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Page 1: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Manure

Washington State University:H.S. Joo, P.M. Ndegwa, J.H. Harrison, E. Whitefield, S.

Fei, X. Wang, G. Neerackal

Purdue University:

A.J. Heber, J.Q. Ni 

Waste-2-Worth ConferenceDenver, Co, April 3, 2013

Page 2: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Outline

• Background

• Objectives of the study

• Materials and Methods

• Results

• Summary & Conclusions

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Page 3: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Background

• This study is funded under NRCS-CIG program to demonstrate the impact of anaerobic digestion (AD) of dairy manure on air quality during effluent storage and/or subsequent manure application on land.

• Motivation: The environmental benefits of AD has been shown in research but adoption of the technology is still low.

• Interests: • Odor and VOCs emissions,• Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions,• NH3 and H2S emissions.

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Page 4: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Methods and Materials: AD site plan

AD Mixing tank

Lagoons

Composting vessel

Manure from Dairy

Liquid effluent

Solids separation

Solids/compost

GeneratorRoom

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Page 5: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Methods and Materials: AD site

AD

Receiving/mixing tank

Primary lagoon

Composting drums

Liquid effluent tank

Solids/liquid separator

Electricity generator

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Page 6: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Methods and Materials: Manure application

28 ft

125

ft

Broadcasted Non-AD

Injected non-AD

Injected AD

Broadcasted Non-AD

Broadcasted Non-AD

Injected AD

Injected AD

Injected non-AD

Injected non-AD

Broadcasted AD

Broadcasted AD

Broadcasted AD

Drag hose applicator

Chamber in place

Evacuated vials

Manure application plan/strategy in the plots

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Page 7: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Methods and Materials: Lagoon measurements

Floating chamber

Chambers’ access

Photoacoustic gas analyzer (INNOVA model 1412)

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Page 8: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Methods and Materials: Lagoon and Land Application Simulations in the lab.

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Page 9: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Methods and Materials: Odor samples

AD

Receiving/mixing tank

Influent

Liquid effluent tank

Separator

Effluent

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• Air samples were collected in 10-L Tedlar bags.

• At: Raw manure, influent, effluent, and separated liquid.

• Samples shipped immediately to the lab for odor analyses by a trained odor panel (Overnight).

• Dynamic Dilution Forced-choice Olfactometer.

Page 10: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Results: Land application (field studies)

R² = 0.97

R² = 0.94

R² = 0.92

R² = 0.95

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 15 30 45 60

CH

4C

once

ntra

ion

(ppm

)

Time (minutes)

AD-Broadcast:

NonAD-Injection:

AD-Injection:

NonAD-Broadcast:

R² = 0.99

R² = 0.97

R² = 0.97

R² = 0.99

0

200

400

600

800

0 15 30 45 60

CO

2C

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

Time (minutes)

AD-Broadcast:

NonAD-Injection:

AD-Injection:

NonAD-Broadcast:

R² = 1.00

R² = 0.99

R² = 0.93

R² = 1.00

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 15 30 45 60

N2O

Con

cent

rati

on (p

pm)

Time (minutes)

AD-Broadcast:

NonAD-Injection:

AD-Injection:

NonAD-Broadcast:

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Page 11: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Results: Land application – emissions (field studies)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

AD-Broadcast

NonAD-Injection

AD-Injection

NonAD-Broadcast

Time (day)

CH

4 E

mis

sion

s (µ

g/kg

-VS

)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140

500

1000

1500

2000AD-BroadcastNonAD-InjectionAD-InjectionNonAD-Broadcast

Time (day)

CO

2 E

mis

sion

(m

g/kg

-VS

)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140

2000

4000

6000

8000AD-BroadcastNonAD-InjectionAD-InjectionNonAD-Broadcast

Time (day)

N2O

Em

issi

on (

µg/

kg-T

AN

)

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Page 12: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Results: Land application – Ammonia emissions (field vs. studies)

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0

20

40

60

80

0 100 200 300 400 500

NonAD-B NonAD-I

AD-B AD-I

Cum

mul

ativ

eN

H3

emis

sion

(m

g)Time (h)

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

AD-I NonAD-I

AD-B NonAD-B

Time (day)

Cu

mm

ula

tive

NH

3em

issi

on

(p

pm

)

Field studies

Note the higher ammonia loss from non-AD surface applied manure – contrary to what one would anticipate or expect!

Lab simulation studies

Page 13: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Results: Lagoon GHG Emissions

0

10

20

30

April-May July September November

AD nonAD

CH

4(m

g/m

2 /m

in)

0

30

60

90

April-May July September November

AD

nonAD

CO

2(m

g/m

2 /m

in)

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0

5

10

15

20

April-May July September November

AD nonAD

N2O

(µg/

m2 /

min

)

Page 14: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Results: Lagoon NH3 Emissions

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

April-May July September November

AD nonAD

NH

3(m

g/m

2 /m

in)

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0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

0 5 10 15 20 25

Cu

mm

ula

tive

NH

3 em

issi

on (m

g)

Time (Day)

RM

AD Influent

AD Effluent

AD Liquid Effluent

Field studies

Lab simulated studies

AD effluent liquid after separation – probably huge volatilization or loss occurs during solids-liquid separation process.

Page 15: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Results: Odor Analyses

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Intensity 6-point scale: • 1—very weak• 2—weak”• 3—distinct• 4—strong• 5—very strong• 6—extremely

strong

Hedonic tone a nine-point scale:“-4:extremely unpleasant to “0 or neutral”) to “+4:extremely pleasant”

0

1500

3000

4500

6000

Water (Control) Raw Manure AD Influent AD Effluent AD Liquid Effluent

OU

E/m

3

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Water (Control) Raw Manure AD Influent AD Effluent AD Liquid Effluent

Inte

nsi

ty

-5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0Water

(Control)Raw Manure AD Influent AD Effluent AD Liquid

Effluent

He

do

nic

To

ne

Page 16: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Summary & Conclusions

• Emission of CO2 was much higher from non-AD manure compared with AD manure. Injection of manure did not seem to play a major part on CO2 emissions.

• CH4 emission was also much higher from non-AD manure compared with AD manure. Injection of non-AD manure increased emissions of CH4.

• N2O emissions were slightly higher from non-AD manure compared with AD manure. Injection of either AD or non-AD manure did not seem to affect emissions of N2O.

• Although AD manure had more TAN, NH3 emissions were highest in surface applied non-AD manure!

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Page 17: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

Summary & Conclusions

• GHG emissions from the anaerobic lagoon holding AD manure, during all four seasons, were significantly lower than from the anaerobic lagoon with non-AD manure.

• In contrast, the reverse was observed with NH3 emissions. This was also confirmed via lab simulation studies.

• While odor concentration (DT) increased some going through the digester, the intensity and hedonic tone improved.

• AD of dairy manure prior to its storage and land application demonstrate significant environmental benefits (GHGs, odor, NH3).

• Potential liability - increased NH3 emissions during storage.Waste-2-Worth ConferenceDenver, Co, April 3, 2013

Page 18: Potential Air Quality Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion Of Dairy Manure

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