-
PROPERTY MIDTERM REVIEWER Atty. Robles
Claudio, Cortina, Sarines (2A SY 2009-2010) Page 1 of 46
PROPERTY
PROPERTY Property is an economic concept, meaning, a mass of things or objects useful to
human activity and which are necessary to life, for which reason they may in one way or another be organized and distributed but always for the use of man.
In the strict legal sense, it is an aggregate of rights which is guaranteed and protected by the government.
In the ordinary sense, it indicates the thing itself rather than the rights attached to it.
Property, considered as an exclusive right to things, contains not only a right to use these things, but the right to dispose of them, either by exchanging them for other things or by giving them away to any other person without any consideration, or even throwing them away.
Right to Property 1987 Philippine Constitution
No person shall be deprived of property without due process of law (Article 3, Section 1)
Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation (Article 3, Section 9)
Right to Property Louisiana State Constitution
Every person has the right to acquire, own, control, use, enjoy, protect, and dispose of private property. This right is subject to reasonable statutory restrictions and the reasonable exercise of the police power (Article 1, Section 4).
Right to property
The right to property is distinct and separate from property in itself and is defined as the juridical tie by virtue of which a person has the exclusive power to receive or obtain all the benefits from a thing, except those prohibited by law, or by the rights of others.
The right to property emphasizes the vinculum between man and thing, while ownership refers to the mass of rights over a thing.
The right to property is the right and interest which a man has in lands and chattels to the exclusion of all others.
Right to property is a real right.
How is property lost? I. By the act of man
1. Alienation 2. Voluntary Abandonment
II. By operation of law
1. Forced sale 2. Confiscation or sentence of a criminal court 3. Prescription 4. Civil Death 5. Capture by public enemy 6. When lost by the act of God
What constitutes property? Article 414 of the Civil Code provides that property is anything which is or may be the
object of appropriation The concept of a thing is broader than the concept of property
THING PROPERTY
The Civil Code purportedly uses thing and property interchangeably Thing refers to those which are not or may not be the object of appropriation
Anything which is or may be the object of appropriation
Thing is genus Property is the species In order for a thing to be considered as property, it must have:
1. Utility for satisfaction of economic wants 2. Substantivity or the capability to exist by itself and not merely part as a whole 3. Appropriability
Art. 414 Classification of things may be the object of appropriation
1. Immovable or real 2. Movable or personal
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PROPERTY MIDTERM REVIEWER Atty. Robles
Claudio, Cortina, Sarines (2A SY 2009-2010) Page 2 of 46
The classification into movable or immovable property does not assume its importance from the fact of mobility or non-mobility but from the fact that different provisions of law govern the acquisition, possession, disposition, loss, and registration of movables and immovables.
Paras further comments on the matter saying that it is an incomplete classification for failure to take into consideration machines, removable houses, or transportable trees which are movable properties but by virtue of their being attached to an immovable for specified purposes may be considered immovable. He refers to these kinds of properties as semi-immovable or mixed.
Profs lecture
For Art. 414 to be applicable the thing must have an owner or possessor. Embedded in the concept of property is an animus with intent to possess as ones
own. It is important to ascertain whether it is movable or immovable because different
laws govern them (e.g., taxes, Statute of Frauds, crimes against property)
Art. 415 Immovable property
The law does not define what properties are immovable; they are merely enumerated.
The enumeration in Art. 415 does not give an absolute criterion as to which properties are real, and which are peTrsonal.
Immovables follow the law of their locality.
Academic classification of real properties Classes Paragraphs Examples
1. By nature (1), (8) Trees and plants 2. By incorporation (1), (2), (3), (4), (6) Building 3. By destination or purposes
(4), (5), (6), (7), (9) Like machinery placed by the owner of a tenement on it for direct use in an industry to be carried on therein
4. By analogy (10) Contract for public works, right of usufruct, easements and servitudes
I. Immovables by nature: those which cannot be moved from place to place
1. Lands, buildings, roads, and constructions of all kinds adhered to the soil (par. 1)
That which is built upon the land goes with the land Constructions of all kinds adhered to the soil should be interpreted as to be
immovable, it must be attached permanently to the land. It thus becomes immovable by incorporation.
2. Mineral deposits and waters (par. 8)
Mines stated here include the minerals attached thereto. Once the minerals are extracted, they become chattels
II. Immovables by incorporation: those which are essentially movables, but are attached to an immovable
1. Trees, plants, and growing fruits while they attached to the land or form an integral part of an immovable
Paras provides that trees and plants are considered really property by incorporation only if they were planted through labor. If such are spontaneous products of the soil, they are real property by nature
The moment the tree is detached from or uprooted from the land, they become personal property
Except in case of uprooted timber, if the land is timber land. This is so because although it is no longer attached, the timber still forms an integral part of the timber land immovable
2. Things incorporated (par. 3)
These are immovable by incorporation For the incorporated thing to be considered real property, the injury or
breakage or deterioration in case of separation must be substantial
-
P
ROPE
RTY
MID
TERM
REV
IEW
ER
A
tty.
Rob
les
Clau
dio,
Cor
tina
, Sar
ines
(2A
SY
2009
-201
0)
Pa
ge 3
of 4
6
3.
Fixt
ures
and
orn
amen
ts (p
ar. 4
)
Cont
rary
to
par.
3,
thes
e ca
n ge
nera
lly b
e se
para
ted
from
the
im
mov
able
w
ithou
t br
eaki
ng t
he m
atte
r or
inju
ring
the
obj
ect
It i
s in
disp
ensa
ble
that
the
obj
ects
mus
t be
per
man
ently
pla
ced
in t
he
imm
ovab
le b
y th
e ow
ner
of th
e la
tter
4.
Ani
mal
hou
ses
and
anim
als
ther
ein
(par
. 6)
Ther
e is
an
erro
r in
thi
s pr
ovis
ion
of la
w a
ccor
ding
to
Man
resa
: T
he h
ouse
s re
ferr
ed t
o he
re m
ay a
lrea
dy b
e de
emed
incl
uded
in p
ar. 1
whe
n it
spea
ks o
f c
onst
ruct
ions
of
all k
inds
adh
ered
to
the
soil.
Th
is c
ould
hav
e be
en m
eant
fo
r th
e an
imal
s th
emse
lves
III. I
mm
ovab
les
by D
esti
nati
on o
f Pur
pose
: tho
se w
hich
are
ess
enti
ally
mov
able
s bu
t by
the
pu
rpos
e fo
r w
hich
the
y ha
ve b
een
plac
ed i
n an
im
mov
able
, pa
rtak
e of
the
nat
ure
of t
he
latt
er b
ecau
se o
f the
add
ed u
tilit
y de
rive
d th
eref
rom
1.
Mac
hine
ry a
nd e
quip
men
t (p
ar. 5
)
The
imm
ovab
le c
ondi
tion
of t
hese
obj
ects
dep
ends
upo
n th
eir
bein
g de
stin
ed
for
the
use
in th
e in
dust
ry o
r w
ork
in th
e te
nem
ent.
Th
e m
omen
t th
ey a
re s
epar
ated
, no
t ne
cess
arily
fro
m t
he i
mm
ovab
le,
but
from
the
ind
ustr
y or
wor
k in
whi
ch t
hey
are
utili
zed,
the
y re
cove
r th
eir
cond
ition
as
mov
able
s.
Mac
hine
ry w
hich
is im
mov
able
on
its n
atur
e on
ly b
ecom
es im
mob
ilize
d w
hen
plac
ed in
a p
lant
by
the
owne
r of
the
pro
pert
y bu
t no
t w
hen
so p
lace
d by
a
tena
nt, u
sufr
uctu
ary,
or
any
pers
on h
avin
g on
ly a
tem
pora
ry r
ight
, unl
ess
such
pe
rson
act
ed a
s an
age
nt o
f an
owne
r.
2.
