NATIONALISM:NATIONALISM:REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICAREVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA
Why were nationalist revolutions occurring in Latin America?
Spanish South America
Mexico
Latin American Class SystemLatin American Class System
The success of the Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions inspires colonies controlled by France, Spain & Portugal
Strong class system (racial) in place in Latin America
Your rights depended where you were in this system
Peninsulares
Creoles (Criollo)
Mestizos
Slaves
Indians
Europeans born in Spain/Portugal, top Govt jobs
Mixed Indian & European, merchants & low gov jobs/army
Mixed African & European, low wage labor jobs
Indigenous People, few jobs available
Europeans born in Latin America, landowners & govt jobs/top army jobs
Mulattos
African, labor jobs
Saint Domingue (HAITI)Saint Domingue (HAITI)1791: First Latin American revolution happens in the Caribbean
100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against their masters in the French Colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti)
Slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
French send troops to retake the island
Toussaint agrees to stop the revolution if France ends slavery on Saint Domingue (Haiti)
French capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps
More slaves join the fight, slave army now led by Jean-Jacques Dessailines
1804: Dessailines defeats French Army & creates nation of Haiti – Napoleon leaves the Americas
SPANISH SOUTH AMERICASPANISH SOUTH AMERICADue to Napoleonic Wars, Spain losing their grip on Lat. Am colonies
1811: Influenced by Am. Rev a Creole General named Simon Bolívar fights for independence in Venezuela
Simon Bolívar
Jose de San Martín
Bolívar has little success until 1819, leads an army over Andes Mountains into New Granada (Colombia/Ecuador), surprising Spain
•1821: Venezuela & New Granada are independent (become Gran Colombia), 1822: Bolívar heads to Peru
•1816: Creole General Jose de San Martín begins independence movement in Rio De La Plata (Argentina/Paraguay)
•1817: Heads into Andes to fight Spanish army in nearby Chile
• In the Andes, San Martín meets an Irish-Peruvian Bernardo O’Higgins, they decide to combine armies
Bernardo O’Higgins
• 1821:Combined armies beat Spanish in Chile
• 1822: San Martín heads to Peru, O’Higgins stays
• 1823: San Martín and Bolívar discuss combining armies to defeat Spain in Peru• 12/9/1824: Bolívar (El Libertador) leads combined armies, final battle was won in Ayacucho, Peru
•Peru independent, Southern Peru becomes Bolivia
New Spain (MEXICO/CENTRAL AMERICA)New Spain (MEXICO/CENTRAL AMERICA)
1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a revolution against Spain
Sept 16: to symbolize start of the war of independence, Hidalgo rang the bells of his church
Speech is El Grito de Dolores, the Cry of Dolores
Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 people would join
1811: Spanish Army led by Creoles defeat Hidalgo’s army
Hidalgo is executed by Spanish Authorities
Miguel Hidalgo
Padre Jose Morelos continues war but his army defeated 4 years later
1816: King of Spain returns to power, Creoles lose their privileges
Creoles unite with Mestizos and Indians, General Agustin Iturbide declares Mexican Independence
1821: Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America
1823: Central American leaders win independence when Emp. Iturbide is overthrown
BRAZIL 1808: Royal family of Portugal flees to Brazil
when Napoleon invades
King João gives Brazil co-kingdom status
Agustin Iturbide
1821: João returns to Portugal leaves son Dom Pedro in charge of Brazil
1822:João takes away co-Kingdom status
Dom Pedro I Creoles threaten war, João gives Brazil
independence, his son Dom Pedro is Emperor
(Happy Creoles)
