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Emotional Contagion and its Influence on Team

Functioning in Organizations

V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011

Department of Management Studies INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS 1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005

DC Members: Dr. Sanghamitra Bhattacharyya (Guide) Dr. L.S.Ganesh (Chairman) Dr.T.J.Kamalanabhan Dr. C. Rajendran Dr. K .N. Satyanarayana Dr. Debashis Acharya

1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005

V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras

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Contents

Definition of Emotional ContagionOccurrence of Emotional Contagion Rationale of Emotional Contagion Literature ReviewWork done in the past yearObjectives of the studyConceptual FrameworkResearch PropositionsProposed Plan of Action



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What is Emotional Contagion?

Emotional Contagion is defined as “a

multiply determined family of psychophysiological, behavioral and social phenomena.” (Hatfield,1994)

It’s a multi-level phenomenon

‘A ‘ individual

’B’ individual ‘C’ individual ‘D’ individual



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How does this occur? (Hatfield, 1994)

Conscious cognitive process

Conditional and Unconditional emotional responses

Mimicry and feedback

Automatic, unintentional,

uncontrollable & largely inaccessible

to consciousness.



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Rationale

Raison d'être-

Psychological

Climate is influential

Emotions drive

people

to action

State of infancy

in India



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Literature Review

Groups and Teams Marketing

and Customer Relations

Mimicry and Imitation

Literature review

Psychological Processes



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Emotional Contagion and Group Behavior

Barsade(2002)

Deals with the mechanisms by which mood

transfer occurs in groups.

Emotional Contagion and Gender Differences

Helland (2001)

Investigated whether there was any significant

difference between genders in terms of the

amount of imitation recorded.



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Emotional Contagion and Organizational Functioning

Halverson (2004)

Suggests that the concept of affect is

influential in its dealings with leadership,

especially charismatic and transformational

leadership.

Hsee, Hatfield, and Carlson (1990)

The nature of power base and its relation to

Emotional Contagion was analysed.



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Emotional Contagion in Marketing and Customer Satisfaction

Howard and Gengler (2001) Employee affect is manifested by their on-the-job

service transactions and is a potent contributor to attributions of service quality and perceptions of the organizations by the customer.

Pugh (2001) Studies how employees feel and how they act

towards customers and also about how employee actions make customers feel, and how this influences what customers think about the organization.



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Emotional Contagion and Stress

Wethington (2000) sees stress as originating in the daily course of life as a consequence of social interaction in dyads and groups.

Doherty (1997) has developed a Emotional Contagion 15-item uni-dimentional measure of susceptibility to other’s emotions resulting from mimicry.



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Work done during the period of review

Literature Survey

Position paper - work in progress

Deciding on the variables to be used in

the study

Completion of the required course work

Two National Conference Presentations



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Objective of the study (Research questions )

What is the level of contagion present in the Indian organizational setting?

How do

a) individual factors contribute to EC?

b) interpersonal factors affect EC?

c) contextual factors influence the level of EC?

How would the use of

a) the concept Facial Feedback Hypothesis (FFH) influence EC and thereby aid in the improvement of team functioning?

b) Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP), as an organizational developmental tool affect EC and bring about better team functioning?



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Conceptual Framework

Facial

Feedback Hypothesis

Individual Factors

•Level of susceptibility to emotion•Need for affiliation

Contextual Factors

• Composition of teams •Nature of job tasks•Cohesiveness

Improvement of team

functioning Presence of EC

Neuro -Linguistics

Programming

InterpersonalFactors• Interpersonal attraction•Interpersonal trust•Extent of familiarity•Psychological congruence



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Research Propositions… Based on the objectives of the study, we propose the

following:

Individual and interpersonal factors may contribute

more to the level of EC than contextual factors.

Applying

a) FFH to the presence of EC may bring about

improvement in team functioning.

b) NLP to the presence of EC may improve team

functioning.