Fe
rtili
zer
actu
ally
use
d on
a p
iece
of l
and
(par
. 7)
Fert
ilize
rs s
houl
d be
on
the
land
whe
re t
hey
are
to b
e ut
ilize
d be
caus
e it
is t
he
inte
ntio
n of
the
owne
r to
use
them
on
the
tene
men
t
Fe
rtili
zers
kep
t in
the
farm
hous
e ar
e no
t im
mov
able
3.
Doc
ks a
nd F
ixed
Flo
atin
g St
ruct
ures
(par
. 9)
Vess
els
are
cons
ider
ed p
erso
nal p
rope
rty
IV. I
mm
ovab
les
by a
nalo
gy
1.
Real
ty b
y an
alog
y (p
ar. 1
0)
Acc
ordi
ng t
o M
anre
sa, t
he p
rope
rtie
s re
ferr
ed t
o he
re a
re n
ot m
ater
ial t
hing
s bu
t rig
hts,
whi
ch a
re n
eces
sari
ly in
tang
ible
Pr
ofs
lect
ure
All
that
is b
uilt
upon
land
sha
ll be
long
to th
e ow
ner
of th
e la
nd
G
ener
al ru
le: t
o th
e pr
inci
pal w
hich
is th
e la
nd, b
elon
g al
l the
acc
esso
ries
Ex
cept
ion:
If
the
cont
ract
was
sub
ject
to
mod
ern
conv
entio
n or
by
agre
emen
t of
th
e pa
rtie
s
The
pres
umpt
ion
is t
hat
the
owne
r of
the
land
is t
he o
wne
r of
the
bui
ldin
g bu
t th
is
can
be r
ebut
ted
U
nder
PD
464
, ow
ners
of
the
land
eve
ry 3
yea
rs m
ust
decl
are
unde
r oa
th a
ll ot
her
impr
ovem
ents
on
the
land
/pro
pert
y. T
his
safe
ty p
rovi
sion
was
cre
ated
so
as n
ot t
o un
duly
dep
rive
the
gov
ernm
ent o
f tax
es
A
rt. 4
16
Per
sona
l Pro
pert
y
Gen
eral
tes
t of m
ovab
le c
hara
cter
1.
W
heth
er it
can
be
carr
ied
from
pla
ce to
pla
ce (t
est b
y de
scri
ptio
n)
2.
Whe
ther
the
cha
nge
of lo
catio
n ca
n be
eff
ecte
d w
itho
ut in
jury
to
an im
mov
able
to
whi
ch t
he o
bjec
t may
be
atta
ched
(tes
t by
desc
ript
ion)
3.
W
heth
er t
he o
bjec
t is
not
incl
uded
in a
ny o
f th
e 10
par
agra
phs
or A
rtic
le 4
15 (
test
by
exc
lusi
on
Thi
s te
st is
sup
erio
r to
the
test
by
pres
crip
tion
By
spe
cial
pro
visi
on
Act
. No.
150
8 th
e Ch
atte
l Mor
tgag
e La
w, r
ecog
nize
s th
e gr
owin
g cr
ops
are
pers
onal
pr
oper
ty a
nd m
ay b
e th
e ob
ject
of c
hatt
el m
ortg
age
Ex
ampl
es o
f var
ious
kin
ds o
f per
sona
l pro
pert
y 1.
Pa
r. 1
fo
unta
in p
en, p
iano
, ani
mal
s
2.
Par.
2
gro
win
g cr
ops
for
the
purp
oses
of
the
Chat
tel M
ortg
age
Law
, m
achi
nery
pl
aced
on
a te
nem
ent
or b
y a
tena
nt w
ho d
id n
ot a
ct a
s th
e ag
ent
of t
he t
enem
ent
owne
r
-
P
ROPE
RTY
MID
TERM
REV
IEW
ER
A
tty.
Rob
les
Clau
dio,
Cor
tina
, Sar
ines
(2A
SY
2009
-201
0)
Pa
ge 4
of 4
6
3.
Par.
3
for
ces
of n
atur
e su
ch a
s el
ectr
icity
, gas
, lig
ht, n
itrog
en, h
eat,
oxyg
en, r
ays,
et
c.
4.
Par.
4
mac
hine
ry n
ot a
ttac
hed
to l
and
nor
need
ed f
or t
he c
arry
ing
on o
f an
in
dust
ry c
ondu
cted
the
rein
, por
tabl
e ra
dio,
lapt
op c
ompu
ter,
dip
lom
a ha
ngin
g on
th
e w
all
Inte
llect
ual p
rope
rty
A p
aten
t, a
cop
yrig
ht,
the
righ
t to
an
inve
ntio
n
thes
e ar
e in
telle
ctua
l pr
oper
ties
whi
ch s
houl
d be
con
side
red
as p
erso
nal p
rope
rty
Pers
onal
eff
ects
Pe
rson
al e
ffec
ts a
re p
erso
nal
prop
erty
, bu
t no
t al
l pe
rson
al p
rope
rty
are
pers
onal
ef
fect
s
Pe
rson
al e
ffec
ts in
clud
e no
t on
ly s
uch
tang
ible
pro
pert
y as
app
lied
to a
per
son
and
cann
ot in
clud
e au
tom
obile
s
Art
. 417
P
erso
nal P
rope
rty
Oth
er K
inds
of P
erso
nal P
rope
rty
1.
Obl
igat
ions
and
act
ions
whi
ch h
ave
for
thei
r ob
ject
mov
able
s or
dem
anda
ble
sum
s (p
ar. 1
)
Th
e te
rm u
sed
in th
is a
rtic
le r
eally
mea
ns ri
ghts
or
cred
its
2.
Sh
ares
of
stoc
k of
agr
icul
tura
l, co
mm
erci
al,
and
indu
stri
al e
ntiti
es,
alth
ough
the
y m
ay h
ave
real
est
ate
(par
. 2)
All
juri
dica
l per
sons
mus
t be
deem
ed in
clud
ed
It s
houl
d be
not
ed t
hat
even
if t
he s
ole
prop
erty
of
a co
rpor
atio
n sh
ould
co
nsis
t on
ly o
f re
al p
rope
rty,
a s
hare
of
stoc
k in
sai
d co
rpor
atio
n is
co
nsid
ered
per
sona
l pro
pert
y
Sh
are
in a
par
tner
ship
is c
onsi
dere
d pe
rson
al p
rope
rty
Th
ere
is n
o re
ason
to
disc
rim
inat
e be
twee
n sh
ares
in a
cor
pora
tion
and
shar
es in
oth
er ju
ridi
cal p
erso
ns
Shar
es o
f st
ock
can
be e
xerc
ised
onl
y w
here
the
cor
pora
tion
is o
rgan
ized
an
d ha
s its
pla
ce o
f bus
ines
s
Th
is c
lass
of
prop
erty
is in
sepa
rabl
e fr
om t
he d
omic
ile o
f th
e co
rpor
atio
n its
elf
Mon
ey is
per
sona
l pro
pert
y
Art
. 418
C
lass
ifica
tion
of m
ovab
les
Cl
assi
ficat
ion
of m
ovab
les
acco
rdin
g to
nat
ure
Cons
umab
le
Non
-con
sum
able
Th
is c
anno
t be
use
d ac
cord
ing
to i
ts n
atur
e w
ithou
t its
bei
ng c
onsu
med
A
y ot
her k
inds
of m
ovab
le p
rope
rty
Cl
assi
ficat
ion
of p
rope
rty
acco
rdin
g to
the
inte
ntio
n or
pur
pose
of t
he p
arti
es
Fung
ible
N
on-f
ungi
ble
The
qual
ity o
f be
ing
fung
ible
dep
ends
upo
n th
eir
poss
ibili
ty b
ecau
se o
f th
eir
natu
re o
r th
e w
ill o
f th
e pa
rtie
s, o
f be
ing
subs
titut
ed
by o
ther
s of
the
sam
e ki
nd,
not
havi
ng a
di
stin
ct in
divi
dual
ity
Thes
e ar
e ge
nera
lly
thin
gs
who
se
indi
vidu
ality
can
be
dete
rmin
ed b
y co
untin
g,
wei
ghin
g, o
r m
easu
ring
Thos
e w
hich
hav
e th
eir
own
indi
vidu
ality
and
do
not
adm
it of
sub
stitu
tion
If it
is
agre
ed
that
th
e eq
uiva
lent
be
re
turn
ed, t
he p
rope
rty
is fu
ngib
le
If it
is a
gree
d th
at t
he i
dent
ical
thi
ng b
e re
turn
ed,
it is
non
-fun
gibl
e, e
ven
thou
gh b
y na
ture
it is
con
sum
able
Co
nsum
able
Fu
ngib
le
The
clas
sific
atio
n in
to c
onsu
mab
le o
r no
n-co
nsum
able
is a
ccor
ding
to
the
natu
re o
f the
th
ing
A
clas
sific
atio
n in
to
fung
ible
s an
d no
n-fu
ngib
les
is
a cl
assi
ficat
ion
acco
rdin
g to
pu
rpos
e It
is t
he in
tent
ion
of t
he p
arti
es t
o a
cont
ract
tha
t de
term
ines
whe
ther
the
obj
ect
is f
ungi
ble
or n
on-f
ungi
ble,
and
not
the
cons
umab
le o
r no
n-co
nsum
able
nat
ure
of th
e th
ing
-
P
ROPE
RTY
MID
TERM
REV
IEW
ER
A
tty.
