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Chapter 1
Introduction to IT
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Technology
Technology is science which makes your day to day life
comfortable and reduces the time required for doing work.
Example-
Mobile Phones
Computer Software
ERP
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IT
IT is a new science of collecting, storing, processing and transmitting information.
Information Technology
Informatiquefrench word
Informatika- Russian word
Information support with Knowledge
Components of Information Technology
Computer Technology,
Communication Technology and
Printing Technologies
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Communication Technology
Audio Technology
Audio-Visual Technology
Facsimile Transmission (Fax)
Electronic Mail
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Computer
Computer
Introduction-
Computer- Dictionary meaning To Compute Initially designed to perform arithmeticoperation even called as calculator.
Computer are defined as device that operate upon data or information.
It store, process & retrieve data as and when desired so it also called as dataprocessor.
Characteristic-
Speed
Accuracy
Diligence(Dullness & lack of Concentration)
Versatility
Power of Remembering
No Feelings
No IQ
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MAINFRAME
LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER
ONE GIGABYTE RAM AND OVER
COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY
APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA
COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS
In all IT, FMCGLarge & Middle Scale
*
2.9
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MINICOMPUTER
MIDDLE-RANGE
BELOWONE GIGABYTE RAM
UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS
USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR
MAINFRAME
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2.10
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MICROCOMPUTER
DESKTOP OR PORTABLE
UP TO ONE GIGABITE
PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS
AFFORDABLE
MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS
CAN BE NETWORKED
*
2.11
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LAPTOPS & SMALLER
LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): Briefcase type package, very portable, can be
inexpensive, can connect to other computers or networks
2.12
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Zeroeth Generation
Man used his fingers, ropes, bones and other objects for counting.
Electricity was not yet invented
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FIRST GENERATION,
19511958: The Vacuum Tube The first generation of computers, characterized by vacuum tubes, started in 1951
with the creation of -
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)a tabulating machine which won thecontest for the fastest machine which could count the US 1890 census.
VACUUM TUBESelectronic tubes about the size of light bulbs.
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SECOND GENERATION,
19591964: The Transistor
The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors, which characterized the secondgeneration of computers.
TRANSISTORwas a three-legged component which shrunk the size of the firstgeneration computers. Occupied only 1/100thof the space occupied by a vacuum tube
More reliable, had greater computational speed, required no warm-up time and consumedfar less electricity.
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THIRD GENERATION,
19651970: The Integrated Circuit
Third generation computers arose in 1965 with the invention of smaller electronic
circuits called integrated circuits (ICS)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITSare square silicon chips containing circuitry that can
perform the functions of hundreds of transistors.
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FOURTH GENERATION,
1971Present: The Microprocessor
Marked by the use of microprocessor
MICROPROCESSORis a silicon chip that contains the CPUpart of the
computer where all processing takes place.
4004 chipwas the first microprocessor introduced by Intel Corporation.
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The Central Processing Unit
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The CPU
Converts data into information
Control center
Set of electronic circuitry that executes storedprogram instructions
Three parts
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Registers
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Control Unit
CU
Pass the instruction by indexing them
Directs the computer system to executestored program instructions
Communicates with other parts of the
hardware
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Arithmetic / Logic Unit
ALU
Performs arithmetic operations
Performs logical operations
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Arithmetic Operations
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
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Logical Operations
Evaluates conditions
Makes comparisons
Can compare
Numbers
Letters
Special characters
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Registers
Special-purpose
High-speed
Temporary storage
Located inside CPU
Instruction register
Holds instruction currentlybeing executed
Data register
Holds data waiting to beprocessed
Holds results from processing
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Executing Programs
CU gets an instruction and places it in memory
CU decodes the instruction
CU notifies the appropriate part of hardware to takeaction
Control is transferred to the appropriate part of hardware
Task is performed
Control is returned to the CU
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The Computer Continuum 3-27
Primary Memory
Primary storageor memory: Is where the data and program that are
currently in operation or being accessed are stored during use.
Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast and
expensive. Two types:
RAM(non-permanent)
Programs and data can be stored here for the computers use.
Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shutsdown.
ROM(permanent)
Contents do not change.
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Types of Storage
Secondary
Data that will near future
Long-term
Memory Data that will be used in the eventually be used
Temporary
Faster access than storage
Registers Data immediately related to the operation being executed
Faster access than memory
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RAM
Requires current to retain values
Volatile
Data and instructions can be read and
modified
Users typically refer to this type of memory
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Whats in RAM?
Operating System
Program currently running
Data needed by the program
Intermediate results waiting to be output
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Types of RAM
SRAM
Retains contents as long as power is
maintained
Faster than DRAM
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Types of RAM
DRAM
Must be constantly refreshed
Used for most PC memory because of size andcost
SDRAM
faster type of DRAM
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ROM
Programs and data that are permanently recorded atthe factory
Read
Use
Cannot be changed by the user
Stores boot routine that is activated when computeris turned on
Nonvolatile
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PROM
Programmable ROM
ROM burner can change instructions on some
ROM chips
EPROM
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Storage Technology
Electronic devices that store, retrieve, and
save instructions and data.
Todays microcomputers or PCs include several
types of storage devices.
Capacityand speedare important
considerations when selecting a new storage
device for a PC.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=216.121.19.246/images/storage.jpg&imgrefurl=http://216.121.19.246/pages/storage.htm&h=258&w=508&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstorage%2Bdevices%26num%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG -
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Storage Technology
Magnetic storage devicesstoredata by magnetizing particleson a disk or tape. They have a
limited life-span of 1 to 5 years,depending on the device.
Optical storage devicesstoredata as light and dark spots onthe disk surface. They have anunlimited life-span.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.pns.anl.gov/ckl_science/Images%2520folder/CD-ROM.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.pns.anl.gov/ckl_science/Materials/GaN_application.html&h=276&w=228&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522optical%2Bstorage%2Bdevices%2522%26num%3D20%26hl%3Den -
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Storage Devices
Hard Disk Drives
Capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB or
billions of bytes).
Typically permanently installed.
Used to store operating system, application
software, utilities and data. Magnetic storage device.
Learn more about how a hard disk drive works from How
Stuff Works website.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htm -
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Storage Devices
Floppy Disk Drives
Capacity is 1.44 to 2.0
megabytes (MB or millions ofbytes).
Storage device with the smallest
capacity
Most portable storage media
Magnetic storage device.
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Storage Devices
CD-ROM Drives
Typically installed on all new computer
systems. (Were add-on device until the mid
1990s).
Capacity is 600 to 750 megabytes
(MB or millions of bytes).
Most mass-produced commercial software is
packaged on a CD.
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Storage Devices
CD-ROM Drives
Used more often now for backup storage as
CD-RW (read/write) technology has become
less expensive.
Data is read from CD by a laser.
Optical storage device.
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Storage Devices
Other Types of Drives
Zip DrivesSeveral different capacities are available.
Tape DrivesGenerally used for system backups,
becoming less common.
DVD drivesCan also read CDs, now more common
as a standard device on new computer systems.
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Input, Output, and
Storage
Chapter 1
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Devices
Input Devices Output Devices Storage Devices
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Introduction
Examples
pp. 59.-61
Real World
Data
Computer
DataInput device
Dear Mom: Keyboard 10110010
Digital
camera10110010
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
1.4 Input Devices
I nput devicecaptures information and translates it into a formthat can be processed and used by other parts of your computer.
