTube

Advanced Coatings

Customer Benefit: Turbine Inlet temperature increase from 1060°C to 1075°C (TT1+)(combined cycle):

• +2,4% Power output• 0,6% Fuel savings

Customer Benefit: Interval Extension (41MAC for base load units):

•Availability improvement of 0,9%

•Life extension of numerous hot components

•Reduction of maintenance costs

or

Upgrade Scope:Turbine vanes #1, #2, (#3), blade #1 Inner casing, Mixing casing



Operating Experience

at a US CC plant:

V84.2 turbine rows with Sicoat 2453 in good condition even after33kEOH

Download of Vx4.3A Coating Technology for TT1+ and 41MAC Products V94.2/V84.2

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

Advanced Coatings Turbine SectionInternal

AluminizationEnhanced

MCrAlYTBC

V94.2 - vane#1 X X X

V94.2 - vane#2 X X ---

V94.2 - blade#1 X X X

V94.2 - blade#2

V94.2 - vane#3 --- X (for 1075°C

only) ---



V84.2 - blade#1 X X X

V84.2 - blade#2 --- X X

V84.2 - vane#3 --- X (for 1075°C

only) ---

Standard bladeOption



Extended Maintenance Intervals V94.2 / 84.2

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

25K EOH Maintenance Concept

Compressor side

MO2. LTE

MIHGPI

MO MO1. LTE HGPI

MO

8 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

HGPI HGPI

33K EOH Concept

Compressor side

MO2. LTE

MIHGPI MO

MO 1. LTE HGPI MO

8 16 33 66 100 133 166 200

K EOH

MI = Minor inspectionMO = Major Overhaul LTE = Life Time ExtensionInspection interval = 4000 - 8000 EOH (Depending on Operation Mode)

25MAC 33MAC 41MAC

V94.2(3) @1060°C

V94.2(3)@1060°C,V94.2(6)@1075°C

V94.2(6) @1060°C

b1, b2 25/50 33/60 41/82

b3 50/100 33 to 66/100 41/123

b4 n.a./100 n.a./100 n.a./123

v1, v2 25/100 33/100 41/123

v3, v4 n.a./100 n.a./100 n.a./123

Inner casing

25/100 33/100 41/123

Mixing casing

25/100 33/100 41/123

Repair Interval / Replacement Interval (kEOH)

(MO )MIMO MO

MO/LTE MO

8 162533 41 164 20582 123

41K EOH Concept

K EOH

K EOH



Customer Benefit: • +3.8 % Power output in simple cycle

• 0.5 to 1.0 % Fuel savings in simple cycle

• +3.5 % Higher exhaust gas mass flow, therefore:

Additional power output in combined cycle

Compressor Massflow Increase (CMF+) V94.2,V84.2

Orange: old version red: with upgrade

Blade #2 controlled diffusion airfoils

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



Performance Upgrade Matrix for the V94.2 Fleet

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

Basic technology upgrade

Maximum possible upgrade

TT1-ISO

(°C)930 1000 1030 1050 1050 1060 1075 1060 1075 Examples for

Version V94.2(4) V94.2(5) V94.2(6) Upgrade ScopeInner casing & mixing c.: Stage 1 &2 new coatings4 Front rows compressor; Comb. Chamber

Inner casing & mixing c.: Stage 1 &2 new coatings

Sicoat 2231 Turbine Stage 1 & 2

New Tla3 & Tla4;new cooling air system; new inner casing

Inner Casing & Mixing Casing Inconel 617; Tla2 cooling; Tla3 U720;

New Tla1 & Tle1; Tla2 cooling; new Tla4 & Tle4

Enhanced materials Inner Casing & Mixing Casing, Tla3, Tla4, Tle3, Tle4

V94.2(2) V94.2(3)V94.2(1)

Up

rate

pa

ck

ag

e

´90 - ´98Evolution 1981 - 1989 Since 1999

Upgrading path

Ambarli CMF+ Upgrade



*in dry exhaust gaswith 15 Vol.-% O2

CompressorInitial Guide Vanes

closed open

Output at ISOConditions

NOx andCO Emissions *125

100

75

50

25

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120%

ppm NOx

CO

Reduced Emissions with Hybrid Burners, Natural Gas,V94.2

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

Air

Air

Natural gas(premix)

Fuel oil(premix)

Natural gas(diffusion)

Siemens Hybrid Burner



Customer Benefit (natural gas firing):• Compared to H-Burner further Nox reduction• Maximum combustion stability

also at low ambient temperatures• Maximum flashback resistance

(no event up to now with HR3 burner!)• Corrosion resistant spiders for ease of

maintenance

Upgrade Scope:• Diagonal swirlers• Corrosion resistant premix gas spiders• Combustion chamber flame tube upgrade

References (Status: 9/2002)