Rob
les
Clau
dio,
Cor
tina
, Sar
ines
(2A
SY
2009
-201
0)
Pa
ge 5
of 4
6
Art
. 419
P
rope
rty
clas
sfie
d ac
cord
ing
to o
wne
rshi
p
Prop
erty
cla
ssifi
ed a
ccor
ding
to
owne
rshi
p 1.
Pu
blic
2.
Pr
ivat
e
The
stat
e m
ay o
wn
prop
ertie
s bo
th i
n its
pub
lic c
apac
ity (
prop
ertie
s of
pu
blic
dom
inio
n) a
nd in
its
priv
ate
capa
city
(pat
rim
onia
l pro
pert
y)
Art
. 420
P
rope
rty
of p
ublic
dom
inio
n
Publ
ic d
omin
ion
The
term
pu
blic
dom
inio
n m
ay b
e us
ed in
the
sen
se o
f ow
ners
hip
by t
he S
tate
, in
that
the
Stat
e ha
s co
ntro
l and
adm
inis
trat
ion
The
term
may
be
used
in t
he s
ense
of
owne
rshi
p by
the
pub
lic in
gen
eral
, in
that
for
as
long
as
such
pro
pert
ies
rem
ain
for
publ
ic u
se, t
hey
cann
ot b
e m
ade
the
obje
ct o
f co
mm
erce
, not
eve
n by
the
Stat
e or
its
subd
ivis
ions
D
omin
ion
v. O
wne
rshi
p 1.
D
omin
o is
not
ow
ners
hip
Publ
ic d
omin
ion
does
not
car
ry th
e id
ea o
f ow
ners
hip
Prop
erty
of
publ
ic d
omin
ion
is n
ot o
wne
d by
the
Sta
te,
but
pert
ains
to
the
Stat
e,
whi
ch
as
terr
itori
al
sove
reig
n ex
erci
ses
cert
ain
juri
dica
l pr
erog
ativ
es o
ver
such
pro
pert
y
2.
Colle
ctiv
e ow
ners
hip
is in
the
soci
al g
roup
3.
Pu
blic
pur
pose
C
anno
t be
the
obje
ct o
f app
ropr
iatio
n
4.
Stat
e is
the
juri
dica
l rep
rese
ntat
ive
Sa
cred
and
rel
igio
us o
bjec
ts n
eith
er p
ublic
or
priv
ate
Chur
ches
an
d ot
her
cons
ecra
ted
obje
cts
have
be
en
cons
ider
ed
outs
ide
the
com
mer
ce o
f man
Ki
nds
of p
rope
rty
of p
ublic
dom
inio
n 1.
Fo
r pu
blic
use
m
ay b
e us
ed b
y an
ybod
y 2.
Fo
r pu
blic
ser
vice
m
ay b
e us
ed o
nly
by d
uly
auth
oriz
ed p
erso
ns
3.
For
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f nat
iona
l wea
lth
na
tura
l res
ourc
es
Oth
er p
rope
rtie
s of
si
mila
r ch
arac
ter
und
er p
ar. 1
(e)
1.
Publ
ic s
trea
ms
2.
Nat
ural
bed
s of
riv
ers
3.
Rive
r cha
nnel
s 4.
W
ater
s of
riv
ers
5.
Cree
ks a
nd e
ster
os
6.
Acc
retio
ns o
r ad
ditio
ns to
the
shor
es o
f the
sea
by
actio
n of
the
wat
er
7.
Land
s re
clai
med
from
sea
8.
M
anila
Bay
or c
oast
al a
reas
9.
Co
nver
ted
priv
ate
land
s
nat
ural
exp
ropr
iatio
n o
r a
de f
acto
cas
e of
em
inen
t do
mai
n 10
. St
reet
s
11.
Shor
es
12.
Nav
igab
le a
nd n
on-n
avig
able
str
eam
s
Prin
cipl
es a
pplie
d to
pro
pert
y of
pub
lic d
omin
ion
1.
Alie
natio
n
They
can
not
be a
liena
ted
or le
ased
or
othe
rwis
e be
sub
ject
mat
ter
of
cont
ract
s 2.
Pr
escr
iptio
n
They
can
not b
e ac
quire
d by
pre
scri
ptio
n ag
ains
t the
Sta
te
3.
Att
achm
ent
and
Exec
utio
n
They
can
not
be t
he s
ubje
ct o
f at
tach
men
t an
d ex
ecut
ion
4.
Vo
lunt
ary
ease
men
t T
hey
cann
ot b
e bu
rden
ed b
y an
y vo
lunt
ary
ease
men
t
Art
. 421
P
atri
mon
ial P
rope
rty
Pa
trim
onia
l Pro
pert
y
Th
e pr
oper
ty it
ow
ns b
ut w
hich
is n
ot d
evot
ed t
o pu
blic
use
, pub
lic s
ervi
ce, o
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t of n
atio
nal w
ealt
h.
It i
s w
ealt
h ow
ned
by t
he S
tate
in
its p
riva
te,
as d
istin
guis
hed
from
its
pub
lic
capa
city
Th
ey a
re s
ubje
ct to
pre
scri
ptio
n
They
can
als
o be
the
obje
ct o
f ord
inar
y co
ntra
cts
Publ
ic l
ands
may
, un
der
the
Civi
l Co
de,
be c
lass
ified
as
priv
ate
prop
erty
of
the
Stat
e, a
s so
on a
s th
ey a
re a
vaila
ble
for a
liena
tion
or d
ispo
sitio
n
-
P
ROPE
RTY
MID
TERM
REV
IEW
ER
A
tty.
Rob
les
Clau
dio,
Cor
tina
, Sar
ines
(2A
SY
2009
-201
0)
Pa
ge 6
of 4
6
Art
. 422
C
onve
rsio
n of
pro
pert
y of
pub
lic d
omin
ion
to p
atri
mon
ial p
rope
rty
Pr
oper
ty o
f pub
lic d
omin
ion
ceas
es to
be
such
and
bec
omes
priv
ate
prop
erty
of t
he
Stat
e on
ly u
pon
a de
clar
atio
n by
the
gov
ernm
ent
Und
er A
rt. 4
61, h
owev
er, a
n ab
ando
ned
rive
r be
d be
long
s no
t to
the
Sta
te, b
ut t
o th
e pr
ivat
e la
nd o
wne
r w
hose
lan
d is
now
occ
upie
d by
the
cha
nged
cou
rse,
in
prop
ortio
n to
the
area
lost
.
