ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT SCIENCESCIENCE

Environment Balance Environment Balance

PollutionPollution

Waste ManagementWaste Management

The ENVIRONMENT BALANCEThe ENVIRONMENT BALANCE

• Environment (ecosystem) consist of BIOTIC Environment (ecosystem) consist of BIOTIC and ABIOTIC components and ABIOTIC components

• CLIMAX ECOSYSTEM CLIMAX ECOSYSTEM stable ecosystem, stable ecosystem, equilibrium (balance)equilibrium (balance)

• Climax ecosystem Climax ecosystem biomes (terrestrial or biomes (terrestrial or aquatic)aquatic)

CARRYING CAPACITYCARRYING CAPACITY

The ability of resoubrce in the The ability of resoubrce in the environment to support all the environment to support all the

living thingliving thing

Naturally, environment (ecosystem) have Naturally, environment (ecosystem) have ability to recovery from the damageability to recovery from the damage

When carrying capacity and the ability of When carrying capacity and the ability of environment to recover have been environment to recover have been passed, ecosystem will damage.passed, ecosystem will damage.

The number of human population in The number of human population in IndonesiaIndonesia

No No YearYear Number of human (million)Number of human (million)11 19051905 40,440,4

22 19201920 52,352,3

33 19301930 60,760,7

44 19401940 70,470,4

55 19501950 77,277,2

66 19611961 97,097,0

77 19711971 119,1119,1

88 19801980 147,5147,5

99 19901990 170,0170,0

1010 20002000 210,0210,0

THE IMPACT OF GROWTH THE IMPACT OF GROWTH POPULATION AND INDUSTRYPOPULATION AND INDUSTRY

RESOURCES INCREASE

SCIENCE DEVELOP POPULATION EXPLODING

INDUSTRY DEVELOP

ENVIRONMENT DAMAGE

POLLUTION

UNSUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT RESTORATION

Result of increased Result of increased of populationof population

Potential problemPotential problem

More land needed to built More land needed to built homes, transport network, for homes, transport network, for aglicultureagliculture

•Large area of habitat must be destroyed to Large area of habitat must be destroyed to provide land provide land •Food webs are altered or destroyed when crop Food webs are altered or destroyed when crop plant are grown instead of the native plantsplant are grown instead of the native plants• use chemicals in agriculture can results in use chemicals in agriculture can results in poisoning of other plants and animalspoisoning of other plants and animals

More pollution created by More pollution created by human activityhuman activity

* Causes major change globally, e.g. green house * Causes major change globally, e.g. green house effect, global warmingeffect, global warming

More refuse which needed to More refuse which needed to be destroyedbe destroyed

* Leads to different kinds of pollution* Leads to different kinds of pollution

More resources needed to More resources needed to provide for various needs and provide for various needs and wantswants

•Removal of natural resources (timber, various Removal of natural resources (timber, various mineral) destroy habitat encourages erosionmineral) destroy habitat encourages erosion•Animal hunted to extinction Animal hunted to extinction

EXPLOITATIONEXPLOITATIONTYPETYPE EFFECTSEFFECTS

MININGMINING •REMOVAL OF VARIOUS KIND OF MINERAL REMOVAL OF VARIOUS KIND OF MINERAL FROM EARTHFROM EARTH•Surface mining disrupts/destroy habitatSurface mining disrupts/destroy habitat•Surface and underground mining can lead to Surface and underground mining can lead to pollution of air and waterpollution of air and water

DEFORESTRATIONDEFORESTRATION •Removal of vast tracts of forest Removal of vast tracts of forest •Habitats are destroyed as soil erodesHabitats are destroyed as soil erodes•Effects on surface temperature, water cycle, Effects on surface temperature, water cycle, removal of carbon dioxide from the airremoval of carbon dioxide from the air

