Transcript
Page 1: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

Recording Key Ecological Information for Banksia 

Woodland PlantsMark Brundrett, Anna Wisolith, Vanda Longman, Karen Clarke

Department of Parks and Wildlife, Swan Region

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Ministerial StatementThe approval for the expansion of Jandakot Airport is subject to a number of conditions, specified in the EPBC 2009/4796 approval document, but only Condition 4 b is relevant to this project.

… the person taking the action must provide to the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation the sum of $9.2 million and topsoil from the Jandakot Airport lease site for use in the rehabilitation and conservation of banksia woodland at an alternative site or sites. The areas to be rehabilitated or conserved must be within 45 kilometres of the Jandakot Airport lease site unless the Minister agrees to alternative siting. The transportation costs for the topsoil are to be paid for out of the $9.2 million. The funding must be provided in proportion to the area cleared each year, and the entire sum must be provided within a maximum of five years from commencement.’

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Objectives

• Restore and manage banksia woodland• Select sites using rigorous ranking process• Use scientific approaches and evaluate relative effectiveness of methods

• Maximise area restored or managed• Develop monitoring protocols• Support community groups and land mangers• Collate and share information

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Ranking Bush Forever Sites

Significance and Similarity

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Topsoil Harvesting & Transfer 2012

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Nursery Management

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Planting Days 

With BirdLife Australia

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Direct Seeding 2012‐2014

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Restoration Potential of Plants

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Total Species Richness Status in 2016

s present in 12 reference quadrats 160 native species in total

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Native Species (top 100)

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From Topsoil

84 species

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lanted Tubestock

pecies

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Direct Seeded

pecies

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Local Opportunists

ecies

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Restoration Outcomes

60 native plant species by year 4Continuum from opportunist to recalcitrant species

114

36

60

22

Topsoil Direct seeded Planted Local Opportunistic

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Propagation Potential of Plants

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ome Species are Uncommon or Missing

0

200

400

600

800

000

200

400

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Paterson

ia occiden

talis

Lyginia barbata

Hibb

ertia

 hypericoide

sDe

smocladu

s flexuosus

asypogon

 bromeliifolious

Scho

enus efoliatus

Phlebo

carya ciliata

Dampiera linearis

Stirlingia latifolia

Calytrix flavescens

Leucop

ogon

…Petrop

hile line

aris

Stylidium re

pens

Lomandra he

rmaphrod

itaCo

nostep

hium

 preissii

Scho

enus curvifolius

Hensmania tu

rbinata

epidospe

rma squamatum

Lomandra caespitosa

Cono

step

hium

 pen

dulum

Phlebo

carya filifo

liaDe

smocladu

s fasciculatus

Thysanotus triand

rus

Persoo

nia saccata

Stylidium piliferum

Cron

inia kingiana

Arno

crinum

 preissii

Calectasia narragara

Haem

odorum

 spicatum

Laxm

annia squarrosa

Leucop

ogon

 sp.

Lomandra micrantha

Lomandra preissii

Lomandra suaveo

lans

Thysanotus th

yrsoideu

s

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Restoration Potential

Plant diversity similar (in this case) but these is a very different vegetation structure in young banksia woodland on restoration sites

0 10 20 30 40 50Restored area

Rank Importance Value Comparison

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Absent/rare restore

Less restore

Similar

More restore

Only restore

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Seed Collection & Propagation

Canopy stored seedSeed easy to collectSeed collectible in sufficient numbersSeed hard to getSeed quality poorSeed almost impossible to get

1. Germination easy2. Seed treatments3. Germination slow 

and/or erratic4. Seed viability low5. Clonal division works6. Almost impossible to 

propagate

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Restoration Potential

All Species

Soil Seed Bank

turbance portunists Others

Seed Available

Grow well in Nursery

Seed Problems

No seed

Vegetative propagation

Absent from Rehab site

edsrt‐lived 

ect eased ortance 

•Long‐lived shrubs

•Annuals•Soil germ‐promotion trials

•Canopy stored seed

•Easily collected seed

•Trees and 

•No seed•Seed quality•Seed germ‐•Seed storage

•Germ trials

• Important spp.•Monocots• Sedges• Recalcitrant shrubs

• less important spp.

•Some self‐dispersing

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Responses to Climate

• Severe drought impacts 

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Mean

2012

2013

2014

2015

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Seed Germination and Survival

anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought

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Pollination in Revegetation Sites

Row 1 ‐ native bees 

Row 2 – wasps

Row 3 ‐ flies and butterflies

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Time to Flowering and Seed

2012 2013 2014 2015

Flowering

Present

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Ecological Interactions

Page 27: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

Restoration Ecology

mportance in reference sites Age and month for flowering  & seed setSeed collection & storageGermination or division in nurseryGermination from topsoilSurvival after out‐plantingDrought impacts on seedlingsTopsoil germination potentialDirect seeding potentialGrowth rate and lifespanSeedling susceptibility to:

Data sources:1. Monitoring data on 

mortality of species2. Restoration trials3. Reference site 

comparisons4. Photographs of seed 

and seedlings5. Growth measurements6. Pollination and seed set 

data7. Species lists8. Importance values9. Weed cover10. Groundwater and 

rainfall11 Fencing trials

Page 28: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

vegetation Report Card Banksia attenuataFactor DataSeed Collection  0‐101 seeds per tree (average 15), Jan‐FebSeed preparation Difficult (heat required to open cones)Seed storage Requires low humidity and temperatureSeed germination High (30‐95%), Inhibited by high temperatureTopsoil seed bank NoDirect seeding results Moderate (0‐400 seedlings/ha)Seedling survival (severe summer drought) Low in first year (3‐20%)Tubestock survival (severe drought) Low in first year (10‐20%)Grazing susceptibility High (kangaroos, rabbits, invertebrates)Growth rates  Fast (0.3‐1 m/year height)First flowering Over 5 yearsOther impacts on seedlings Grazing, parasitic galls, weeds

Page 29: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

vegetation Report Card Banksia attenuataFactor DataSeed Collection  0‐101 seeds per tree (average 15), Jan‐FebSeed preparation Difficult (heat required to open cones)Seed storage Requires low humidity and temperatureSeed germination High (30‐95%), Inhibited by high temperatureTopsoil seed bank NoDirect seeding results Moderate (0‐400 seedlings/ha)Seedling survival (severe summer drought) Low in first year (3‐20%)Tubestock survival (severe drought) Low in first year (10‐20%)Grazing susceptibility High (kangaroos, rabbits, invertebrates)Growth rates  Fast (0.3‐1 m/year height)First flowering > 5 yearsOther impacts on seedlings Grazing, parasitic galls, weeds

Page 30: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

Fire Impacts in Banksia Woodland

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Fire Responsive Species

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Fire Impacts on Plants

0 10 20 30 40 50

re fire

re fire

imilar

er fire

er fire

No. of species

Abundance (natives)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Only before fire

More before fire

Similar

More after fire

Only after fire

No. of species

Cover (natives)

Dead trees

Survivingtrees

40%

60%

80%

100%

Mortality

Banksia

All trees

Page 33: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

Recovery of Plants25 Time series photographs which illustrate the recovery of common banksia woodland plants in the first 2 years after fire at Shirley Balla Swamp (Feb 2014 to Nov 2015).

Row 1 ‐ Eucalyptus todtiana ‐pricklybark tree.

Row 2  ‐Macrozamia fraserii‐ cycad.

Row 3 ‐ Nuytsia floribunda, the WA Christmas tree.

Row 4 ‐ Xanthorrhoea sp. ‐

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at are they and where do they come from?

0 4 8 12 16 20

SeedRootsTuberRhizomeStemBase

Germinating

Resprouting

After weed control 8 months post‐fire 12 months post‐fire

Page 35: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

Weed Control in Banksia Woodland

60 ha of banksia woodland in Regional Parks prayed in both 2013 and 2014 with follow‐up lanned for 2015 (3 years needed for best results)and removal of woody weeds and spraying of other 

major weeds also occurred in these areas 

Page 36: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

Responses to Weeds

• Vegetation structure differences in more weedy vs. less weedy plots in the same reserves (reference sites have low weed cover)

-40 -20 0 20 40-40

-20

0

20

40 Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity TreatmentSprayedReferenceUnsprayed

Native Herb

Native Annual

Native Climber

nativeTree

Native ShrubNative Bulb

Native Sedge

Native Grass

Weed Shrub

Weed AnnualWeed Bulb

Weed HerbWeed Sedge

Weed Grass

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Banksia Woodland Community Grant Workshop

M t t h f l d t t h l t d

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Data Required by Land Managers 

Species lists for restoration sites:Sorted by habitat type (e.g. upland only)With soil/hydrology preferencesWith relative importance/frequencyWith seed collection/germination issuesFlowering and seed dispersal timesWith restoration potential and issuesAnimal associations (e.g. Carnaby’s cockatoo food plants)

Species data for land management:Fire recovery type and frequency

Page 39: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

Species Ecologymportance in reference sites Age and month for flowering  & seed seteed collection & storageGermination or division in ursery