Art
. 423
P
rope
rtie
s of
pol
itic
al s
ubdi
visi
ons
Prop
erti
es o
f pol
itic
al s
ubdi
visi
ons
1.
Pr
oper
ty fo
r pu
blic
use
2.
Pa
trim
onia
l pro
pert
y
Alie
nati
on o
f the
pro
pert
ies
1.
Prop
ertie
s of
a p
oliti
cal s
ubdi
visi
on f
or p
ublic
use
can
not
be a
liena
ted
as s
uch,
and
m
ay n
ot b
e ac
quir
ed b
y pr
escr
ipti
on
2.
Prop
ertie
s of
a p
olit
ical
sub
divi
sion
whi
ch a
re p
atri
mon
ial
in c
hara
cter
may
be
alie
nate
d, a
nd m
ay b
e ac
quir
ed b
y ot
hers
thru
pre
scrip
tion
The
natio
nal
gove
rnm
ent
may
don
ate
its p
atri
mon
ial
prop
erty
to
a m
unic
ipal
ity,
and
the
latt
er
may
ow
n th
e sa
me.
Th
is
is
beca
use
a m
unic
ipal
ity is
a ju
ridi
cal p
erso
n ca
pabl
e of
acq
uiri
ng p
rope
rtie
s
Whe
n th
us d
onat
ed, t
he p
rope
rty
beco
mes
eith
er p
rope
rty
for
publ
ic u
se
or p
atri
mon
ial p
rope
rty,
dep
endi
ng o
n th
e us
e gi
ven
to th
e pr
oper
ty
Whe
n a
mun
icip
ality
s p
rope
rtie
s fo
r pu
blic
use
are
no
long
er i
nten
ded
for
such
use
, th
e pr
oper
ties
bec
ome
patr
imon
ial,
and
may
now
be
the
subj
ect o
f a c
omm
on c
ontr
act
A
rt. 4
24
Cla
ssifi
cati
on o
f pro
pert
ies
of p
olit
ical
sub
divi
sion
s
Basi
s fo
r cl
assi
ficat
ion
is u
se.
The
natio
nal
gove
rnm
ent
still
con
trol
s th
e di
spos
ition
of
prop
ertie
s of
pol
itica
l su
bdiv
isio
ns r
egar
dles
s of
the
use
to
whi
ch t
hey
are
devo
ted,
pro
vide
d th
at t
he
prop
ertie
s ca
me
from
the
Stat
e
Pr
oper
ties
of p
olit
ical
sub
divi
sion
s
1.
Prop
erty
for
publ
ic u
se
The
righ
t of
the
pub
lic t
o us
e th
e ci
ty s
tree
ts m
ay n
ot b
e ba
rgai
ned
away
th
roug
h a
cont
ract
2.
Pa
trim
onia
l pro
pert
y
Not
e th
at in
the
cas
e of
Sta
te p
rope
rtie
s, p
rope
rtie
s fo
r pu
blic
ser
vice
are
of
publ
ic d
omin
ion,
thi
s is
not
so
in t
he c
ase
of p
oliti
cal
subd
ivis
ions
for
pub
lic
serv
ice
are
patr
imon
ial (
sinc
e th
ey a
re n
ot fo
r pu
blic
use
) Pr
oper
ties
of p
olit
ical
sub
divi
sion
s m
ay a
lso
be c
lass
ified
as:
1.
Th
ose
acqu
ired
wit
h th
eir
own
fund
s (in
the
ir pr
ivat
e ca
paci
ty)
he
re t
he p
oliti
cal
subd
ivis
ion
has
owne
rshi
p an
d co
ntro
l 2.
Th
ose
whi
ch d
o no
t fal
l und
er (1
) T
hese
are
sub
ject
to th
e co
ntro
l and
sup
ervi
sion
of
the
Stat
e.
They
are
hel
d by
the
pol
itica
l su
bdiv
isio
ns i
n tr
ust
for
the
Stat
e fo
r th
e be
nefit
of t
he in
habi
tant
s
The
reas
on is
that
the
polit
ical
sub
divi
sion
ow
es it
s cr
eatio
n to
the
Stat
e
App
licab
le p
rinc
iple
s 1.
Pr
oper
ty fo
r pu
blic
use
of p
rovi
nces
and
tow
ns a
re g
over
ned
by t
he s
ame
prin
cipl
es
as p
rope
rty
of p
ublic
dom
inio
n of
the
sam
e ch
arac
ter
2.
Pr
oper
ties
for
publ
ic u
se m
ay n
ot b
e le
ased
to p
riva
te in
divi
dual
s
3.
If a
plaz
a is
ille
gally
leas
ed t
o pr
ivat
e in
divi
dual
s, t
he le
ase
is V
OID
and
any
bui
ldin
g on
sai
d pl
aza
built
by
the
les
see
may
be
DEM
OLI
SHED
. 4.
Pr
oper
ties
used
by
a m
unic
ipal
cor
pora
tion
in t
he e
xerc
ise
of i
ts g
over
nmen
tal
pow
ers
cann
ot b
e at
tach
ed o
r le
vied
upo
n
5.
Nat
iona
l pro
pert
ies
may
not
be
regi
ster
ed b
y a
mun
icip
ality
und
er it
s na
me
6.
The
tow
ns
patr
imon
ial p
rope
rty
is a
dmin
iste
red,
at
leas
t in
sofa
r as
liab
ility
to
thir
d pe
rson
s is
con
cern
ed, i
n th
e sa
me
way
as
prop
erty
of a
pri
vate
cor
pora
tion
Art
. 425
P
riva
te p
rope
rtie
s ot
her
than
pat
rim
onia
l
Oth
er p
rivat
e pr
oper
ties
are
thos
e th
at b
elon
g to
pri
vate
per
sons
ind
ivid
ually
or
colle
ctiv
ely
Col
lect
ivel
y
refe
rs
to
owne
rshi
p by
pr
ivat
e in
divi
dual
s as
co
-ow
ners
or
by
co
rpor
atio
ns, p
artn
ersh
ips,
or
othe
r ju
ridi
cal p
erso
ns w
ho a
re a
llow
ed b
y th
e Ci
vil
Code
to p
osse
ss a
nd a
cqui
re s
uch
prop
erti
es
Poss
essi
on b
y pr
ivat
e pe
rson
s si
nce
time
imm
emor
ial c
arri
es t
he p
resu
mpt
ion
that
th
e la
nd h
ad n
ever
bee
n pa
rt o
f the
pub
lic d
omai
n
A
n al
ien
has
had
no r
ight
to
acqu
ire
land
s si
nce
the
date
of
effe
ctiv
ity o
f th
e 19
87
Cons
titut
ion
exce
pt b
y he
redi
tary
suc
cess
ion.
The
sam
e ru
le a
pplie
s to
for
eign
co
rpor
atio
ns
-
P
ROPE
RTY
MID
TERM
REV
IEW
ER
A
tty.
Rob
les
Clau
dio,
Cor
tina
, Sar
ines
(2A
SY
2009
-201
0)
Pa
ge 7
of 4
6
Art
. 426
P
rovi
sion
s co
mm
on t
o th
ree
prec
eedi
ng c
hapt
ers
OW
NER
SHIP
Art
. 427
O
wne
rshi
p m
ay b
e ex
erci
sed
over
thi
ngs
or r
ight
s
Ow
ners
hip
exis
ts w
hen
a th
ing
pert
aini
ng t
o on
e pe
rson
is c
ompl
etel
y su
bjec
ted
to
his
will
in a
man
ner
not p
rohi
bite
d by
law
and
con
sist
ent w
ith
the
righ
ts o
f oth
ers
A
s an
ow
ner,
a p
erso
n ha
s th
e ri
ght
to p
osse
ss, e
njoy
, dis
pose
of,
and
reco
ver
that
th
ing
whi
ch h
e ow
ns
Ow
ners
hip
is s
ubje
ct t
o:
1.
