Download - Pathogens, immunity & inflammations
![Page 1: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pathogens, Immunity & Inflammations
ByTemitope Olubode
![Page 2: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Pathogens
DefinitionA pathogen is any organism that causes a
disease in another organism.
![Page 3: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Types of Pathogens
Viruses- which cause chicken pox Bacteria- which cause food poisoningFungi - which cause ringworm, athlete’s foot,
and Oral thrush.
![Page 4: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
How Pathogens are spread
Contact with bodily fluids Ingesting undercooked food Swimming in contaminated water Personal contact thru Saliva, feces,
intercourse and unsanitary practices
![Page 5: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Control of Pathogens
Pathogens can be controlled bySterilization- Complete removal of all
pathogensDisinfection- Inhibition of pathogens by
disinfectant Antisepsis -Inhibition of pathogens on living
surface by antisepticAntibiotic -An agent that is used to kill
pathogens inside the hostBody, (naturally produced by some microbes)
![Page 6: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
InflammationWhat is inflammation?
Inflammation is the body's basic response to injury.
![Page 7: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Signs of inflammation
Inflammatory reactions are characterized by 5 distinct signPain- due to chemical released by damaged
cellsEdema- due to influx of fluid into damaged
regionRedness- due to expansion of the blood vesselsHeat- due to increase in blood flowImperative function- due to increased swelling
and pain
![Page 8: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Stages of inflammatory reaction
Tissue injury- Damage that occurs during trauma
Release of Chemicals – Histamine Prostrogladins , Kinins
Leukocyte migration- Macrophages and Neutrophils- They neutralize and engulf harmful bacteria and ingest them
![Page 9: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Tissue healing
Collagenation- Wound healing, Occurs toward inflammatory process
Revascularization- Damaged area forms new capillaries for blood in the region
Proliferation- Which lasts up to 4 weeksRemodeling - New cell mould to produce a
functioning tissue
![Page 10: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ImmunityWhat is immunity?
Immunity - protection from disease and especially infectious disease.
Cells and molecules involved in such protection constitute the immune system
The response to introduction of a foreign agent is known as the immune response.
![Page 11: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Types of immunityInnate or natural immunity- Made up of
several componentsPhysical barriers are the first line of defense
against infection. E.g. The skin and mucous membranes
Physiological factors- such as pH, temperature and oxygen tension limit microbial growth
Protein secretions such as lysozyme also help resist microbial invasion.
Molecules such a C-reactive protein are of considerable importance in protection against infection.
![Page 12: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Types of ImmunityAdaptive or acquired Immunity-
Develops to meet the specific needs brought about by an individual’s circumstances.
Constantly evolves its capacity to defend the body against pathogens.
Strengthened as a result of exposure to diseases
Vaccinations also facilitate the adaptive system’s efficiency
Leukocytes, commonly known as WBC are the dedicated agents of acquired immunity
![Page 13: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Types of ImmunityAdaptive immune system can be broken
down into two components:Humoral immunity- involves the production
of immunoglobins (antibodies) by B cells in response to bacteria and viruses.
Cell-mediated immunity- involves the production of immunoglobins by T cells in response to virus-infected cells.
![Page 14: Pathogens, immunity & inflammations](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052301/557c55e5d8b42a0b4b8b4814/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Referenceshttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/
sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Immunology/ImmuneSystem/OrgansCells/WhatisImmunity/WhatisImmunity.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen