Download - Personal Effct
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[email protected]@gmail.com
Dr. Atasi MohantyAsst. Professor
Centre For Educational Technology,IIT Kharagpur
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Personal Effectiveness
PersonalityCarl Rogers definition
Personality is an organized, consistent pattern of perception of the I around
which the individual interacts and has experiences.
Personality Measurement- Cattell in his theory had isolated 171 traitsout of which he extracted 16 primary personality traits through factor analysis.
This tool is called 16 P-Fthe primary traits are-
1. Outgoing Vs. reserved
2. More Intelligent Vs. Less Intelligent
3. Emotionally Stable Vs. Unstable
4. Assertive Vs. Humble
5. Happy-go-Lucky Vs. Sober
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6. Conscientious Vs. Expedient
7. Venturesome Vs. Timid
8. Tough-mined Vs. Sensitive
9. Suspicious Vs. Trusting
10. Imaginative Vs. Practical
11. Shrewd Vs. Forthright
12. Apprehensive Vs. Self- assured
13. Experimental Vs. Conservative
14. Self-sufficient Vs. Group-dependent
15. Controlled Vs. Casual
16. Relaxed Vs. Tense
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With further factor analysis, five basic factors were extracted by Digman (1990)
which is called BigFive, or five-factor theory of personality. These are-
Extraversion - ( Refers to ones comfort level with relationship,i.e., assertive, sociable, outgoing)
Agreeableness- ( Refers to ones inclination to defer to others,i.e., cooperative, caring, trusting)
Conscientiousness- (Refers to ones reliability regardingresponsibility i.e., self-disciplined, hard-working,dependable etc.)
Emotional Stability- (Refers to ones ability to withstand stressi.e., calm, happy to secured)
Openness to Experience- (Refers to ones range of interesti.e., creative, imaginative, intellectual, artistically sensitive etc.)
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Personal Efficacy
The self is at the centre of a persons competence. Related terms-
Self-esteem- The trait reflecting an individuals characteristics,effective evaluation of the self (feeling of self-worth ), (Gist &
Mitchell,1992).
Self-efficacy- Refers to beliefs in ones capacities to mobilizethe motivation, cognitive resources and courses of action to meet
given situational demands" (wood & Bandura,1989).
Important Aspects-
(1) Judgment of ones perceived capability to perform a
specific task;
(2) This judgment is not static and can change with new
information;
(3) Involves a mobilization component- differential
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Personal efficacy is the general sense of adequacy which is likely tocontribute to a persons effectiveness in working for a taskrelated goal.Four sets of factors contribute to personal efficacy-
(1) Motivation Power Motivation
Achievement Motivation
Extensive Motivation
(2)Self-Awareness
(3)Proactivity
Internal locus of control
Attitude towards a problem
Utilizing available resources
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(4)Action-OrientationSelf-discipline
Planning orientation
Functional Linkages
Future-orientation
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Personal Effectiveness
One precondition for personal effectiveness is better self awareness. But only
understanding ones self does not make a person effective.
Johari window model of self-awareness (Luft,1973)
Johari WindowNot known to
selfKnown to Self
Arena (A)
Public
Self
Blind (B)
Closed
(C)
Dark (D)
Known to
others
Not known
to others
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(A) Arena (Public Self)- That part of individuals behavior known both tohimself and to those with whom he interacts-i.e..; Name, Age,Affiliation etc.
(B) Blind Area- The persons behavior / style that others know but the
person himself does not know about, i.e., mannerisms.
(C) Closed Area- Which is known to the person but not revealed to others,i.e., personal secrets.
(D) Dark Area- Inaccessible to both the self and others.
Arena- Open space Openness is critical for personal- effectiveness
Use of feedback
Self disclosure
Perceptiveness/sensitivity toothers feeling
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Receiving Feedback:Self-disclosureThe extent to which one shares ideas, feelings, experiences,impressions, perceptions and other personal data with others showsones degree of openness, which is an important quality and
contributes a great deal to a persons effectiveness.