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2 Stages of Future Action

I Stage

Development of a multi-dimensional EC Scale applicable to the Indian Context

Assessing the level of contagion present in organizations



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II Stage

Using the concept of FFH and NLP on the level of Emotional Contagion to bring about an improvement in team functioning.



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Proposed plan of action

Developing a model of Emotional Contagion (End of

July’05)

Based on the Literature review, submit the position paper

to a journal –work in progress( End of Aug’05)

Identify the field of operations to collect data ( End of

Aug’05)

Approach the relevant authorities ( End of October’05)

Develop a pretest questionnaire ( End of January’06)



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Thank You



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Personality & Group ProcessesGroup Personality Composition And Group Effectiveness: An Integrative Review Of Empirical Research.

Halfhill, Terry; Sundstrom, Eric; Lahner, Jessica; Calderone, Wilma; Nielsen, Tjai M.. Small Group Research, Feb2005, Vol. 36 Issue 1, p83, 23pI'm in the Mood for Work: Current Perspectives on Work Group Dynamics.

Gummer, Burton. Administration in Social Work, 2001, Vol. 25 Issue 2, p81, 21p Representations of the Group-as-a-Whole: Personality, Situational, and Dynamic Determinants

Les R. Greene , Psychoanalytic Psychology , Vol 16, Iss 3 , Summer 1999, pg 403-425



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Personality & Group Processes (contd.)

Personality and Susceptibility to Positive and Negative Emotional States

Larsen, R.J.,T.Ketelaar, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991, Vol.61, No1,132-140

Relating Member Ability and Personality to Work-Team Processes and Team Effectiveness

Barrick, M.R et al., Journal of Applied Psychology, 1998, Vol.83, No. 3, 377-391

Personality and Organizational Team Work

Singh,S, Indian Psychological Review, 2004, Vol.62, No.3, 124-135



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ReferencesBarsade, G (2002) The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and its Influence on Group Behavior, Administrative Science Quarterly.Brett, J.M., L. K. Stroh (2003) Working 61 plus hours a week: Why do managers do it?, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88(1), 67-78. Doherty, W.R (1997) The Emotional Contagion Scale: A Measure of Individual Differences, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21(2), 131-154.

Gump, B., and J. Kulik (1997) Stress, Affiliation and Emotional Contagion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 72, Issue. 2, 305-319.Halverson, S.K (2001) Emotional Contagion in Leader-Follower Interactions, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.28.



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ReferencesHess, U., and S. Blairy (2001) Facial mimicry and Emotional Contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 40, 129-141. Hsee, K., Hatfield, and G. Carlson. (1990) The effect of Power on Susceptibility to Emotional Contagion, Cognition and Emotion, 4(4), 327-340.Huy, Q.N (2002) Emotional Balancing of Organizational Continuity and Radical Change: the Contribution of Middle Managers, Administrative Science Quarterly. Joiner, T.E (1994) Contagious Depression: Existence, Specificity to Depressed Symptoms, and the Role of Reassurance Seeking, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.67(2), 287-296.Kelly, J. R., S. G. Barsade (2001) Mood and Emotions in Small Groups and Work Teams, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol.86, Iss 1, pg. 99



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ReferencesNeumann, R., F. Strack (2000) Mood Contagion: The Automatic Transfer of Mood Between Persons, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 79, Issue 2, 211-223.

Totterdell, P (2000) Catching moods and hitting runs: Mood Linkage and Subjective Performance in Professional Sport Teams, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85(6), 848-859.

Totterdell, P., S, Kellett., K, Teuchmann., R. B, Briner (1998) Evidence of Mood Linkage in Work Groups, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.74(6), 1504-1515.

Wethington. E (2000) Contagion of Stress, Advances in Group Processes, Vol.17, 229-253.

Wild, B., M. Erb., and M. Bartels (2001) Are Emotions Contagious? Evoked Emotions While Viewing Emotionally Expressive Faces: Quality, Quantity, Time Course and Gender Differences

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