Keyboards
Pointing devices
Game controllersScanners
Styluses
Microphones
Digital cameras
Web cams
p. 5.130 Fig. 5-1
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Input Devices
The keyboard is the most common inputdevice. Types of keyboards include:
Wireless
Multimedia and one-touch access
Portable keyboards for PDAs
p. 5.131 Fig. 5-2
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Types of Input Devices
p. 5.131 Fig. 5-2
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Pointing Devices
Various pointing devices are available
Types of pointing devices:
Mouse
Optical mouse
Wireless mouse
Touchpad
p. 5.132 & P. 5.133 Fig. 5-3 & Fig 5.4
SimNet Concepts Support CD: Mice
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Specialized Input Devices
Other types of input devices include:
Scanners
Styluses
Microphones
Digital cameras
Web cams
p. 5.135 Fig. 5-6
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Scanner
Scanneris a light sensitive device that helps you
copy or capture images, photos, and artwork
that exist on paper. Types of scanners include:
Flatbed
SimNet Concepts Support CD: Scanners
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Styluses
Stylusis an input device consisting of a thin
stick that uses pressure to enter information
or to click and point
Styluses are used with:PDAsTablet PCs
Graphics tablets
p. 5.135 Fig. 5-6
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Microphones
Microphones are used toinput audio
Three main types ofmicrophones are:Desktop microphones
Headsets
Directional microphones
Speech recognition isincreasingly being included inapplication software
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Digital Cameras
Digital cameras are used to: Download images to a computer
Post pictures to the Web
Produce videos Resolution is measured in
megapixels
Higher the resolution, better the
image quality, but the moreexpensive the camera
SimNet Concepts Support CD: Digital Cameras
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Web Cams
Web camis a video camera that
can be used to take images for
uploading to the Web
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
5.2 Output Devices
Output devicestake informationwithin your computer and present itto you in a form that you can
understand Main output devices:
Monitors
Printers
Speakers
SimNet Concepts Support CD:
Overview of Output Devices
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Flat Panel Display Devices
Devices with flat-panel displays
Tablet PCs
Cellular phones
Desktop computers
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/pda.htmhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/pda.htm -
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Monitors
CRTs
Flat-panel displays
Gas plasma
LCD (liquid crystal display)
p. 5.137 Fig. 5-9
SimNet Concepts Support CD: Monitors
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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies
Screen Talk
Screen sizemeasured as a diagonal line across the screenfrom corner to opposite corner
Resolutionthe number of pixels displayed on the screen(the higher the resolution, the closer together the dots)
800x6001024x7681280x720 (widescreen)1280x768 (widescreen)1280x960 (widescreen)1280x10241920x1440 (widescree
Pixels(or picture element) dots that make up the imageon your screen
Refresh ratethe speed with which a monitor redraws theimage of the screen, and is measured in hertz
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Printers
Inkjetmost popular
Makes images by forcing droplets
through nozzles
Top speed is 20 pages per minute
Laser
Forms images using an electrostatic
process Prints between 3 and 30 pages per
minute
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Printers - Cont
Resolution of a printer is the
number of dots per inch (dpi) it
produces.
Higher the resolution, better the
image, and usually the more costly
the printer
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Printers - Cont.
Multifunction printer:
Scan, copy, fax, and print
Can be either inkjet or laser
Cost less than buying
individual units
Take up less desk space
SimNet Concepts Support CD: Printers
p. 5.139 Fig. 5-11
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Speakers
A speakeris a device thatproduces computer output assound
Speakers are commondevices in computer systemsExamples include:
Built-in speaker
Two-device set speakers
Surround sound speakers
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IT Application In Management
CORPORATE WORLD:-- Intra networking For connectivity within the organization and Internet for
connectivity the with whole world and information exchange.
It saves time and in corporate world Time is money
HOSPITALITY:--
Online live help from Dot. Of other country with the help of WEBCAM. Most ofthe surgery has studied 1st on PC, near about all the test has done with help of technow days.
It makes to diagnosis the dieses and cure them.
GOVERNMENT SECTOR:--
DTE all MBA procedure totally based on internet from filling the application fromup to taking admission.