• 40 V84.2 units• 17 V94.2 units• 6 V64.3 units

V84.2 - Dry Low Nox Retrofit HR3 Burner

HR3 - swirler vane design

Gas injection via vane holes

HR3 gas premix assembly

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

112

2



Comparing H- and HR3-Design V94.2 / V84.2

H - BurnerH - Burner

HR3 - BurnerHR3 - Burner

Smaller flow path => Higher velocity and Maximum Flashback Resistance

Gas injection through holes => Better mixture

New inlet geometry => Lower turbulence, more homogeneous

mixture and lower emissions

Non-corrosive material => Maintenance free

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



Flame tube – Fuel Gas Retrofit with HR3-Burner V94.2

Computational fluid dynamic calculation

Flame tube upgrade with positive operational experience:• Relocation of A1/A2 Tile Holders to a region of lower temperatures

Upgraded designavoids tile holder overheating

Previous design

Excellent operatingexperience in Nigeria

after 15800 OHStatus Feb. 2004

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



V84.2 – Turbine Inlet Temperature Increase TT1=1075°C package with 9ppm NOx control

85000

90000

95000

100000

105000

110000

115000

120000

125000

130000

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Compressor Inlet Temperature ϑ VI in °C

Po

we

r P

in

kW pamb = 1,013 bar; Phi = 60 %

∆p = 10/10 mbar fuel: Methane

121MW shaft limit

Expectation: 9ppm for TTIiso=1060°C @ TVI=15°C

TTIIso= 1075°C

TTIIso=1060°C

TTIiso=1040°C

TTIIso= 1090°C

NOx=const.

Requires Optimization of- Pilot Gas- Internal Leakages- Cooling Air- Radial ClearancesHR3 Burner prerequesite

+3,3MW+3,6%

+5,7MW+6,4%

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



Operating Experience with Dry Low NOxFuel Oil Burners V94.2

Fuel Oil Premix Burner/HR3 Burner

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

9 Units V94.2 have collected more than30,000 operating hours with DLN Fuel Oil Premix Firing



C T

AirAirIntakeIntake

ExhaustExhaustStackStack

Air FilterAir Filter

GasturbineGasturbine

EvapEvap..CoolingCooling

Wet CompressionWet Compression

Using Water for GT Performance Improvement

PAG Water InjectionPAG Water Injection

AirAirChillingChilling

120oC 4oC

AbsorptionAbsorptionChillerChiller

4oC

IceIceStorageStorageFoggingFogging

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



Spider nozzle

TurbineComb.Chamber

Compressor

Air

Inta

k e

Cooling Air

Evaporative cooling effect

Intercooling effect Steam expansion effect

Sprayrack

Wet compression process

Wet Compression Process

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



TurbineComb.

ChamberCompressor

Air

Inta

k e

Cooling Air

Droplets: distribution & size

Wall droplets

Blade frequencies

Pressure/ temperature distribution

Blade erosion & corrosion

Blade tip clearances

GT Control

Effects on cooling air and turbine blading

Effects on combustion

Blade loading

Surge line

Wet Compression, Design Criteria

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



Tested Wet Compression advantages:

• Significant GT power increase evenat high relative humidity

• 38% less water consumption than forwater injection into combustor (in the USA known as PAG = Power Augmentation)

• +6% better efficiency compared to PAG

• lower NOx emissions (9ppm to 6 ppm)

• 9 ppm possible at TT1=1060°C

• Combination with PAG possible,additional +3,5% power

• Calculated total CC power increase of + 9,6%

Typical GT performance benefits without EVAP cooler:

• Power increase: +13% to 20%*)

• Efficiency increase: +1% to 5%*)

*) depending on ambient conditions, rel. humidity and temperature

V84.2 - Wet Compression Successful Testing in April 2003

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



V84.2 - Wet Compression Tested Performance Benefits

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

Wet Compression Baseline



Wet compression upgrade scope:

• High pressure water pump skid with frequency drive (VFD)

• spray rack and installation in the air intake

• Air intake modifications (coating, drainage, flow plate)

• Bleed line drainage

• GT control modification including instrumentation upgrade

• Upgrade of rear compressor stages for earlier V94.2 compressor design

Wet Compression Upgrade Scope V94.2/V84.2

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion



The Siemens Wet Compression System ensures

Optimised positioning of spray rack and droplet distribution in the inlet duct (3D-CFD, Spider nozzles with more than 1000 spray points) to achieve lowest possible erosion wear on compressor blading

Core engine integrity by considering- Blade clearance and casing distortion- Surge line limits of compressor with Wet Compression - Cooling Air management (hot gas penetration turbine, water in bleeds)- Axial thrust of the gas turbine- Drainage for water

Complete Integration of the Wet Compression system into the I&C:- Handy and easy use of the Wet Compression system

(integration into the existing I&C system)- New OTC control including new alarm and trip settings

(avoid over-firing)- Wet Compression maximum water mass flow control

(depending on surge line)- Protection functions (alarm, shut down, trips etc. )

Cost effective VFD pump skid without return lines

Wet Compression Features V94.2 /V84.2

ProductLine

GT Design

Roadmap

Performance

Maintenance

OperatingResults

Modern.Products

• TT1+/41MAC

• CMF+

• Uprates

• DLN

• WetC

Conclusion

Download - Siemens barcelona v94.2.pdf

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