Which of these are minerals?Which of these are minerals?Which of these are minerals?Which of these are minerals?AMBER COAL
PEARL
SUGAR
QUARTZ
HALITE
MICA
How many types of minerals How many types of minerals do you think there are in the do you think there are in the earth’s crust?earth’s crust?
How many types of minerals How many types of minerals do you think there are in the do you think there are in the earth’s crust?earth’s crust?
How many types of minerals How many types of minerals do you think there are in the do you think there are in the earth’s crust?earth’s crust?
How many types of minerals How many types of minerals do you think there are in the do you think there are in the earth’s crust?earth’s crust?
About 3000,About 3000,
but only 30 minerals are but only 30 minerals are common.common.
About 3000,About 3000,
but only 30 minerals are but only 30 minerals are common.common.
What are minerals? – 4.1
ObjectivesObjectives
• Define a mineral• Describe how minerals form.• Identify the most common elements in Earth’s crust.
Mineral Mineral
Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and definite crystalline structure
Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and definite crystalline structure
A.A. Naturally occurring, Naturally occurring, inorganicinorganic
B.B. Solids with specific Solids with specific compositionscompositions
I.I. MineralMineral
A.A. Naturally occurring, Naturally occurring, inorganicinorganic
B.B. Solids with specific Solids with specific compositionscompositions
C.C. Definite crystalline Definite crystalline structurestructure
I.I. MineralMineral
I.I. MineralMineral
II.II. Mineral formationMineral formation
A.A. Some from magmaSome from magma
B.B. Some from solutionsSome from solutions
SilicatesSilicates
- Made of silicon and oxygenMade of silicon and oxygen
- Make up about 96% of minerals Make up about 96% of minerals found in earth’s crustfound in earth’s crust
SilicatesSilicates
- Made of silicon and oxygenMade of silicon and oxygen
- Make up about 96% of minerals Make up about 96% of minerals found in earth’s crustfound in earth’s crust
- Include Include feldsparfeldspar and and quartzquartz..
CarbonatesCarbonates
- Made of metal bonded to Made of metal bonded to carbonate, COcarbonate, CO33
2-2-
CarbonatesCarbonates
- Made of metal bonded to Made of metal bonded to carbonate, COcarbonate, CO33
2-2-
- Found in limestone, malachite Found in limestone, malachite and marbleand marble
A.A. SilicatesSilicates
B.B. CarbonatesCarbonates
C.C. OxidesOxides
III.III. Mineral GroupsMineral Groups
OxidesOxides
- Made of metal bonded to oxygenMade of metal bonded to oxygen
- Hematite FeHematite Fe22OO33 and magnetite and magnetite FeFe33OO44 are common iron oxide are common iron oxide mineralsminerals
A.A. SilicatesSilicates
B.B. CarbonatesCarbonates
C.C. OxidesOxides
D.D. HalidesHalides
III.III. Mineral GroupsMineral Groups
A.A. SilicatesSilicates
B.B. CarbonatesCarbonates
C.C. OxidesOxides
D.D. HalidesHalides
E.E. Native ElementsNative Elements
III.III. Mineral GroupsMineral Groups
A.A. SilicatesSilicates
B.B. CarbonatesCarbonates
C.C. OxidesOxides
D.D. HalidesHalides
E.E. Native ElementsNative Elements
F.F. SulfatesSulfates
III.III. Mineral GroupsMineral Groups
Identifying Minerals 4.2ObjectivesObjectives
• Classify minerals according to their physical and chemical properties• Identify different types of minerals• Discuss how minerals are used
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColor
rhodochrosite malachite turquoise
azurite
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. Luster (shininess)Luster (shininess)
Luster is the way the Luster is the way the mineral surface reflects mineral surface reflects light.light.
Luster is the way the Luster is the way the mineral surface reflects mineral surface reflects light.light.
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. Luster (shininess)Luster (shininess)
1.1. metallicmetallicgalenapyrite
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. Luster (shininess)Luster (shininess)
1.1. metallicmetallic
2.2. non-metallicnon-metallicfeldsparolivine
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. LusterLusterC.C. TextureTexture
Texture is how a mineral Texture is how a mineral feels to the touch.feels to the touch.Texture is how a mineral Texture is how a mineral feels to the touch.feels to the touch.
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. LusterLusterC.C. TextureTexture
Talc:feels greasy
fluorite:feels smooth
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. LusterLusterC.C. TextureTextureD.D. StreakStreak
Streak is the color of the Streak is the color of the powder of the mineral.powder of the mineral.Streak is the color of the Streak is the color of the powder of the mineral.powder of the mineral.
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. LusterLusterC.C. TextureTextureD.D. StreakStreak
Hematite:Reddish
brown streak
Pyrite:Dark gray-
black streak
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationA.A. ColorColorB.B. LusterLusterC.C. TextureTextureD.D. StreakStreakE.E. HardnessHardness
Hardness is a measure of Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral is how easily a mineral is scratched.scratched.
Hardness is a measure of Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral is how easily a mineral is scratched.scratched.
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationF.F. Cleavage and FractureCleavage and Fracture
Fracture means a mineral Fracture means a mineral breaks with jagged, rough breaks with jagged, rough edgesedges
Fracture means a mineral Fracture means a mineral breaks with jagged, rough breaks with jagged, rough edgesedges
Cleavage means a Cleavage means a mineral splits easily and mineral splits easily and evenly along one or more evenly along one or more flat planes.flat planes.
Cleavage means a Cleavage means a mineral splits easily and mineral splits easily and evenly along one or more evenly along one or more flat planes.flat planes.
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationF.F. Cleavage and FractureCleavage and FractureG.G. Density and Specific Density and Specific
GravityGravity
Density is a measure of the Density is a measure of the mass per unit of volume.mass per unit of volume.Density is a measure of the Density is a measure of the mass per unit of volume.mass per unit of volume.
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationF.F. Cleavage and FractureCleavage and FractureG.G. Density and Specific Density and Specific
GravityGravityH.H. Other propertiesOther properties
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationF.F. Cleavage and FractureCleavage and FractureG.G. Density and Specific Density and Specific
GravityGravityH.H. Other propertiesOther properties
1.1. refractionrefraction
Refraction means the Refraction means the bending of lightbending of lightRefraction means the Refraction means the bending of lightbending of light
I.I. Mineral IdentificationMineral IdentificationF.F. Cleavage and FractureCleavage and FractureG.G. Density and Specific Density and Specific
GravityGravityH.H. Other propertiesOther properties
1.1. refractionrefraction
2.2. reacting with HClreacting with HCl
II.II.Other termsOther termsA.A. OresOres
A material for which it is A material for which it is profitable to mineprofitable to mineA material for which it is A material for which it is profitable to mineprofitable to mine
II.II.Other termsOther termsA.A. OresOresB.B. GemsGems
Valuable minerals prized for Valuable minerals prized for rarity and beautyrarity and beautyValuable minerals prized for Valuable minerals prized for rarity and beautyrarity and beauty