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09/03/200809/03/2008 Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.KomMaria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom 11

EvolusiEvolusi dandan KinerjaKinerjaKomputerKomputer

Maria Susan Maria Susan AnggreainyAnggreainy, , M.KompM.Komp


KomputerKomputer GenerasiGenerasi PertamaPertama

Vacuum TubesVacuum Tubes


ENIAC ENIAC -- backgroundbackground

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Electronic Numerical Integrator And ComputerComputerJohn John MauchlyMauchly ((dosendosen tehniktehnik elektroelektrodidi University of Pennsylvania) University of Pennsylvania) dandanmahasiswamahasiswa pascapasca sarjananyasarjananya John John PresperPresper Eckert Eckert Trajectory tables for weapons Trajectory tables for weapons Started 1943Started 1943Finished 1946Finished 1946

Too late for war effortToo late for war effort

Used until 1955Used until 1955


ENIAC ENIAC -- detailsdetails

Decimal (not binary)Decimal (not binary)20 accumulators of 10 digits20 accumulators of 10 digitsProgrammed manually by Programmed manually by switchesswitches18,000 vacuum tubes18,000 vacuum tubes30 tons30 tons15,000 square feet15,000 square feet140 kW power consumption140 kW power consumption5,000 additions per second5,000 additions per second


ENIAC (1940s)ENIAC (1940s)


von Neumann/Turingvon Neumann/Turing

Stored Program conceptStored Program conceptHasilnyaHasilnya dikenaldikenal dengandengan namanama komputerkomputerIAS, yang IAS, yang strukturstruktur umumnyaumumnya terdiriterdiri daridari ::

Main memory storing programs and dataMain memory storing programs and dataALU operating on binary dataALU operating on binary dataControl unit interpreting instructions from Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executingmemory and executingInput and output equipment operated by control Input and output equipment operated by control unitunit

Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies Completed 1952Completed 1952


Structure of von Neumann Structure of von Neumann machinemachine


PentingnyaPentingnya IASIAS

KomputerKomputer yang yang adaada padapada saatsaatiniini memilikimemiliki fungsifungsi dandan strukturstrukturumumumum yang yang samasama dandan artinyaartinyaterkaitterkait dengandengan mesinmesin von von neumannneumann, , yaituyaitu IASIAS


IAS IAS -- detailsdetailsTerdiriTerdiri daridari 1000 1000 lokasilokasi penyimpananpenyimpananyang yang disebutdisebut wordwordMasingMasing--masingmasing terdiriterdiri daridari 40 bit40 bitData Data dandan instruksiinstruksi disimpandisimpan disinidisini((harusharus berupaberupa kodekode binerbiner))SetiapSetiap bilanganbilangan dinyatakandinyatakan oleholehsebuhsebuh bit bit tandatanda dandan 39 bit 39 bit nilainilaiSetiapSetiap word word bisabisa terdiriterdiri daridari duaduainstruksiinstruksi yang yang terdiriterdiri daridari 20 bit20 bit

88--bit bit kodekode operasioperasi (op code)(op code)12 bit 12 bit alamatalamat yang yang menandaimenandai salahsalah satusatuword word dalamdalam memorymemory


IAS IAS –– details (2)details (2)

Control Unit Control Unit mengoperasikanmengoperasikan IAS IAS dengandengancaracara mengambilmengambil instruksiinstruksi--instruksiinstruksi daridarimemorimemori dandan mengeksekusinyamengeksekusinya sekaligussekaligusControl Unit Control Unit dandan ALU ALU memilikimemiliki lokasilokasipenyimpananpenyimpanan yang yang disebutdisebut register, register, yaituyaitu ::

Memory Buffer RegisterMemory Buffer RegisterMemory Address RegisterMemory Address RegisterInstruction RegisterInstruction RegisterInstruction Buffer RegisterInstruction Buffer RegisterProgram CounterProgram CounterAccumulator Accumulator dandan Multiplier QuotientMultiplier Quotient


Structure Structure of IAS of IAS ––detaildetail


OperasiOperasi IASIAS

IAS IAS beroperasiberoperasi secarasecara repetitifrepetitifmembentukmembentuk siklussiklus instruksiinstruksi

SiklusSiklus pengambilanpengambilan : Op code : Op code diletakkandiletakkan keke IR, IR, dandan alamatalamatdiletakkandiletakkan keke MARMARSiklusSiklus eksekusieksekusi


InstuksiInstuksi IASIAS

IAS IAS memilkimemilki 21 21 buahbuah instruksiinstruksiyang yang dapatdapat dikelompokkandikelompokkanmenjadimenjadi sebagisebagi berikutberikut ::

Data TransferData TransferUnconditional BranchUnconditional BranchConditional BranchConditional BranchArithmeticArithmeticAddress ModifyAddress Modify


Von NeumannVon Neumann


KomputerKomputer KomersialKomersial

DitandaiDitandai oleholeh duadua buahbuahpersuhaanpersuhaan besarbesar Sperry Sperry dandanIBMIBM


Commercial ComputersCommercial Computers

1947 1947 -- EckertEckert--Mauchly Computer Mauchly Computer CorporationCorporationUNIVAC I (Universal Automatic UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)Computer)US Bureau of Census 1950 US Bureau of Census 1950 calculationscalculationsBecame part of SperryBecame part of Sperry--Rand Rand CorporationCorporationLate 1950s Late 1950s -- UNIVAC IIUNIVAC II

FasterFasterMore memoryMore memory


IBMIBM

PunchedPunched--card processing card processing equipmentequipment1953 1953 -- the 701the 701

IBMIBM’’s first stored program s first stored program computercomputerScientific calculationsScientific calculations

1955 1955 -- the 702the 702Business applicationsBusiness applications

Lead to 700/7000 seriesLead to 700/7000 series


KomputerKomputer GenerasiGenerasi KeduaKedua

TransistorTransistor


TransistorsTransistors

Replaced vacuum tubesReplaced vacuum tubesSmallerSmallerCheaperCheaperLess heat dissipationLess heat dissipationSolid State deviceSolid State deviceMade from Silicon (Sand)Made from Silicon (Sand)Invented 1947 at Bell LabsInvented 1947 at Bell LabsWilliam Shockley et al.William Shockley et al.


Transistor Based ComputersTransistor Based Computers

Second generation machinesSecond generation machinesNCR & RCA produced small NCR & RCA produced small transistor machinestransistor machinesIBM 7000IBM 7000DEC DEC -- 19571957

Produced PDPProduced PDP--11


KomputerKomputer GenerasiGenerasi KetigaKetiga

Integrated Circuit (IC)Integrated Circuit (IC)


MicroelectronicsMicroelectronics

Literally Literally -- ““small electronicssmall electronics””A computer is made up of gates, A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and memory cells and interconnectionsinterconnectionsThese can be manufactured on These can be manufactured on a semiconductora semiconductore.g. silicon wafere.g. silicon wafer


Generations of ComputerGenerations of Computer

Vacuum tube Vacuum tube -- 19461946--19571957Transistor Transistor -- 19581958--19641964Small scale integration Small scale integration -- 1965 on1965 on

Up to 100 devices on a chipUp to 100 devices on a chipMedium scale integration Medium scale integration -- to 1971to 1971

100100--3,000 devices on a chip3,000 devices on a chipLarge scale integration Large scale integration -- 19711971--19771977

3,000 3,000 -- 100,000 devices on a chip100,000 devices on a chipVery large scale integration Very large scale integration -- 1978 to date1978 to date

100,000 100,000 -- 100,000,000 devices on a chip100,000,000 devices on a chipUltra large scale integrationUltra large scale integration

Over 100,000,000 devices on a chipOver 100,000,000 devices on a chip


MooreMoore’’s Laws LawIncreased density of components on chipIncreased density of components on chipGordon Moore Gordon Moore -- cofounder of Intelcofounder of IntelNumber of transistors on a chip will double every Number of transistors on a chip will double every yearyearSince 1970Since 1970’’s development has slowed a littles development has slowed a little

Number of transistors doubles every 18 monthsNumber of transistors doubles every 18 monthsCost of a chip has remained almost unchangedCost of a chip has remained almost unchangedHigher packing density means shorter electrical Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performancepaths, giving higher performanceSmaller size gives increased flexibilitySmaller size gives increased flexibilityReduced power and cooling requirementsReduced power and cooling requirementsFewer interconnections increases reliabilityFewer interconnections increases reliability