Germination from topsoilurvival after out‐plantingDrought impacts on seedlingsopsoil germination potentialDirect seeding potentialGrowth rate and lifespaneedling susceptibility to:  d i di

1. Importance in reference sites

2. Habitat/substrate preferences

3. Provenance data

4. Flowering season and age

5. Pollination rates and pollinators

6. Seed set time & amount

7. Drought impacts on adults

8. Fire impacts and recovery

9. Seedling recruitment

10. Tolerance to disturbance

11. Growth rate and lifespan

d l b l

Page 40: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

cological Report Card Banksia attenuatator Dataetation associations Banksia woodlandnsity, frequency, cover  50‐500 stems/ha, common, cover highvival after fire High or low (85% or less)eneration after fire  Sprouting from canopy (25%), stem (23%), or base 

(15%)d germination after fire High (1300 seedlings/ha)dling survival (severe summer ught)

Low over first summer (16%)

er impacts on seedlings Grazing and weedswth rates  No datat flowering Over 5 yearsination High (birds, insects)d Production (in a dry summer) 0‐101 seeds per tree (average 15)d dispersal Wind, cockatoosease susceptibility High (Phytophthora dieback, cankers etc.)

Page 41: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

New Banksia Woodland DatasetsData available for in NatureMap Species lists with cover and abundance from 31 plots Species occurrence data from 51 Plots

Identification resources online Banksia woodland plants photo resource Banksia woodland pollinators and other invertebrates Reference herbarium

Ecological datasets Fire recovery strategies and frequencies Fire recovery trend data for species Weed management impacts on species Restoration potential for species

Page 42: Recording Information for Banksia Woodland Plants · 2015. Seed Germination and Survival anksia seedling mortality is due to invertebrate grazing and evere summer drought ... Project

anksia Woodland Plant Identification Tool

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Purple Summer Shrubs

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Functional Traits Data

Growth form (tree, shrub, grass, etc.)Lifeform (annual, perennial)Storage organs, regeneration typeLandforms, soils, hydrologyVegetation typesDistribution pattern (e.g. near edge of range)Mineral nutrition strategy (mycorrhizas, nitrogen fixing)Other strategies (carnivores, parasites, etc.)

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Diversity of Mycorrhizal Plants at a Continental Scale

Diversity maps for nutrition strategies map species richness of defined groups of species for Australia (EM hosts, orchids, Ericaceae, N2 fixers and types of NM plants)

Species Area tool using data from all collections and records in the Atlas of Living Australia (www.ala.org.au)Sampled diversity is affected by sampling effort

Species Area Tool

Low HighOrchidaceae Records

Orchidaceae Map

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Ectomycorrhizal Plants

ceae Agonis*, Allosyncarpia, Angophora, Asteromyrtus*, Callistemon*, Corymbia, Eucalyptus, Kunzea*, Leptospermum, Melaleuca*

uarinaceae Allocasuarina osoideae Acacia* (some only)ceae Dillwynia, Gastrolobium, Gompholobium, Mirbelia,

O l bi P lt C i * t

Diversity of host plants

versity estimates:spp. in Australiaspp. in West liaspp. global estimate genera & 26 families

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Carnivorous Plants

uthwest Floristic Region is the global centre of rsity for carnivorous plants with ¼ of all wn species!

Host diversity estimates:• 600 spp. globally• 212 spp. in Australia • 150 spp. in Western

Australia*

www.ala.org.au

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AcknowledgementsProject Team 2011‐2015: Mark Brundrett, Anna Wisolith, Karen Jackson, Karen Clarke, Vanda Longman, Sapphire McMullan‐Fisher, Julie Fielder, Margaret Collins, Tracey Moore, Tracy Sonneman, Julia Cullity, Karen Bettink, Matt Woods. Volunteers: Monique Anderson, Erika Antal, Zane Bingham, Annie Bone, Emily Cranstoun, Melissa Darling, Paige Featherstone, David James, Lizzy Longman, Katie McLellan, Kelli McCreery, Jim Prince, Nick Suehrcke, Cate Tauss, Natasha Tay and Graham Zemunik. Help With Plant Identification: Una Bell, Rob Davies, Michael Hislop, Greg Keighery, Bronwen Keighery, Russell BarrettThreatened Flora Seed Centre: Simone Dudley, Andrew Crawford, Anne Cochrane, Anne Monaghan. Project management: Stefan de Haan, Steve Raper, Geoff Barrett, Craig Olejnik, Shawn Debono and Mark Brundrett.


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