Transcript

MineralsMineralsChap. 4Chap. 4Chap. 4Chap. 4

• What are Minerals?• Identifying Minerals

Which of these are minerals?Which of these are minerals?Which of these are minerals?Which of these are minerals?AMBER COAL

PEARL

SUGAR

QUARTZ

HALITE

MICA

How many types of minerals How many types of minerals do you think there are in the do you think there are in the earth’s crust?earth’s crust?

How many types of minerals How many types of minerals do you think there are in the do you think there are in the earth’s crust?earth’s crust?

How many types of minerals How many types of minerals do you think there are in the do you think there are in the earth’s crust?earth’s crust?

How many types of minerals How many types of minerals do you think there are in the do you think there are in the earth’s crust?earth’s crust?

About 3000,About 3000,

but only 30 minerals are but only 30 minerals are common.common.

About 3000,About 3000,

but only 30 minerals are but only 30 minerals are common.common.

What are minerals? – 4.1

ObjectivesObjectives

• Define a mineral• Describe how minerals form.• Identify the most common elements in Earth’s crust.

I.I. MineralMineral

Mineral Mineral

Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and definite crystalline structure

Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and definite crystalline structure

A.A. Naturally occurring, Naturally occurring, inorganicinorganic

I.I. MineralMineral

A.A. Naturally occurring, Naturally occurring, inorganicinorganic

B.B. Solids with specific Solids with specific compositionscompositions

I.I. MineralMineral

A.A. Naturally occurring, Naturally occurring, inorganicinorganic

B.B. Solids with specific Solids with specific compositionscompositions

C.C. Definite crystalline Definite crystalline structurestructure

I.I. MineralMineral

Crystal SystemsCrystal Systems

Cubic

Tetragonal

Hexagonal

Orthorhombic

Monoclinic

Triclinic

I.I. MineralMineral

II.II. Mineral formationMineral formation

A.A. Some from magmaSome from magma

I.I. MineralMineral

II.II. Mineral formationMineral formation

A.A. Some from magmaSome from magma

B.B. Some from solutionsSome from solutions

III.III. Mineral GroupsMineral Groups

A.A. SilicatesSilicates

III.III. Mineral GroupsMineral Groups

SilicatesSilicates

- Made of silicon and oxygenMade of silicon and oxygen

SilicatesSilicates

- Made of silicon and oxygenMade of silicon and oxygen

- Make up about 96% of minerals Make up about 96% of minerals found in earth’s crustfound in earth’s crust

SilicatesSilicates

- Made of silicon and oxygenMade of silicon and oxygen

- Make up about 96% of minerals Make up about 96% of minerals found in earth’s crustfound in earth’s crust

- Include Include feldsparfeldspar and and quartzquartz..

A.A. SilicatesSilicates

B.B. CarbonatesCarbonates

III.III. Mineral GroupsMineral Groups

CarbonatesCarbonates

- Made of metal bonded to Made of metal bonded to carbonate, COcarbonate, CO33

2-2-

CarbonatesCarbonates

- Made of metal bonded to Made of metal bonded to carbonate, COcarbonate, CO33

2-2-

- Found in limestone, malachite Found in limestone, malachite and marbleand marble

A.A. SilicatesSilicates

B.B. CarbonatesCarbonates

C.C. OxidesOxides

III.III. Mineral GroupsMineral Groups

OxidesOxides

- Made of metal bonded to oxygenMade of metal bonded to oxygen

OxidesOxides

- Made of metal bonded to oxygenMade of metal bonded to oxygen

- Hematite FeHematite Fe22OO33 and magnetite and magnetite FeFe33OO44 are common iron oxide are common iron oxide mineralsminerals

A.A. SilicatesSilicates

B.B. CarbonatesCarbonates

C.C. OxidesOxides

D.D. HalidesHalides

III.III. Mineral GroupsMineral Groups

A.A. SilicatesSilicates

B.B. CarbonatesCarbonates

C.C. OxidesOxides

D.D. HalidesHalides

E.E. Native ElementsNative Elements

III.III. Mineral GroupsMineral Groups

A.A. SilicatesSilicates

B.B. CarbonatesCarbonates

C.C. OxidesOxides

D.D. HalidesHalides

E.E. Native ElementsNative Elements

F.F. SulfatesSulfates

III.III. Mineral GroupsMineral Groups

The End

Identifying Minerals 4.2ObjectivesObjectives

• Classify minerals according to their physical and chemical properties• Identify different types of minerals• Discuss how minerals are used

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral Identification

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColor

rhodochrosite malachite turquoise

azurite

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. Luster (shininess)Luster (shininess)

Luster is the way the Luster is the way the mineral surface reflects mineral surface reflects light.light.