Growth in CPU Transistor Growth in CPU Transistor CountCount


IBM 360 seriesIBM 360 series19641964Replaced (& not compatible with) Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series7000 seriesFirst planned First planned ““familyfamily”” of computersof computers

Similar or identical instruction setsSimilar or identical instruction setsSimilar or identical O/SSimilar or identical O/SIncreasing speedIncreasing speedIncreasing number of I/O ports (i.e. Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals)more terminals)Increased memory size Increased memory size Increased costIncreased cost


DEC PDPDEC PDP--88

19641964First minicomputerFirst minicomputerDid not need air conditioned roomDid not need air conditioned roomSmall enough to sit on a lab benchSmall enough to sit on a lab bench$16,000 $16,000

$100k+ for IBM 360$100k+ for IBM 360

Embedded applications & OEMEmbedded applications & OEMBUS STRUCTUREBUS STRUCTURE


DEC DEC -- PDPPDP--8 Bus Structure8 Bus Structure

OMNIBUS

ConsoleController

CPU Main Memory I/OModule

I/OModule


Semiconductor MemorySemiconductor Memory

TahunTahun 19501950--an an atauatau 19601960--an an MemoriMemorikomputerkomputer masihmasih menggunakanmenggunakan cincincincin--cincincincin yang yang disebutdisebut corecoreBerubahBerubah padapada tahuntahun 19701970Fairchild Fairchild membuatmembuat memorimemori semikonduktorsemikonduktorpertamapertamaSize of a single coreSize of a single core

i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storagei.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage

Holds 256 bitsHolds 256 bitsNonNon--destructive readdestructive readMuch faster than coreMuch faster than coreCapacity approximately doubles each yearCapacity approximately doubles each year


IntelIntel

1971 1971 -- 4004 4004 First microprocessor (First microprocessor (semuasemua komponenkomponenCPU CPU beradaberada padapada satusatu kepingkeping))4 bit4 bit

Followed in 1972 by 8008Followed in 1972 by 80088 bit8 bitBoth designed for specific applicationsBoth designed for specific applications

1974 1974 -- 80808080IntelIntel’’s first general purpose s first general purpose microprocessormicroprocessor


Speeding it upSpeeding it up

PipeliningPipeliningOn board cacheOn board cacheOn board L1 & L2 cacheOn board L1 & L2 cacheBranch predictionBranch predictionData flow analysisData flow analysisSpeculative executionSpeculative execution


Performance MismatchPerformance Mismatch

Processor speed increasedProcessor speed increasedMemory capacity increasedMemory capacity increasedMemory speed lags behind Memory speed lags behind processor speedprocessor speed


DRAM and Processor DRAM and Processor CharacteristicsCharacteristics


Trends in DRAM useTrends in DRAM use


SolutionsSolutions

Increase number of bits retrieved at one Increase number of bits retrieved at one timetime

Make DRAM Make DRAM ““widerwider”” rather than rather than ““deeperdeeper””

Change DRAM interfaceChange DRAM interfaceCacheCache

Reduce frequency of memory accessReduce frequency of memory accessMore complex cache and cache on chipMore complex cache and cache on chip

Increase interconnection bandwidthIncrease interconnection bandwidthHigh speed busesHigh speed busesHierarchy of busesHierarchy of buses


Pentium Pentium vsvs Power PCPower PC

Pentium Pentium mewakilimewakili CISCCISCPower PC Power PC MewakiliMewakili RISCRISC


CISC(complex instruction set

computing)Mendukung sejumlahbesar instruksiCPU mengeksekusiinstruksi-instruksi yang kompleks lebih cepat

DuaDua rancanganrancangan yang yang digunakandigunakan untukuntuk CPU?CPU?