Receiving Feedback:-Feedback on those aspects of a person aboutwhich others are aware but the person is not, may be positive ornegative.
Openness in combination with perceptiveness and communication makesa person a much more effective.
Should be strategic openness ( not destructive ).
Should be appropriate in terms of sharing with others.
Should not negatively affect others.
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Positive Feedback:- Boost the self-image.
Negative feedback:- Creates a dissonance with the self-image andthreatens the ego.
When the individual gets negative feedback either he willconfront this or else will try to defend his ego through defensive behavior.Defensive behavior may reduce the anxiety for the time-being butexcessive use of this will result in a conflicted self . Where as confronting
behavior may not give us instant relief from anxiety and tension but ifdealt with strategically will gradually reduce the conflict ,anxiety etc. andimprove the individuals Self Efficacy and Personal Effectiveness.
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Defensive and Confronting Behavior in dealing with Feedback
Defensive Behavior Confronting Behavior
Denial
Rationalization
Projection
Displacement
Quick acceptance
Withdrawal
Aggression
Humour
Competition with authority
Cynicism
Intellectualization
Generalization
Pairing
Results in a Conflicted self
Owning up
Self- analysis
Empathy
Exploration
Data Collection
Expressing feelings
Help seeking
Concern
Listening
Positive Critical attitude
Sharing of concern
Experimenting
Related to the group
Results is an integrated self
Source:- Udai Pareek, Indian Ingtitute of Health Management Research, Jaipur
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Perceptiveness- The ability to pick up verbal and non-verbal cuesfrom others indicates perceptiveness. Perceptiveness and
openness reinforce each other and, if used effectively, are likely to
increase personal effectiveness.
Like openness, perceptiveness should be used appropriately;
Should not be too conscious of others feelings and inhib
interactions;
Should not be too conscious of ones own limitations an
avoiding to take risk;
Effective perceptiveness can be increased by checkin
others reactions to what is said.
Combining all the aspects of personal effectiveness we get
categories in the continum from Mosteffective to Ineffective.
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S.LNo.
Category Self Disclosure Openness toFeedback
Perceptiveness
1
23
4
5
6
7
8
Effective
InsensitiveEgocentric
Dogmatic
Secretive
Task-
Obsessed
Lonely-
Empathic
Ineffective
High
HighHigh
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
HighLow
Low
High
High
Low
Low
High
LowLow
High
High
Low
High
Low
Source:
Udai Pareek 2002, Indian
Institute
Of Heath
Management
&Research,
Jaipur
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Developing Personal Effectiveness
Personal effectiveness must be viewed across three dimensions-Openness
PerceptivenessCommunications ,
all significant to interpersonal relationships, and must be worked oncombination of all three.
By becoming more open a person reduces his/her closed area, theblind area is reduced by increasing perceptiveness.
Personal Effectiveness can be increased by moving towards
appropriate perceptiveness, openness and utilization of feedback.
Personal effectiveness can be improved by increasing the PersonalAuthenticity( credibility).
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Literacy
ActionsValues
Personal
Inter-
personal
Moral
Spiritual
AuthenticityCognitive
Affective
2. Personal Authenticity
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2. Personal Authenticity
1. Literacy: the development of a personal language that is rooted in a
rich vocabulary that allows for the full expression of both the affective(the emotions) and the cognitive (the intellectual). Effective people (and
leaders) are equally comfortable in engaging with the emotional and
intellectual and have the skills to communicate to achieve understanding
and influence. Central to this is the notion of dialogue, the ability to hold
meaningful conversations with self and others.
2. Values: the translation of moral and spiritual dimensions into acoherent and meaningful set of personal constructs that inform
language and action.
3. Action: the ability to use language based on values to informpersonal choices and engagement with others. Equally the
intrapersonal informs and enhances language and ensures that values
are informing personal and social action.
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