Luster is the way the Luster is the way the mineral surface reflects mineral surface reflects light.light.

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. Luster (shininess)Luster (shininess)

1.1. metallicmetallicgalenapyrite

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. Luster (shininess)Luster (shininess)

1.1. metallicmetallic

2.2. non-metallicnon-metallicfeldsparolivine

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. LusterLusterC.C. TextureTexture

Texture is how a mineral Texture is how a mineral feels to the touch.feels to the touch.Texture is how a mineral Texture is how a mineral feels to the touch.feels to the touch.

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. LusterLusterC.C. TextureTexture

Talc:feels greasy

fluorite:feels smooth

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. LusterLusterC.C. TextureTextureD.D. StreakStreak

Streak is the color of the Streak is the color of the powder of the mineral.powder of the mineral.Streak is the color of the Streak is the color of the powder of the mineral.powder of the mineral.

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. LusterLusterC.C. TextureTextureD.D. StreakStreak

Hematite:Reddish

brown streak

Pyrite:Dark gray-

black streak

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. LusterLusterC.C. TextureTextureD.D. StreakStreakE.E. HardnessHardness

Hardness is a measure of Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral is how easily a mineral is scratched.scratched.

Hardness is a measure of Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral is how easily a mineral is scratched.scratched.

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationF.F. Cleavage and FractureCleavage and Fracture

Fracture means a mineral Fracture means a mineral breaks with jagged, rough breaks with jagged, rough edgesedges

Fracture means a mineral Fracture means a mineral breaks with jagged, rough breaks with jagged, rough edgesedges

Cleavage means a Cleavage means a mineral splits easily and mineral splits easily and evenly along one or more evenly along one or more flat planes.flat planes.

Cleavage means a Cleavage means a mineral splits easily and mineral splits easily and evenly along one or more evenly along one or more flat planes.flat planes.

Mica: exhibits basal cleavage

Cleavage or Fracture?Cleavage or Fracture?

Halite: exhibits cubic cleavage

Cleavage or Fracture?Cleavage or Fracture?

Obsidian: exhibits fracture

Cleavage or Fracture?Cleavage or Fracture?

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationF.F. Cleavage and FractureCleavage and FractureG.G. Density and Specific Density and Specific

GravityGravity

Density is a measure of the Density is a measure of the mass per unit of volume.mass per unit of volume.Density is a measure of the Density is a measure of the mass per unit of volume.mass per unit of volume.

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationF.F. Cleavage and FractureCleavage and FractureG.G. Density and Specific Density and Specific

GravityGravityH.H. Other propertiesOther properties

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationF.F. Cleavage and FractureCleavage and FractureG.G. Density and Specific Density and Specific

GravityGravityH.H. Other propertiesOther properties

1.1. refractionrefraction

Refraction means the Refraction means the bending of lightbending of lightRefraction means the Refraction means the bending of lightbending of light

I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationF.F. Cleavage and FractureCleavage and FractureG.G. Density and Specific Density and Specific

GravityGravityH.H. Other propertiesOther properties

1.1. refractionrefraction

2.2. reacting with HClreacting with HCl

II.II.Other termsOther terms

II.II.Other termsOther termsA.A. OresOres

A material for which it is A material for which it is profitable to mineprofitable to mineA material for which it is A material for which it is profitable to mineprofitable to mine

II.II.Other termsOther termsA.A. OresOresB.B. GemsGems

Valuable minerals prized for Valuable minerals prized for rarity and beautyrarity and beautyValuable minerals prized for Valuable minerals prized for rarity and beautyrarity and beauty

The End


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