LARGE-SCALE LARGE-SCALE AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

•Large-scale land clearing destroy habitatLarge-scale land clearing destroy habitat•Growing single species of crops on large scale Growing single species of crops on large scale (monoculture) can deplete the land of a particular (monoculture) can deplete the land of a particular mineral, encouraging use of chemical to suppress mineral, encouraging use of chemical to suppress unwanted plant, insects or pestunwanted plant, insects or pest•Intensive cultivation with the help to fertilizer lead to Intensive cultivation with the help to fertilizer lead to erosion by wind and watererosion by wind and water

POLLUTIONPOLLUTION

The introduction of harmful substances or The introduction of harmful substances or product into the environment (Webster)product into the environment (Webster)

Pollutant : any substance, as certain chemicals Pollutant : any substance, as certain chemicals or waste products (physics, biologics) that or waste products (physics, biologics) that renders the air, soil, or other natural resource renders the air, soil, or other natural resource harmful or unsuitable for a specific purpose harmful or unsuitable for a specific purpose (Webster)(Webster)

Type of PollutionType of Pollution CausesCauses

AirAir •Mainly due to burning of fossil fuels by industry, Mainly due to burning of fossil fuels by industry, homes, vehicleshomes, vehicles•Primary pollutant – produced directly and released Primary pollutant – produced directly and released into the airinto the air•Secondary pollutant – formed when primary Secondary pollutant – formed when primary pollutant react chemically with each otherpollutant react chemically with each other

WaterWater •Either chemicals from industries and agriculture, or Either chemicals from industries and agriculture, or untreated sewageuntreated sewage

•Toxic substances (industrial mining, oil, Toxic substances (industrial mining, oil, radioactive waste), herbicides, pesticides from radioactive waste), herbicides, pesticides from farmlandfarmland•Excess nutrients (sewage, fertilisersExcess nutrients (sewage, fertilisers

LandLand •Due to disposal of human Due to disposal of human •Dumping of refuse in landfills causes destruction of Dumping of refuse in landfills causes destruction of natural habitatnatural habitat•Chemical used in agriculture (herbicides, pesticides) Chemical used in agriculture (herbicides, pesticides) remain active in the environment, accumulate in remain active in the environment, accumulate in body tissue and reach toxic levelsbody tissue and reach toxic levels

Source of PollutionSource of Pollution PollutantPollutant Effect on air Effect on air Burning of fossil fuelBurning of fossil fuel Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

CO, SO2, NOxCO, SO2, NOxTrapping sun’s heat, global Trapping sun’s heat, global warming, reduced ability to obtain warming, reduced ability to obtain oxygenoxygen

AerosolAerosol CFCsCFCs Destruction of ozone layerDestruction of ozone layer

SmokeSmoke Particular matterParticular matter Respiratory problem, cancerRespiratory problem, cancer

Nuclear power stationNuclear power station Radioactive Radioactive subtancessubtances

Increased chance of mutation Increased chance of mutation occuringoccuring

UV light and nitrogen oxidesUV light and nitrogen oxides ozonesozones Death or reduced growth of plant Death or reduced growth of plant lifelife

Sulphur oxide/nitogen oxideSulphur oxide/nitogen oxide Acid rainAcid rain Corrosion of building, acidifying of Corrosion of building, acidifying of lakes, streams, death of water lakes, streams, death of water plant and animalsplant and animals

AIR POLLUTION

Acid rainAcid rain

Air PollutionAir Pollution

PENCEMARAN UDARA DI KOTA BESARPENCEMARAN UDARA DI KOTA BESAR

KEBAKARAN HUTAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN POLUSI POLUSI UDARAUDARA

ASAP MOBIL ASAP MOBIL POLUSI UDARA POLUSI UDARA

LAND POLLUTIONLAND POLLUTION

POLLUTANTSPOLLUTANTS

DOMESTICS DOMESTICS SEWAGESEWAGE

FARMLANDFARMLAND

MINING MINING INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

KEGIATAN PERTANIANKEGIATAN PERTANIAN PUPUK BUATAN PUPUK BUATAN Tanah asam Tanah asam

Produktivitas turun.Produktivitas turun.