CONSTRUTION BUSNIESS:--
CAD/CAM For design of building Arc. With accuracy also used for machine design
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IT Application In Management
Banking1. To day Banking totally depend on Computer and networking
Like ATM,Online Banking, Online Money Transfer (WUMT).
2. Proper communication between all types of Bank(Co-operative, national,
international) So business become easy.
3. Foreign currency rates.Business Application
All types of company(MNC, Small scale) are almost depend on there computer for
office work and on internet for getting ,giving and updating information purpose.
We can also use E-Commerce (B2B,B2C,B2G)
Payroll & Personal Reco.1. We can keep record. Individually of Wages and Salaries
2. On Line Acct. Facility
3. We Can keep Current Balance Deposit, overdrafts, shares.
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
5.3 Storage Devices
Storage devicestores information to berecalled and used at a later time
Three major technology types forinformation storage:
Magnetic
Optical or laser
Flash memory
SimNet Concepts Support CD: Storage Concepts
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Storage Medium Terms
Byte
Kilobyte (KB)
Megabytes (MB)
Gigabytes (GB)
Terabytes (TB)
Petabyte (PB) Exabyte (EB)
= 8 bits
1 Thousand Bytes
1 Million Bytes
1 Billion Bytes
1 Trillion Bytes
1 quadrillion Bytes1 quintillion Bytes
Magnetic Storage Devices: Internal
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Magnetic Storage Devices: Internal
Magnetic Hard Disk
Magnetic storage devices can be
either internal or external
Internal magnetic hard disks are
fixed inside the system unit
External magnetic hard disks are
portable
SimNet Concepts Support CD: Removable Disks
Magnetic Storage Devices: Internal
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Magnetic Storage Devices: Internal
Magnetic Hard Disk
Internal hard diskis a magneticstorage device with
One or more thin platters that store
information sealed inside the disk drive. Read/write heads access the information
on surface
Heads readinformation while copying itfrom disk to RAM
Heads writeinformation when copying itfrom RAM to disk
Magnetic Storage Devices: External
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Magnetic Storage Devices: External
Magnetic Hard Disk
External hard disksare magnetic
storage media which are portable
storage units that you can connect
to your computer as necessary
Great for backup storage devices
Ability to transport your hard disk
from one computer to another
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Floppy Disks and Zip Disks
Removable magnetic storage mediacome in two basic types:
Traditional floppy disks
Zip disks These storage media are useful for:
Storing files for backup or securitypurposes
Transferring files from one computer toanother
Removable Magnetic Storage: Floppy
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Removable Magnetic Storage: Floppy
Disk
Floppy Mylar disk
Housed inside a hard plastic
casing
Thin, flexible plastic disk
3.5 inch floppy disks
also called floppies, diskettes,
floppy disks
Holds about 1.44 megabytes of
information
High-capacity disks
Zip disk
p. 5.144 Fig. 5.15
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Optical Storage
CDs
DVDs
Both are optical storage
and have three formats: Read-only
Write-once
Read-and-write
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Optical Storage Media
Read-Only CD-ROM
DVD-ROM
One-Time Writable CD-R
DVD-R
Fully Read-and-Write CD-RW
DVD-RW or
DVD-RAM
SimNet Concepts Support CD: CDs and DVDs
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Flash Memory Cards
Flash memory cards have high-
capacity storage laminated
inside a small piece of plastic
Flash flash memory cards do notneed a drive with moving parts
to operate
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2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
Flash Memory Talk
CompactFlash (CF)
xD-Picture Card (xD)
SmartMedia (SM) Card
SecureDigital (SD) card and
MultiMediaCards (MMC)
Memory Stick Media
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76
Memory Components Types:
Volatile: Random Access Memory (RAM):
SRAM "static" (work still power is there)
DRAM "dynamic" (need to refresh capacitor)
Non-volatile: Read Only Memory (ROM):
PROM programmable"
EPROM "electrically programmable"
EEPROM "erasable electrically programmable
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RAM
RAM is basically a computer's short-term memory, it temporarily stores theinformation a program requires to run while it is running.
