Drug Trafficking and Abuse- Impediments to development -

Akira FujinoUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

Shanghai, 1909

Early days1920s-30s

Century of Drug Control

BACKGROUND19th century: Opium epidemic in Asia, notably China; morphine abuse problem in USA; emergence of heroin1880-1906: Massive increases in coca leaf exports from the Andean region (later from Java); emerging cocaine epidemic in the USA

RESPONSE1909: Shanghai Conference – International Opium Commission1912: The Hague: First International Opium Convention 1920-1945: International Drug Control under auspices of League of Nations 3 drug conventions (1925, 1931, 1936)1946 + International Drug Control under auspices of United Nations1948: Protocol (synthetic opioids)1953: Opium Protocol 1961: Single Convention (amended by Protocol in 1972)1971: Convention on Psychotropic Substances1988: UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1998: UNGASS: Political Declaration and Guiding Principles on Demand Reduction

Economic and Social Council

(ECOSOC)

Commission on Narcotic Drugs

(CND)

International Narcotics Control Board

(INCB)

Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal

Justice

(CCPCJ)

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

(UNODC)

Related UN Agencies

Opium

Morphine

Heroin

Opiates

CANNABIS

Cannabis

Coca/Cocaine

Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS)

• Methamphetamine• Amphetamine• Ecstacy

Precursor chemicals

Opiates

GoldenGolden TriangleTriangle

Myanmar – Thailand border

Global opium production, 1990-2010

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Other

South-East Asia

Afghanistan

Global heroin flows of Asian origins

Heroin trafficking from Afghanistan

Balkan Route and Northern Route

Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.

Cocaine

Coca in the Andean region

Coca cultivation, 2008 (167,600 ha)

Potential cocaine production, 2008 (845 tons)

81,000 ha-18%

56,100 ha+4%

30,500 ha+6%

Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.

Major trans-regional cocaine flows, 1998 and 2008

Amphetamine-type Stimulants (ATS)

Sources: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data, UNODC, Individual Drug Seizure Database, other government sources.

Locations of amphetamines manufacture and main trafficking routes

Major methamphetamine trafficking routes out of Myanmar

Illicit methamphetamine laboratory Fiji 2004

Chimneys

ChemicalStorage

Area

Main Road

Gates

UndercoverAgents live

here for 6 months

Factory

Barracks

BreakArea

FactoryOffice

Prayer andBreak Area

N

Illicit methamphetamine laboratory

Indonesia - 2005

New Trends in West Africa: MethamphetamineNew Trends in West Africa: Methamphetamine

Precursor chemicals

Preventing diversion of precursor chemicals into illicit drug manufacture

Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine P - 2 - P and 3,4 - MDP - 2 - PP - 2 - P and 3,4 - MDP - 2 - P

UNITEDUNITEDKINGDOMKINGDOM

CANADACANADA

UNITED STATESUNITED STATESOF AMERICAOF AMERICA

MEXICOMEXICO

GUATEMALAGUATEMALA

RUSSIAN FEDERATIONRUSSIAN FEDERATION

GERMANYGERMANY

YUGOSLAVIAYUGOSLAVIA

ALBANIAALBANIA

NETHERLANDSNETHERLANDS

CHIINACHIINA

INDIAINDIA

MYANMARMYANMARHONG KONGHONG KONGSAR OF ChinaSAR OF China

INDONESIAINDONESIA

AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA

Early cases of precursors used in illicit Early cases of precursors used in illicit manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulantsmanufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants

Acetic Anhydride: Diversity of trade flow

Acetic anhydride

Seizures of precursor chemicals

Way forward

Cultivation of opium poppy Insurgency in the South of the country

2008 Major activities of the Taliban

Cultivation and Insurgency

Sustainable Alternative Development

0.00

50,000.00

100,000.00

150,000.00

200,000.00

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Acetic Anhydride Seizures 2001-2007(Source: Form D)

Problem drug use reflected in treatment demand by region: Problem drug use reflected in treatment demand by region: latelate 1990s and 20081990s and 2008

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