PESTISIDAPESTISIDA

HERBISIDAHERBISIDA

KEGIATAN PERTAMBANGANKEGIATAN PERTAMBANGAN

PENAMBANGAN EMAS PENAMBANGAN EMAS Hg (merkuri), Hg (merkuri), dapat mematikan tumbuhan, organisme tanah dapat mematikan tumbuhan, organisme tanah dan mengganggu kesehatan manusia.dan mengganggu kesehatan manusia.

RUSAKNYA HABITAT RUSAKNYA HABITAT EROSI EROSI

3. PENCEMARAN AIR3. PENCEMARAN AIR

POLUTANNYA :POLUTANNYA : Limbah Rumah TanggaLimbah Rumah Tangga Limbah IndustriLimbah Industri Limbah PertanianLimbah Pertanian Limbah PertambanganLimbah Pertambangan

LIMBAH RUMAH TANGGALIMBAH RUMAH TANGGA

• DETERJENDETERJEN

• SAMPAH , SAMPAH ,

1. Mengandung bakteri, virus 1. Mengandung bakteri, virus PENYAKIT. PENYAKIT.

2. Menurunkan oksigen perairan2. Menurunkan oksigen perairan

LIMBAH INDUSTRILIMBAH INDUSTRI POLUTANNYAPOLUTANNYA

Hg (merkuri)Hg (merkuri) Pb (timbal)Pb (timbal) Cr (krom)Cr (krom) Cu (tembaga)Cu (tembaga) Zn (seng)Zn (seng) Ni (nikel)Ni (nikel)

SUNGAI YANG TERCEMARSUNGAI YANG TERCEMAR

DANAU YANG TERCEMARDANAU YANG TERCEMAR

PENCEMARAN AIR OLEH LIMBAHPENCEMARAN AIR OLEH LIMBAH(PENCEMARAN KIMIAWI)(PENCEMARAN KIMIAWI)

PENCEMARAN AIR OLEH SAMPAHPENCEMARAN AIR OLEH SAMPAH(PENCEMARAN FISIK)(PENCEMARAN FISIK)

PENCEMARAN AIR DAN TANAH OLEH PENCEMARAN AIR DAN TANAH OLEH INSEKTISIDAINSEKTISIDA

PENCEMARAN MINYAK DI LAUTPENCEMARAN MINYAK DI LAUT

SOUND POLLUTION

• POLUTANNYA Kebisingan

• Bila melampaui 50 dB sudah mengganggu lingkungan.

BERBAGAI INFO LINGKUNGANBERBAGAI INFO LINGKUNGAN

ANAK – ANAK TERACUNI ANAK – ANAK TERACUNI TIMBALTIMBAL ( Kompas 24 – Maret - 2006 ) ( Kompas 24 – Maret - 2006 )

RATA-RATA KANDUNGAN TIMBAL DALAM DARAH SISWARATA-RATA KANDUNGAN TIMBAL DALAM DARAH SISWA- Pengguna angkutan umumPengguna angkutan umum : 14,49 : 14,49 μμgram/desilitergram/desiliter

- Penumpang sepeda motorPenumpang sepeda motor : 13,9: 13,9 “ “- Pejalan kakiPejalan kaki : 14,32 “ : 14,32 “

(dipengaruhi lama waktu tempuh)(dipengaruhi lama waktu tempuh)

Di Bandung dan Makasar Anak-anak memiliki kandungan timbal dalam darah tinggi (Terparah)

Salah satu faktor dominan timbal berasal dari pencemaran udara

Dari 400 siswa SD di 25 Kecamatan di Kota Bandung : 65,5 % siswa mempunyai kandungan timbal dalam darah rata-rata 14,13 μgram/desiliter diatas ambang batas yang ditentukan WHO ( 10 mikrogram/desiliter)

HASIL PENGUKURAN TIMBAL DI MAKASARHASIL PENGUKURAN TIMBAL DI MAKASAR

Pengukuran kandungan timbal dalam darah dari Pengukuran kandungan timbal dalam darah dari 200 siswa TK di 7 Kecamatan di Makasar 200 siswa TK di 7 Kecamatan di Makasar menunjukan rata-rata 23,96 menunjukan rata-rata 23,96 μμgram/desilitergram/desiliter