The
Cons
titut
ion
such
as
the
natio
nalit
y re
quir
emen
t fo
r ow
ning
lan
d in
the
Ph
ilipp
ines
2.
Re
stri
ctio
ns in
here
nt in
the
pro
pert
y its
elf
3.
Lim
itatio
ns s
tipul
ated
in c
ontr
acts
4.
Re
stri
ctio
ns in
law
or
ordi
nanc
es s
uch
as z
onin
g re
gula
tions
5.
Co
nditi
ons
stip
ulat
ed in
dee
ds o
f don
atio
n 6.
Re
stri
ctio
ns im
pose
d by
the
owne
r hi
mse
lf
Po
sses
sion
In
the
con
cept
of a
n ow
ner
In th
e co
ncep
t of
a h
olde
r M
ay b
e th
e ow
ner
him
self
or o
ne w
ho c
laim
s to
be
so
Ack
now
ledg
es i
n an
othe
r a
supe
rior
rig
ht
whi
ch h
e be
lieve
s to
be
owne
rshi
p, w
heth
er
his
belie
f be
righ
t or
wro
ng
O
wne
rshi
p is
diff
eren
t fr
om p
osse
ssio
n. P
osse
ssio
n is
def
ined
as
the
hold
ing
of a
th
ing
or e
njoy
men
t of a
rig
ht.
To p
osse
ss m
eans
to a
ctua
lly a
nd p
hysi
cally
occ
upy
a th
ing
with
or
with
out
righ
t
A
per
son
may
be
decl
ared
ow
ner
but h
e m
ay n
ot b
e en
title
d to
pos
sess
ion
A
jud
gmen
t of
ow
ners
hip
does
not
nec
essa
rily
inc
lude
pos
sess
ion
as a
nec
essa
ry
inci
dent
A
rt. 4
28 -
Rig
hts
of o
wne
r A
n ow
ner
has
the
follo
win
g ri
ghts
: 1.
To
enj
oy p
rope
rty,
whi
ch i
nclu
des
its p
osse
ssio
n, u
se,
and
the
enjo
ymen
t of
its
fr
uits
and
pro
fits
2.
To d
ispo
se o
f th
e pr
oper
ty, w
hich
mea
ns h
e ca
n co
nsum
e or
des
troy
it, a
s w
ell a
s en
cum
ber
or a
liena
te h
is p
rope
rty
3.
The
right
of a
ctio
n to
rec
over
the
prop
erty
4.
Pe
rson
al p
rope
rty
ca
n be
rec
over
ed t
hrou
gh t
he p
rovi
sion
al r
emed
y of
REP
LEVI
N.
Alth
ough
the
mai
n ca
se is
an
actio
n fo
r re
cove
ry.
Real
pro
pert
y ca
n be
rec
over
ed th
roug
h th
e fo
llow
ing
acti
ons:
1.
Fo
rcib
le e
ntry
Th
is r
emed
y is
use
d w
hen
the
owne
r w
as d
epri
ved
of p
osse
ssio
n by
m
eans
of f
orce
, int
imid
atio
n, s
trat
egy,
thr
eat,
or
stea
lth
It is
nec
essa
ry t
hat
the
owne
r ha
d ac
tual
pos
sess
ion
of t
he p
rope
rty
prio
r to
it b
eing
take
n fr
om h
im
The
issu
e to
be
se
ttle
d in
ca
ses
of
forc
ible
en
try
is
only
ph
ysic
al
poss
essi
on
It d
oes
not i
nclu
de t
he m
atte
r of
act
ual o
wne
rshi
p of
the
prop
erty
2.
Unl
awfu
l det
aine
r
This
is a
pplic
able
whe
n th
e po
sses
sor
was
onc
e al
low
ed b
y th
e ow
ner
to
reta
in t
he p
rope
rty,
but
the
rig
ht t
o po
sses
s ha
s te
rmin
ated
, an
d ye
t po
sses
sor
refu
ses
to v
acat
e th
e pr
oper
ty
U
nlaw
ful d
etai
ner
Forc
ible
ent
ry
The
poss
esso
r on
ce h
ad t
he p
erm
issi
on t
o po
sses
s th
epro
pert
y Th
e po
sses
sor
had
no
cons
ent
from
th
e be
ginn
ing
3.
A
ccio
n Pu
blic
iana
Th
is is
for
the
reco
very
of t
he b
ette
r ri
ght t
o po
sses
s
Th
e is
sue
here
is n
ot p
osse
ssio
n de
fact
o, b
ut p
osse
ssio
n de
jure
4.
Acc
ion
Reiv
indi
cato
ria
Th
is is
an
actio
n ag
ains
t ow
ners
hip,
and
act
ion
agai
nst
a pe
rson
with
titl
e ov
er th
e pr
oper
ty
-
P
ROPE
RTY
MID
TERM
REV
IEW
ER
A
tty.
Rob
les
Clau
dio,
Cor
tina
, Sar
ines
(2A
SY
2009
-201
0)
Pa
ge 8
of 4
6
Art
. 429
D
octr
ine/
Prin
cipl
e of
Sel
f-H
elp
Th
e ow
ner
or l
awfu
l po
sses
sor
has
the
righ
t to
exc
lude
any
per
son
from
the
en
joym
ent a
nd d
ispo
sal o
f the
thin
g
Th
e ow
ner
has
the
righ
t und
er th
e la
w to
cou
nter
forc
e w
ith fo
rce
A
rtic
le 4
30
Ev
ery
owne
r m
ay e
nclo
se o
r fe
nce
his
land
or
tene
men
ts b
y m
eans
of
wal
ls, d
itche
s,
live
or
dead
he
dges
, or
by
any
oth
er
mea
ns
wit
hout
det
rim
ent
to s
ervi
tude
s co
nstit
uted
ther
eon.
Art
. 431
Th
e ow
ner
of a
thi
ng c
anno
t m
ake
use
ther
eof
in s
uch
man
ner
as t
o in
jure
the
rig
hts
of a
thir
d pe
rson
. (n)
Art
. 432
D
octr
ine
of in
com
plet
e pr
ivile
ge o
r st
ate
of n
eces
sity
Th
is a
rtic
le r
efer
s to
sta
tes
of n
eces
sity
whe
rein
a p
erso
n m
ay h
ave
to in
terf
ere
wit
h an
othe
rs
prop
erty
in o
rder
to a
void
or
aver
t im
pend
ing
dang
er o
r in
jury
Th
e ow
ner
is e
ntitl
ed t
o de
man
d fo
r in
dem
niti
es f
rom
the
per
son
who
may
hav
e be
nefit
ed o
r avo
ided
the
impe
ndin
g da
nger
Art
. 433
A p
erso
n w
ho i
s in
act
ual
poss
essi
on o
f a
prop
erty
is
prot
ecte
d by
a d
ispu
tabl
e pr
esum
ptio
n of
ow
ners
hip
Fo
r a
pers
on t
o fa
ll un
der
the
prot
ectio
n of
thi
s ar
ticle
, he
mus
t be
in
actu
al
poss
essi
on o
f a p
rope
rty,
and
he
mus
t hav
e a
clai
m o
f ow
ners
hip
Art
. 434
R
equi
site
s fo
r re
cove
ry
Re
quis
ites
for
reco
very
1.
Th
at h
e ha
s a
bett
er ti
tle
than
the
def
enda
nt p
rope
rty
2.
Th
e id
entit
y of
the
prop
erty
It
is n
eces
sary
to
iden
tify
the
thin
g cl
aim
ed a
s th
e ob
ject
of
the
clai
man
ts
righ
t of
do
min
ion.