RAM runs at a very high speed when compared to hard-drive speed because it is
used and needed more.
In fact RAM is so important that RAM size and speed can play an equal or greater
part in the computer's speed than the CPU. However the data stored in RAM is lost when the computer is switched off, so it
can not be used for long term storage.
Modern computers can get up to 4GB of ram, and 512MB is required to install the
latest version of Windows, "Vista."
2003 The McGraw-Hill
Companies
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SOFTWARES - are programs that make a
computer run. They are sets of instructions
which tell the computer what to do to come
up with the desired result.
DEFINITION
Concept
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Concept
The HW needs SW to be useful; the SW
needs HW to be useful
When the user needs something to bedone by the computer, he/she gives
instructions in the form of SW tocomputer HW
These instructions need to be written in a
language that is readily understoodby thecomputer.
C i f C S f
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Categories of Computer Software
General-Purpose
Programs
Application-Specific
Programs
SystemManagement
Programs
ApplicationSoftware
ComputerSoftware
SystemSoftware
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SystemSoftware
ApplicationSoftware
Software
S t S ft
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System Software- Programs that work automatically once you open or
boot your computer.
- Their task include loading and running programs,
checking and protecting computers, and controlling
hardware.- It is the control software that operates the hardware and
allows the application to run.
Operating System (OS)
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p g y
Performs its work invisibly to control the internal functions
of a computer, e.g. maintaining fileson the disk drive,managing the screen, controlling which tasks thecomputer performsand in what order
It interacts directly with the computer HW
Other SW normally does not directly interact with the HW,but through the OS
E l
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Examples
Windows XPhome and business
Windows 2000business network use
Mac Operating SystemGUI, graphics
UNIXgeneral purpose, mainframe Linuxalternative to Windows
Doscommand driven
O ti S t
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Operating Systems
Operating Systems run in thebackground without the users
being aware of it.
It controls the inputs, outputs,interrupts, and storage of files as
requested by the applications
software.
LINUX
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LINUX
DOS
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DOS
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Are programs installed in the computer. Itenables the user to do different tasks.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Used for a specific purpose or application. Word processing;
Numerical analysis and storage;
Recording of data; Designing and graphics;
Image processing;
Presentations;
Desk top publishing;
Web design.
WORD PROCESSORS
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WORD PROCESSORS
Used in creating letters, memos, reports andother write-ups.
Examples: Wordstar
MS Word
WordPerfect
MS Word
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ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET
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ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET
Software that are equipped with rows andcolumns where data may be entered and
processed automatically or tabulated.
Examples:
Visicalc Quattro
Supercalc Ms Works
Lotus 123
Excel
EXCEL 2007
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EXCEL 2007
DATABASE
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DATABASE
Programs that can be use to organize data in acustomized way.
Examples:
MS Access MySQL
Dbase Oracle
Foxbase Lotus Approach
Dbase
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Dbase
Oracle Database
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Oracle Database
Utility Programs
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Utility Programs
Virus checking and cleaning.
Security using identification and passwords.
File and hard disk management for efficiency and
storage. Customising the computer to the users
requirements, i.e. short cut menus from mouse click.
Setting peripheral devices to the users requirements,
i.e. setting the monitor resolution.
Utilities
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Computer programs that perform a particularfunction related to computer systemmanagement and maintenance
Examples:
1. Anti-virus SW
2. Data compression SW
3. Disk optimization SW
4. Disk backup SW
5. Disk cleaner
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Entertainment Software
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Entertainment Software
Specially designed for fun and relaxation.
Example
Real Player WinAmp QuickTime
Windows Media Player VLC Media
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Multimedia, Desktop and Image
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Editing Software
Used to create graphics and publications andto edit images
Examples
Adobe Photoshop Adobe Pagemaker
Corel Draw Publisher
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