90 % dari siswa yang diperiksa mempunyai 90 % dari siswa yang diperiksa mempunyai kandungan timbal di atas ambang batas, bahkan kandungan timbal di atas ambang batas, bahkan ditemukan anak dengan kandungan timbal dalam ditemukan anak dengan kandungan timbal dalam darahnya 60 darahnya 60 μμgram/desiliter ( batas maksimal yang gram/desiliter ( batas maksimal yang bisa terukur oleh alat)bisa terukur oleh alat)

PENGARUH TIMBAL TERHADAP PENGARUH TIMBAL TERHADAP KESEHATANKESEHATAN

Timbal yang mencemari tubuh anak-anak Timbal yang mencemari tubuh anak-anak berhubungan dengan “point IQ” berhubungan dengan “point IQ” (intelligence quotient)(intelligence quotient)

Kandungan timbal dalam darah berkorelasi Kandungan timbal dalam darah berkorelasi dengan tingkat kecerdasan manusia.dengan tingkat kecerdasan manusia.

Hasil penelitian dari 400 anak di Bandung Hasil penelitian dari 400 anak di Bandung menunjukkan bahwa kandungan timbal menunjukkan bahwa kandungan timbal dalam darah anak memiliki hubungan dalam darah anak memiliki hubungan terbalik terhadap IQ artinya : semakin terbalik terhadap IQ artinya : semakin tinggi kadar timbal maka semakin rendah tinggi kadar timbal maka semakin rendah point IQ yang dimilikinya.point IQ yang dimilikinya.

PENGARUH TIMBAL TERHADAP KESEHATANPENGARUH TIMBAL TERHADAP KESEHATAN

Setiap kenaikan kadar timbal 10 mikrogram / dslt Setiap kenaikan kadar timbal 10 mikrogram / dslt dapat menurunkan IQ sekitar 2,5 pointdapat menurunkan IQ sekitar 2,5 point

Timbal merupakan Timbal merupakan neurotoksinneurotoksin bersifat akumulatif bersifat akumulatif Timbal menghalangi absorpsi zat besiTimbal menghalangi absorpsi zat besi Pada orang dewasa dapat mengurangi kesuburan, Pada orang dewasa dapat mengurangi kesuburan,

pada ibu hamil dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan pada ibu hamil dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan intelegensia bayiintelegensia bayi

Merusak fungsi organ tubuh: ginjal, sistem syaraf Merusak fungsi organ tubuh: ginjal, sistem syaraf dan reproduksi.dan reproduksi.

Selamatkan hutan kitaSelamatkan hutan kita

sedikitnya 1,9 juta hektar dirusak setiap tahun selama 5 tahun sedikitnya 1,9 juta hektar dirusak setiap tahun selama 5 tahun

terakhir atauterakhir atau

seluas enam lapangan sepak bola/menitseluas enam lapangan sepak bola/menit

Laju kerusakan Hutan Indonesia terparah di dunia

Indonesia memiliki wilayah hutan terbesar di kawasan Asia Tenggara

Laju deforestasi (kerusakan hutan) di Indonesia merupakan salah satu yang terparah di dunia

Saat ini Indonesia telah kehilangan lebih dari 72 % wilayah Saat ini Indonesia telah kehilangan lebih dari 72 % wilayah alamnya dan 40 % hutan telah hancur sama sekalialamnya dan 40 % hutan telah hancur sama sekali

Mengakibatkan kerugian negara sebesar 4 miliar dolar AS setiap

tahun Kerusakan parah hutan Asia Pasifik akibat permintaan kayu

dari Eropa, Amerika Serikat, Jepang dan China

Pemerintah Indonesia perlu memberlakukan aturan ketat untuk menentang penebangan ilegal dan merusak

Perlu dibentuk jaringan wilayah lindung di seantero dunia yang didiringi penegakan hukum dan pengelolaan yang efektif

Hanya melalui kerjasama regional dan internasional kita dapat membela hutan alam terakhir dunia untuk generasi mendatang