It is
als
o ne
cess
ary
that
the
boun
dari
es m
ust b
e pr
oved
Art
. 435
P
ower
of e
min
ent
dom
ain
Prop
erty
rig
hts,
exc
ept
the
righ
ts o
f oc
cupa
tion,
are
not
aff
ecte
d by
the
co
ndem
natio
n pr
ocee
ding
s un
til t
he t
itle
has
pass
ed t
o th
e pe
titio
ner,
and
tha
t do
es n
ot o
ccur
not
unt
il th
e aw
ard
of c
ompe
nsat
ion
for
dam
ages
has
bee
n sa
tisfie
d
Ju
s co
mpe
nsat
ion
mea
ns a
fair
and
full
equi
vale
nt fo
r th
e lo
ss s
usta
ined
M
arke
t va
lue
is t
he p
rice
whi
ch it
will
bri
ng w
here
it is
off
ered
for
the
sal
e by
on
e w
ho d
esir
es, b
ut is
not
obl
iged
to
sell
it, a
nd is
bou
ght
by o
ne w
ho is
und
er
no n
eces
sity
of h
avin
g it.
It is
the
valu
e of
the
land
in t
he lo
calit
y.
Emin
ent d
omai
n re
fers
to th
e ri
ght,
exp
ropr
iatio
n re
fers
to th
e pr
oced
ure
Doc
trin
e of
rea
sona
ble
nece
ssity
a
bsol
ute
nece
ssity
for
pub
lic u
se i
s no
t re
quir
ed
Expr
opri
atio
n re
quir
ed fo
r pr
ivat
e us
e or
ext
raor
dina
ry e
xpro
pria
tion
is a
llow
ed
Requ
isit
es o
f Art
. 435
1.
Ta
king
by
com
pete
nt a
utho
rity
2.
Fo
r pu
blic
use
3.
Ju
st c
ompe
nsat
ion
4.
O
bser
vanc
e of
due
pro
cess
Art
. 436
S
eizu
re/A
bate
men
t of
nui
sanc
e
A v
alid
exe
rcis
e of
pol
ice
pow
er w
hich
may
be
done
in t
he in
tere
st h
ealth
, saf
ety,
or
sec
urity
, and
to
just
ify t
he d
estr
uctio
n or
aba
tem
ent,
by
sum
mar
y pr
ocee
ding
s,
of w
hate
ver
may
be
rega
rded
as
a pu
blic
nui
sanc
e.
The
owne
r sh
all
not
be e
ntitl
ed t
o co
mpe
nsat
ion
unle
ss h
e ca
n sh
ow t
hat
the
cond
emna
tion
or s
eizu
re is
unj
ustif
ied
Art
. 437
R
ight
to
spac
e an
d su
bsoi
l
The
owne
r of
a p
iece
of
land
is t
he o
wne
r of
its
surf
ace
and
anyt
hing
und
er it
he
can
cons
truc
t an
y w
orks
but
sub
ject
to
serv
itude
and
eas
emen
ts, s
peci
al la
ws,
and
or
dina
nces
, re
ason
able
req
uire
men
ts o
f ae
rial
nav
igat
ion,
pri
ncip
les
on h
uman
re
latio
ns
-
P
ROPE
RTY
MID
TERM
REV
IEW
ER
A
tty.
Rob
les
Clau
dio,
Cor
tina
, Sar
ines
(2A
SY
2009
-201
0)
Pa
ge 9
of 4
6
Art
. 438
4
39: H
idde
n Tr
easu
re
Tw
o re
quir
emen
ts fo
r th
e co
ncep
t of
tre
asur
e 1.
Th
at th
ey c
onsi
st o
f mon
ey, j
ewel
s, o
r ot
her
prec
ious
obj
ects
2.
Th
at th
ey a
re h
idde
n an
d un
know
n, s
uch
that
the
ir fi
ndin
g is
a re
al d
isco
very
If
foun
d on
the
pro
pert
y of
ano
ther
, and
by
chan
ce, p
erso
n w
ho f
ound
it is
ent
itle
d to
find
ers
fee,
but
if h
e is
a tr
espa
sser
, he
is n
ot e
ntitl
ed to
any
thin
g
If
the
trea
sure
fou
nd b
e of
inte
rest
to
scie
nce
or a
rts,
the
sta
te m
ay a
cqui
re t
hem
for
ju
st p
rice
It
is n
eces
sary
that
the
owne
r is
unk
now
n
Th
e pe
rson
who
fir
st b
ring
s to
vie
w t
he h
idde
n tr
easu
re,
even
in
part
, is
the
fin
der,
al
thou
gh h
e m
ay n
ot ta
ke m
ater
ial p
osse
ssio
n th
ereo
f.
ACC
ESSI
ON
Art
. 440
D
efin
itio
n of
acc
essi
on
Acc
essi
on
Acc
essi
on, a
ccor
ding
to
Art
. 440
, is
not
a m
ode
of a
cqui
ring
ow
ners
hip,
sin
ce it
is
impl
icitl
y in
clud
ed in
ow
ners
hip
Th
e rig
ht t
o ac
cess
ion
is a
utom
atic
A
cces
sion
is t
he r
ight
of
a pr
oper
ty o
wne
r to
eve
ryth
ing
whi
ch is
pro
duce
d by
his
pr
oper
ty. I
t al
so in
clud
es t
he r
ight
to
ever
ythi
ng w
hich
is a
ttac
hed
ther
eto,
eit
her
natu
rally
or
artif
icia
lly
Tole
ntin
o de
fines
acc
essi
on a
s t
he r
ight
by
virt
ue o
f w
hich
the
ow
ner
of a
thi
ng
beco
mes
the
ow
ner
of e
very
thin
g th
at it
may
pro
duce
or
whi
ch m
ay b
e in
sepa
rabl
e un
ited
or in
corp
orat
ed, e
ither
nat
ural
ly o
r art
ifici
ally
.
A
rt. 4
41-4
44
Righ
t to
frui
ts
1.
Nat
ural
fru
its
ref
er t
o th
e sp
onta
neou
s pr
oduc
ts o
f th
e so
il w
here
hum
an la
bor
does
not
inte
rven
e, a
s w
ell a
s th
e yo
ung
and
othe
r pr
oduc
ts o
f ani
mal
s
2.
Indu
stri
al f
ruit
s
refe
r to
fru
its p
rodu
ced
by la
nds
of a
ny k
ind
thro
ugh
cult
ivat
ion
or la
bor
3.
Ci
vil f
ruits
re
fer
to r
ents
of p
erpe
tual
or
life
annu
ities
or
othe
r si
mila
r in
com
e
Inst
ance
s w
hen
the
owne
r of
land
doe
s no
t ow
n th
e fr
uits
1.
Th
e la
nd i
s in
pos
sess
ion
of a
pos
sess
or i
n go
od f
aith
, si
nce
he o
wns
the
fru
its
alre
ady
rece
ived
(Art
. 544
) 2.
In
cas
es o
f usu
fruc
t (A
rt. 5
66)
Righ
t to
acc
essi
on c
onti
nua
Refe
rs t
o bo
th n
atur
al a
cces
sion
(acc
essi
on n
atur
al) a
nd a
rtifi
cial
acc
essi
on (a
cces
sion
in
dust
rial
) Cl
assi
ficat
ion
of A
cces
sion
by
Para
s A
. Acc
essi
on D
iscr
eta
(To
the
frui
ts)
1.
natu
ral f
ruits
2.
in
dust
rial
frui
ts
3.
civi
l fru
its
B. A
cces
sion
Con
tinua
(Att
achm
ent o
r in
corp
orat
ion)
1.
W
ith r
efer
ence
to re
al p
rope
rty
a.
acce
ssio
n in
dust
rial
i.
build
ing
ii.
pl
antin
g iii
. so
win
g
b.
acce
ssio
n na
tura
l i.
allu
vium
ii.
av
ulsi
on
iii.
chan
ge o
f cou
rse
of r
iver
s
iv.
form
atio
n of
isla
nds
2.
