Nationalism and its OpponentsKidner Ch 22, pp. 644-651

Integral Nationalism

Changing definition of nationalism – late 1800s◦More exclusionary & more aggressive◦Perceived struggle between nations◦Feared domination of one nation-state over

another◦Focus on who didn’t belong in the nation

National / racial birth right

Racism

Scientific Racism◦Race believed to be a

“biological reality”, an “object of study” Social Darwinism –

“survival of the fittest”

◦Three Races of 19th century: European, “Negroid”, Asian

Discuss Chamberlain doc

Nott and Gliddon's Indigenous races of the earth (1857) used misleading imagery to suggest that "Negroes" ranked between "whites" and chimpanzees. Note the different angles at which the "white" and "Negro" skulls are positioned. Nott and Gliddon's work is considered one of the classics of scientific racism.

Antisemitism

Judaism is a RACE – one is Jewish by birth not by practicing the Jewish religion

Jewish Stereotypes◦Domineering in banking &

commerce◦Dishonest◦Corrupting influence on journalism,

lawyers, doctorsDiscuss causes of growing

Anti-Semitism with your partner

Wilhelm Marr

Anti-Semitic portrayal of a Jewish man

Alfred Dreyfus, Jewish capt. in army - accused of spying for Germany

From Alsace – family left when Prussia took the territory Convicted of treason and sent to Devil’s Island Prison

The French public questioned his conviction Why? Evidence gathered shows innocent - points to Major

Esterhazy --- but army won’t reopen the case Family asks help of Emile Zola’s - open letter - J’accuse

Dreyfus in prison until 1898 Country split!!! Church / Army vs. Jews / Radicals called back to France for retrial – 1899 pardoned 1906 exonerated

Results Republicans / Socialists – block anti-republicans Promote Anti-clericalism (because were vs. Dreyfus) Republic survives --- up to 1914

5

Dreyfus Affair

Zionism

Theodor Herzl◦Reaction to mounting

anti-Semitism as made clear in the Dreyfus affair

◦Creation of a Jewish Nation State in Palestine (today Israel)

Discuss Herzl docs

Universalism in the Roman Catholic Church

Pope Pius IX Pope Leo XIII

Syllabus of Errors, 1864

De Rerum Novarum, 1891

Internationalism in Politics

First and Second Socialist Internationals (1864, 1889)◦Marxist socialists (for the most part)◦International solidarity; NO WAR; BUT each

country would have to create its own socialist organizations (i.e. Russian Socialist Revolutionaries or Social Democratic Party of Germany)

Discuss docs

Internationalism in Politics

Anarchism◦Destruction of existing

social, political and economic institutions in order to pave the way for a society built around voluntary participation

Mihkail Bakunin – advocated the use of terrorism and assassination to achieve goals (see list of world political figures killed during this time pg. 651)

Internationalism in Politics

Pacifism◦Mounting fear of technology and

weapons◦Redirect the enormous military

budgets toward public works, housing and education

◦Baroness Bertha von Suttner◦Alfred Nobel

Nobel Peace PrizeGeneva Conventions, 1899

◦rules of warHague conferences & tribunals,

1899-1907◦international diplomatic arbitration

Discuss doc

Strains in Multinational Empires

Ottoman Empire Points of Tension Government Response

-Ottoman Empire weak-breaking downNot a nation-state-Wide range of ethnicities (from Slavic to Arabic) Armenians often targeted-Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Romanians gained autonomy-OE goes bankrupt

-Tried to remain authoritarian BUT local leaders begin breaking away

-violent attacks vs. them

-must get credit banking from European states

Strains in Multinational Empires

Russian Empire Points of Tension Government Response

Not a nation-state-160 different ethnic groups

-Crimean War, 1854-1865

-Catholicism and Judaism under suspicion

-various nationalities, traditions, languages ≠ unified Russia-growing Polish nationalism

-non-Russians do not have the same legal status as Russians-great loss, lead to Great Reforms under Tsar Alexander II (emancipation of serfs; universal military service)-Pale of Settlement (southern-western Russian Jewish settlement)-russification

-countered with growing Russian nationalism

Strains in Multinational Empires

Austro-Hungarian Empire Points of Tension Government Response

Not a nation-state-Austrians vs Magyars-Hungarians try to “magyarify” the Slovaks and Romanians-Czechs, Poles and Ukrainians want autonomy

-Nationalist Sentiment Grows

- Compromise of 1867 - Rise of Slovakian and Romanian nationalism-Poles = autonomy in East Galicia; Ukrainians = language rights; Czechs = use of lang. in schools and state gov’t.

-Habsburg (Austrian) gov’t. loosing influence over territory – will Habsburg dominance survive past Francis Joseph??