RISC(reduced instruction

set computing)Mendukung lebihsedikit instruksiCPU mengeksekusiinstruksi sederhanalebih cepat


Pentium Evolution (1)Pentium Evolution (1)80808080

first general purpose microprocessorfirst general purpose microprocessor8 bit data path8 bit data pathUsed in first personal computer Used in first personal computer –– AltairAltair

80868086much more powerfulmuch more powerful16 bit16 bitinstruction cache, instruction cache, prefetchprefetch few instructionsfew instructions8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC

802868028616 16 MbyteMbyte memory addressablememory addressableup from 1Mbup from 1Mb

803868038632 bit32 bitSupport for multitaskingSupport for multitasking


Pentium Evolution (2)Pentium Evolution (2)

8048680486sophisticated powerful cache and instruction sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipeliningpipeliningbuilt in maths cobuilt in maths co--processorprocessor

PentiumPentiumSuperscalarSuperscalarMultiple instructions executed in parallelMultiple instructions executed in parallel

Pentium ProPentium ProIncreased superscalar organizationIncreased superscalar organizationAggressive register renamingAggressive register renamingbranch predictionbranch predictiondata flow analysisdata flow analysisspeculative executionspeculative execution


Pentium Evolution (3)Pentium Evolution (3)

Pentium IIPentium IIMMX technologyMMX technologygraphics, video & audio processinggraphics, video & audio processing

Pentium IIIPentium IIIAdditional floating point instructions for 3D Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphicsgraphics

Pentium 4Pentium 4Note Arabic rather than Roman numeralsNote Arabic rather than Roman numeralsFurther floating point and multimedia Further floating point and multimedia enhancementsenhancements

ItaniumItanium64 bit64 bitsee chapter 15see chapter 15

See Intel web pages for detailed See Intel web pages for detailed information on processorsinformation on processors


EvolusiEvolusi Power PCPower PC

601: 601: tujuan 601 adalah untuk membawa arsitektur PowerPC ke tujuan 601 adalah untuk membawa arsitektur PowerPC ke pasaran secepat mungkin. 601 merupakan mesin 32pasaran secepat mungkin. 601 merupakan mesin 32--bit.bit.603603: ditujukan bagi : ditujukan bagi lowlow--end end desktop dan komputer portabel. 603 desktop dan komputer portabel. 603 juga merupakan mesin 32juga merupakan mesin 32--bit, yang bit, yang unjuk kerjanya unjuk kerjanya dapat dapat diperbandingkan dengan 601, tetapi dengan harga yang lebih diperbandingkan dengan 601, tetapi dengan harga yang lebih rendah dan implementasinya lebih efisien.rendah dan implementasinya lebih efisien.604: 604: ditujukan bagi komputer desktop dan ditujukan bagi komputer desktop dan lowlow--end server. end server. Lagi, Lagi, ini adalah mesin 32ini adalah mesin 32--bit, tetapi menggunakan teknik rancangan bit, tetapi menggunakan teknik rancangan superskalar lanjutan untuk mencapai kinerja yang lebih besar.superskalar lanjutan untuk mencapai kinerja yang lebih besar.620: 620: ditujukan bagi server mutakhir anggota kelompok PowerPC ditujukan bagi server mutakhir anggota kelompok PowerPC Pertama yang menerapkan arsitektur 64Pertama yang menerapkan arsitektur 64--bit penuh, mencakup bit penuh, mencakup register 64register 64--bit dan lintasan data.bit dan lintasan data.740/750: 740/750: Juga dikenal sebagai prosesor G3. Prosesor ini Juga dikenal sebagai prosesor G3. Prosesor ini mengintegrasikan dua tingkatan mengintegrasikan dua tingkatan cache cache dalam keeping prosesor dalam keeping prosesor utama, menyediakan peningkatan kinerja penting atas mesin utama, menyediakan peningkatan kinerja penting atas mesin yang dapat diperbandingkan dengan yang dapat diperbandingkan dengan organisasi cache offorganisasi cache off--chip.chip.G4G4: Prosesor ini meningkatkan kesamaan dan kecepatan : Prosesor ini meningkatkan kesamaan dan kecepatan internal dari keping prosesor.internal dari keping prosesor.TerbaruTerbaru G5G5


BukuBuku rujukanrujukan : William Stallings, : William Stallings, 2003, 2003, architecture and computer architecture and computer organizationorganization, prentice, prentice--hall, hall, usausa

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