W
ith r
espe
ct to
per
sona
l pro
pert
y a.
ad
junc
tion
or c
onju
nctio
n
i. in
clus
ion
(eng
raft
men
t)
ii.
sold
adur
a (a
ttac
hmen
t)
iii.
tejid
o (w
eavi
ng)
iv.
pint
ura
(pai
ntin
g)
v.
escr
itura
(wri
ting
)
b.
mix
ture
(co
nfus
ion
liq
uids
; com
mix
tion
so
lids)
c.
sp
ecifi
catio
n
-
P
ROPE
RTY
MID
TERM
REV
IEW
ER
A
tty.
Rob
les
Clau
dio,
Cor
tina
, Sar
ines
(2A
SY
2009
-201
0)
Pa
ge 1
0 of
46
Prin
icip
les:
acc
essi
on c
onti
nua
1.
The
acce
ssor
y fo
llow
s th
e pr
inci
pal
2.
He
who
is in
goo
d fa
ith w
ill n
ot b
e pe
naliz
ed
3.
He
who
is in
bad
faith
may
be
pena
lized
4.
N
o on
e sh
ould
unj
ustly
enr
ich
him
self
at th
e ex
pens
e of
ano
ther
5.
If
both
are
in b
ad fa
ith, t
hey
shou
ld b
oth
be c
onsi
dere
d in
goo
d fa
ith
6.
The
unio
n m
ust
be e
ffec
ted
in s
uch
man
ner
that
to
sepa
rate
the
pri
ncip
al fr
om t
he
acce
ssor
y w
ould
res
ult i
n su
bsta
ntia
l inj
ury
to e
ither
Art
. 445
4
46
Acc
essi
on in
dust
rial
W
ith r
espe
ct t
o im
mov
able
pro
pert
y (a
cces
sion
ind
ustr
ial),
acc
essi
on c
ontin
ua i
s go
vern
ed b
y th
e ge
nera
l rul
e th
at w
hate
ver
is b
uilt
, pla
nted
, or
sow
n on
the
land
of
anot
her
and
the
impr
ovem
ents
the
reon
, bel
ong
to t
he o
wne
r (A
rt. 4
45) T
his
prin
cipl
e is
app
licab
le if
the
owne
r of
the
land
is k
now
n.
Its
exce
ptio
n is
tha
t if
the
owne
r is
mar
ried
and
the
impr
ovem
ents
are
mad
e on
the
se
para
te p
rope
rty
of t
he s
pous
e us
ing
the
conj
ugal
fun
ds,
the
impr
ovem
ents
sha
ll be
long
to th
e co
njug
al p
artn
ersh
ip.
With
res
pect
to
Art
. 446
, the
pre
sum
ptio
n is
tha
t al
l wor
ks, s
owin
g, a
nd p
lant
ing
are
mad
e by
the
ow
ner.
The
exc
eptio
n to
thi
s ru
le i
s w
hen
the
impr
ovem
ents
are
co
nstr
ucte
d on
a s
epar
ate
prop
erty
of
one
spou
se, t
hen
cons
truc
tion
is p
resu
med
to
be c
onju
gal.
Th
ree
situ
atio
ns g
over
ned
by d
iffer
ent
rule
s on
acc
essi
on in
dust
rial
1.
W
hen
the
land
owne
r bu
ilds
on h
is la
nd u
sing
ano
ther
per
sons
mat
eria
ls
2.
Whe
n an
othe
r pe
rson
oth
er th
an th
e la
ndow
ner
build
s on
the
land
3.
W
hen
ther
e ar
e th
ree
part
ies:
the
land
owne
r, b
uild
er, a
nd o
wne
r of
mat
eria
ls
Art
. 447
R
ule
whe
n la
ndow
ner
and
owne
r of
mat
eria
ls a
re d
iffer
ent
pers
ons
Si
tuat
ion
Gen
eral
Rul
e Ex
cept
ion
Whe
n th
e la
ndow
ner
and
the
owne
r of
mat
eria
ls A
RE
BOTH
IN G
OO
D F
AIT
H
the
land
owne
r be
com
es t
he
owne
r of
the
mat
eria
ls,
but
he m
ust
pay
the
owne
r of
th
e m
ater
ials
for
the
ir v
alue
by
rei
mbu
rsem
ent.
The
owne
r of
the
mat
eria
ls
deci
des
to
rem
ove
them
w
ithou
t cau
sing
des
truc
tion
Whe
n th
e la
ndow
ner
is
in
BAD
FA
ITH
, and
the
ow
ner
of
the
mat
eria
ls
is
in
GO
OD
FA
ITH
The
land
owne
r be
com
es t
he
owne
r of
the
mat
eria
ls,
but
he m
ust
pay
for
thei
r va
lue
and
DA
MA
GES
Whe
n th
e ow
ner
of
the
mat
eria
ls d
ecid
es t
o re
mov
e th
em
whe
ther
or
no
t de
stru
ctio
n w
ould
be
ca
used
. In
th
is
case
, th
e ow
ner
of t
he m
ater
ials
and
w
ill b
e en
title
d to
dam
ages
W
hen
the
land
owne
r is
in
G
OO
D F
AIT
H a
nd t
he o
wne
r of
the
mat
eria
ls i
s in
BA
D
FAIT
H
The
owne
r m
ay d
eman
d th
e de
mol
ition
of
the
thin
g bu
ilt,
in o
rder
to
retu
rn t
hing
s to
th
eir
form
er c
ondi
tion
at
the
expe
nse
of
the
build
er
or
com
pel
the
build
er
to
pay
the
pric
e of
the
land
and
the
so
wer
, pro
per
rent
Th
e la
ndow
ner
is e
xem
pted
fro
m r
eim
burs
emen
t un
less
he
choo
ses
to g
et w
hat
was
bui
lt an
d is
als
o en
title
d do
dam
ages
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith A
rt.
451,
whi
le t
he
build
er is
ent
itled
to
reim
burs
emen
t fo
r ne
cess
ary
expe
nses
for
the
pres
erva
tion
of
the
land
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith A
rt. 4
52
-
P
ROPE
RTY
MID
TERM
REV
IEW
ER
A
tty.
Rob
les
Clau
dio,
Cor
tina
, Sar
ines
(2A
SY
2009
-201
0)
Pa
ge 1
1 of
46
A
rt. 4
48-4
54: R
ule
whe
n la
ndow
ner
and
build
er a
re d
iffer
ent
pers
ons
Si
tuat
ion
Gen
eral
Rul
e Ex
cept
ion
Whe
n th
e bu
ilder
is in
GO
OD
FA
ITH
Th
e la
ndow
ner
has
a ch
oice
ei
ther
to:
1.
appr
opri
ate
for
him
self
wha
t w
as
built
af
ter
paym
ent
of
inde
mni
ty
2.
Obl
ige
the
build
er
to p
ay t
he p
rice
of
the
land
Whe
n th
e la
nd
is
cons
ider
ably
hig
her
than
the
va
lue
of w
hat
was
bui
lt, t
hen
the
build
er
cann
ot
be
com
pelle
d to
buy
the
lan
d.
In t
his
case
, th
e re
nt s
houl
d be
pai
d by
the
bui
lder
upo
n te
rms
agre
ed
upon
by
the
part
ies
or
in
case
of
di
sagr
eem
ent,
th
e co
urt
shal
l fix
the
term
s.
