Download - Programming languages
Presented By: Archana Maharjan Bishnu Rajbhandari Manish Tamrakar Ranju Silwal BE Computer, IIIrd Semester, Group-3
INTRODUCTION
an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer.
used to facilitate communication about the task of organizing and manipulating information
to express algorithms precisely
Programming Languages
Machine Languages/First generationAssemble Languages/Second
generationProcedural Languages/Third
generationProblem Oriented languages/FourthNatural Languages/Fifth
Machine Languages Uses binary system 0s and 1s for electricity on / off 0s is off and 1s on Alphabet A as 1000001 To convert decimal to binary 24 divided by 2 11000 Early age machines like ENIAC uses vacuum tubes where tubes
lit up or unlit which corresponds 10 binary state Early age there was no software, they uses switches, 3000
switches where they used to on and off for one program they used to take one week.
Machine code has one advantages as its runs fast and efficient as it is machine language itself.
Disadvantages : There is no one standard machine language
Assembly Languages For more standardization, assembly languages developed Also known as symbolic languages Machine languages 11110010 01110011 11010010 00010000 01110000 00101011 Assembly languages Pack 210(8,13), 02B(4,7) Pack 218(8,13), 02F(4,7) MP 212(G,13), 21D(3,13) Multiply hours worked by pay rate In order to execute assemble languages need to change into machine language. 15
assemble statement need to translate 15 machine standard. Advantages More standardize and easier than machine languages Operate efficiently not so efficient than machine languages Easy to debug programs Disadvantages Very long Complex Dependant with machine languages
High Level Languages
More Standard Language in text like “Calculate gross Pay”
Types of High level languagesProcedural-Oriented LanguagesProblem Oriented languagesNatural or fifth generation
Procedural Oriented languages
General purpose programming languages are called procedural languages or third generation languages e.g.. Pascal, Cobol, Fortran, Basic etc.
Advantages Statements are in English, easy to work English language so it takes less time to program Once coded easy to understand and modify Languages are machine independentDisadvantages Execute slow Less efficient
Problem Oriented Languages & Application
It is designed to solve specific problems or develop specific application by enabling what you want rather than step by step procedures
It is fourth generation language Application toolsPersonal computer application software: word-process,
spreadsheet, database, PowerPoint etc.Query languages and report generators: QBE, SQL,
answer/database QMF, RPGIII etc.Decision support systems and financial planning
languages: Express, FCS, IFPD, System W etc.
Natural language
Still in development stageIt is the natural more human likeAllow the computer to become
smarter Most popular natural language are
LISP and Prolog.
Difference between 3 GLs and 4 GLs
Third GLs Intended for use by professional
programmers Requires specification of how to
perform task
All alternatives must be specified
Require large number of procedural instructions
Code may be difficult to read, understand and maintain.
Language developed for batch operations
Can be difficult to learn Difficult to debug Typically file oriented
Fourth GLs• May be used by a non programming end user as well as a professional programmer.•Requires specification of what task is to be performed (system determines how to perform the task)•Default alternatives are built in; an end user need not specify these alternatives•Require far fewer instructions
•Code is easy to understand and maintain because of English-like commands•Language developed primarily for on line user
•Easy to learn•Easy to debug•Typically database-oriented
Compilers and Interpreters
There are two types of translators.CompilersInterpretersHigh level languages are called compiler language or interpreters language Compiler languageA translation program is run to convert the programmer’s entire high-level program,
which is called the source code, into a machine language. It is called compilationMachine code is called object code and can be saved and either run immediately or
later. E.g.. COBOL, C, C++, FORTRAN etc. InterpretersA translation program converts each program statement into machine code just before
the program statement is to be executed. Translation and execution occur immediately.One after another and one statement at a time.
Compiler languages are better than interpreted languages as they can be executed faster and more efficiently once the object code has been obtained.
CONCLUSION
Consolidation and growth Measuring language usage Taxonomies
REFERENCE
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2007
Computer Conceptshttp\\programminglanguages