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Donor Funded Project Guidelines and Selection of Result Statements
Nudrat Mufti
Logical Framework Matrix, Key Terms:
Inputs Activities
Results: Impact,
Outcome, Outputs
Indicators Assumptions and Risks
REMEMBER-IMPACT IS BLACK
OUTPUT IS GREEN
OUTCOME IS
ORANGE
Sélection of ObjectivesI. As we cannot solve all of the problems we need to prioritize items
from objectives tree.II. Define potential solutionsIII. Select the most appropriate solution
What will the organisation not do? What will other organisation tackle or are already tackling? Existing capacities and opportunities: what can the affected people do
themselves? Constraints and risks; how vulnerable is the intervention to external
factors?
What will the organisation do? Which objectives are compatible with the USAID fundamental principles,
mandate and policies? Which combination of objectives does our organisation and team have the
capacity to effectively address?• SWOT(Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats)
Analysis to décide
Project Objectives Analysis
• Convert problem statements into objective statements • Then into an objective tree. Problem tree shows cause-effect
relationships• The objective tree shows means-end relationships. • The means-end relationships show the means by which the
project can achieve the desired ends or future desirable conditions.
Project Activities
• After defining the objectives, and specifying how they will be measured objectively verifiable indicators(OVIs)and where and how that information will be found measurable organizational value (MOVs) we get to the detailed planning phase.
• We now determine what activities are required to achieve each objective.
• The concrete interventions or tasks that project personnel undertake to transform inputs into outputs.
ActivitiesOutput
• Short
• Within control Individual group
Outcome• Medium
• Effect of Several Output Results
• Institution Organization Community
Impact• Long
• Result of other Variables
• Country Region Society
Activities
Activities
Results chain
Results Chain (Example)
Inputs OutputResults
ImpactResultActivities Outcome
Results
Train teachers Improved classroompractices
Increased capacity ofteachers
Improved educationat provincial level
Levels of Results
Output Results (short-term)
Outcome Results (medium-term)
Impact Results (longer-term)
Difference Between Activities & Output Results
• Activities are actions to be undertaken within the scope of the project.
• Completed activities are not output results.
• Output results are the short-term effects of completed activities.
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Outputs
Outcome
Inputs
Activities
Increased access to quality education services
Better educated population
Improved curricula and materials, teachingskills, and systems for school management
Materials development, teacher training, and management capacity building
Impact
Money, facilities, trainers, materials
Results ChainHow?
Characteristics of Effective Results
Specific (in relation to beneficiaries, gender, location)
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time bound
SMART
General Guideline and Selection of Results Statements
Results Normally Expressed In Terms
Increased
Decreased
Improved
Enhanced
Strengthened
General Guideline for Development and Selection of Output Statements
Should be achieved by the mid point of a project
Commonly expressed in terms of individuals/groups
Immediate, visible, concrete developmental change that is the tangible consequence of project inputs/activities
For example :
• MIS system designed and functioning
• Improved planning skills of NGO partners
• Increased collaboration between NGO partners and local government officials (male /female )
Output Results
General Guideline For Development And Selection Of Outcome Statements
The developmental change in the beneficiaries of the project
Commonly expressed in terms of community, institution, organization
Should be achieved by the end of a project
General Guideline for Development and Selection of Impact Result Statements
The higher level, long-term effects that are usually not measurable until after a project ends
Linked to the project goal
Expressed in terms of region, country, province
Projects are not responsible for measuring results at the impact level
Measuring Results Through Indicators
• Indicators must be identified to measure output and outcome results.• An indicator is a pointer, measurement,
a number, a fact, an opinion, or a perception that helps you to measure the progress towards achieving results.• Indicators are to be used during
implementation to monitor progress toward the achievement of expected results
Types of Indicators
Quantitative indicators:• Measures of quantity• Examples: # of, % of, frequency of ….
Qualitative indicators:• Involve people’s perceptions about a
subject• Examples: quality of, extent of, degree of…
General Guideline for Indicator Development
and Selection
• Indicators measure whether results have been achieved• Indicators denote change over time• Indicators illustrate the cause and effect
relationships between inputs and results• Start an indicator with
• Number of ….• % age of the ratio of……• Quality of…• Perceptions of…
Brainstorm possible indicators Does the indicator really measure the result?
Can we get reliable data for this indicator, now and in the future?
Does this indicator permit us to measure the result over time?
Does it provide information upon which decisions can be based?
Can we afford to use this indicator?
Does this indicator make it easy to communicate the status of the result?
Is this indicator gender-sensitive?
Discard indicator or keep in reserve
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Confirmed
Valid
Reliable
Sensitive to change
Useful
Affordable
Simple
Gender-sensitive
General Guideline for Indicator Development and Selection
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Examples of Indicators
Result: Strengthened human rights capacity of regional and local government councilors (male /female ) in X districts.
Indicators:• Number of local government councilors (male /female ) trained in human
rights
• Number of human rights trainings held
• Number and type of cases attended to by trained local government councilors
• Degree of human rights commitment by trained councilors (male/female )
• Number of human rights cases occurring in the target area
USAID’s criteria for assessing performance indicators include:
• Direct (valid) -- closely represents the result it is intended to measure.
• Objective -- unambiguous about what is being measured; has a precise operational definition that ensures comparability over time.
• Practical -- data can be collected on a timely basis and at reasonable cost.
• Adequate -- only the minimum number of indicators necessary to ensure that key dimensions of a result are sufficiently captured.
• Reliable -- data are of sufficient quality for confident decision-making.
• Disaggregated where possible -- by characteristics such as sex, age, economic status, and location,