Whe
n th
e la
ndow
ner
is
in
BAD
FA
ITH
, whi
le t
he b
uild
er
is in
GO
OD
FA
ITH
The
land
owne
r be
com
es t
he
owne
r of
the
build
ing,
but
he
mus
t pa
y fo
r th
eir
valu
e an
d da
mag
es
Whe
n th
e bu
ilder
dec
ides
to
rem
ove
them
w
heth
er
or
not
dest
ruct
ion
wou
ld
be
caus
ed
sinc
e he
ha
s th
e ab
solu
te r
ight
of r
emov
al
Whe
n th
e la
ndow
ner
is
in
GO
OD
FA
ITH
, an
d bu
ilder
is
in B
AD
FA
ITH
The
build
er
lose
s w
hat
he
has
built
, pla
nted
or
sow
n in
ba
d fa
ith w
itho
ut t
he r
ight
to
inde
mni
ty
in
acco
rdan
ce
with
Art
. 449
Prof
s le
ctur
e A
s to
rig
hts
of t
he la
ndow
ner:
If
the
land
owne
r pr
oper
ty c
hoos
es t
o as
k fo
r th
e pa
ymen
t of
the
pri
ce o
f th
e la
nd
and
the
build
er, p
lant
er, o
r so
wer
can
not
pay
the
sam
e, t
he la
ndow
ner
may
eith
er
oblig
e th
e bu
ilder
or
plan
ter
to r
emov
e th
e im
prov
emen
ts a
t hi
s ex
pens
e or
he
may
pe
titio
n th
e co
urt
to h
ave
the
prop
erty
be
sold
, and
if t
he p
roce
eds
are
not
enou
gh
to c
over
the
valu
e of
the
impr
ovem
ents
, the
re s
hall
be n
o re
imbu
rsem
ent
The
land
owne
r do
es n
ot a
utom
atic
ally
bec
ome
the
owne
r of
the
impr
ovem
ent
if th
e bu
ilder
fails
to p
ay th
e va
lue
of th
e la
nd
If th
e la
ndow
ner
exer
cise
s th
e op
tion
to a
ppro
pria
te w
hat
he h
as b
een
built
, pl
ante
d or
sow
n in
bad
fai
th,
he m
ay n
ot b
e ob
liged
to
pay
inde
mni
ty t
o bu
ilder
, pl
ante
r, o
r so
wer
A h
ouse
bui
lt b
y a
pers
on o
n a
land
ow
ned
by a
noth
er w
hich
land
was
occ
upie
d by
th
e fo
rmer
upo
n m
ere
tole
ranc
e is
a h
ouse
bui
lt in
bad
faith
A
s to
rig
hts
of t
he B
uild
er:
In c
ase
the
owne
r of
the
land
who
is a
lso
in g
ood
faith
, has
not
pai
d th
e pr
oper
ty
inde
mni
ty, t
he b
uild
er, s
ower
, or
plan
ter,
in g
ood
faith
sha
ll ha
ve t
he r
ight
to
stay
in
the
prop
erty
with
out
payi
ng r
enta
ls a
nd a
lso
the
righ
t to
hav
e th
e va
lue
of w
hich
is
bui
lt, p
lant
ed, o
r so
wn
anno
tate
d on
the
tit
le o
f th
e la
nd t
o pr
otec
t hi
s ri
ght
in
case
the
land
is s
old
to a
thir
d pe
rson
in g
ood
faith
and
for
valu
e.
A b
uild
er in
goo
d fa
ith c
anno
t be
com
pelle
d to
pay
ren
tal o
n th
e la
nd h
e do
es n
ot
own
and
on w
hich
his
bui
ldin
g w
as c
onst
ruct
ed. H
e ha
s th
e ri
ght
to r
etai
n th
e la
nd
on w
hich
he
has
cons
truc
ted
the
build
ing
in g
ood
faith
unt
il he
is r
eim
burs
ed t
he
expe
nses
incu
rred
by
him
Th
e bu
ilder
, et
al.
in g
ood
faith
who
hav
e no
t be
en p
aid
the
inde
mni
ty b
y th
e ow
ner
of t
he l
and
also
in
good
fai
th,
nay
not
valid
ly c
laim
the
fru
its t
here
of,
beca
use
in s
uch
case
, the
y no
long
er a
ct in
goo
d fa
ith, t
hey
know
ing
the
true
ow
ner
of th
e la
nd
It m
ust b
e no
ticed
, how
ever
, tha
t Art
. 448
DO
ES N
OT
appl
y in
the
follo
win
g ca
ses:
1.
Co
-ow
ners
hip
2.
Usu
fruc
t 3.
Le
ase
alre
ady
and/
or p
revi
ousl
y ag
reed
upo
n 4.
A
per
son
who
ow
ns a
hou
se a
nd lo
t sel
ls o
nly
the
lot b
ut n
ot th
e ho
use
5.
rela
tions
bet
wee
n pr
ivat
e pe
rson
s an
d so
vere
ign
belli
gere
nts
Art
. 455
-456
: Rul
e w
hen
ther
e ar
e th
ree
part
ies
(land
owne
r, b
uild
er, a
nd o
wne
r of
m
ater
ials
)
U
nder
th
e th
ird
situ
atio
n,
the
righ
ts
of
the
land
owne
r an
d bu
ilder
re
mai
n un
affe
cted
and
est
ablis
hed
by th
e ru
les
A p
erso
n ca
n be
in
good
fai
th a
nd b
e ne
glig
ent
at t
he s
ame
tim
e. I
n th
is c
ase,
da
mag
es w
ill a
rise
bas
ed o
n A
rt. 2
176
.
-
P
ROPE
RTY
MID
TERM
REV
IEW
ER
A
tty.
Rob
les
Clau
dio,
Cor
tina
, Sar
ines
(2A
SY
2009
-201
0)
Pa
ge 1
2 of
46
Part
ies
invo
lved
If
in B
ad fa
ith
If
in G
ood
fait
h
Ow
ner
of m
ater
ials
H
e lo
ses
the
right
to
be
in
dem
nifie
d. H
e ca
n ev
en b
e lia
ble
for
cons
eque
ntia
l da
mag
e if
the
mat
eria
ls a
re
of a
n in
feri
or q
ualit
y
He
is
entit
led
to
reim
burs
emen
t fr
om
the
build
er
sinc
e it
was
th
e bu
ilder
who
fir
st m
ade
use
of th
e m
ater
ials
. In
cas
e of
ins
olve
ncy
of t
he
build
er,
the
land
owne
r is
su
bsid
iari
ly li
able
if h
e m
akes
us
e of
the
mat
eria
ls .
if
the
land
owne
r co
mpe
ls
the
build
er t
o bu
y th
e la
nd o
r to
de
mol
ish
the
cons
truc
tion,
he
doe
s no
t m
ake
use
of t
he
mat
eria
ls,
henc
e he
can
not
be h
eld
subs
idea
rily
liab
le
ALL
PA
RTIE
S
They
mus
t al
l be
con
side
red
actin
g in
goo
d fa
ith
Art
. 457
4
58: T
he R
ipar
ian
Ow
ner
Ripa
rian
Ow
ner
One
who
se la
nd is
bou
nded
by
a na
tura
l str
eam
, or
thro
ugh
who
se la
nd it
flo
ws,
an
d rip
aria
n ri
ghts
are
thos
e w
hich
he
has
to th
e us
e of
the
wat
er o
f the
str
eam
Th
e Ci
vil C
ode
gran
ts t
he r
ipar
ian
owne
r th
e be
nefit
s of
allu
vium
upo
n co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith t
he e
ssen
tial r
equi
site
s
Reas
ons
why
allu
vium
is g
rant
ed t
o th
e ri
pari
an o
wne
r 1.
To
com
pens
ate
him
for
the
loss
he
may
suf
fer
due
to t
he e
rosi
on o
f the
des
truc
tive
forc
e of
the
wat
er a
nd d
ange
r fr
om fl
oods
2.
To
com
pens
ate
him
bec
ause
the
pro
pert
y is
sub
ject
to
encu
mbr
ance
s an
d le
gal
ease
men
ts
A
ccre
tions
are
nat
ural
inci
dent
s to
land
