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PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF DAIRY
GOATS TO INCOME OF SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN BABATI AND
KONGWA DISTRICTS, TANZANIA
MARY JACKSON
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
TROPICAL ANIMAL PRODUCTION OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA.
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ABSTRACT
A study was carried out in Babati and Kongwa Districts to determine the lactation and
reproduction performances, profitability and contribution of dairy goats to household
income of small scale farmers. In addition, the performance of Toggenburg and Saanen
were compared in Kongwa District. From each district, ! dairy goat farmers and !
non"dairy goat farmers were indi#idually inter#iewed, using a structured $uestionnaire.
%on"dairy goat farmers were included as a control to ascertain the influence of dairy
goats on household income. Age at first &idding 'AFK(, &idding inter#al 'KI(, &id
mortality and litter si)e were *.+ !.- months, .- !. months, *-. / and *.0 in
Babati District and *-.! !. months, .0 !.1 months, 2./ and *.- in Kongwa
District, respecti#ely, for Toggenburg breed. Daily mil& yield 'D34(, total lactation mil&
yield 'T34(, lactation length '55( and dry period 'D6( were *.2 !.* litre, 02+.0 0.1
litres, 1. !.-! months and 0.0 !.* months in Babati and *. !.0 litres, 0*. -7.+
litres, 1. !.1 months and 0.* !.0 months in Kongwa District, respecti#ely. The
comparison of Toggenburg and Saanen breeds &ept in Kongwa District indicated that
AFK and KI were *-.! !.- and .0 !.- months for Toggenburg and *-. !. and .1
!. months for Saanen, respecti#ely. The D34, T34, 55 and D6 were *. !.* litres,
0*. *2. litres, 1. !.0 months and 0.* !.* months for Toggenburg and *.1 !.*
litres, 0++.+ *. litres, 1.2 !.- months and, 0.7 !.0 months, for Saanen breed,
respecti#ely. A#erage annual profits per household for dairy goat enterprise were Tsh
+2 0*+ in Babati and -00 227 in Kongwa, and the enterprise contributed -* and 0+ / of
the total income of the household in Babati and Kongwa Districts, respecti#ely.
Toggenburg in Babati perform better in terms of mil& production compared to those in
Kongwa. Saanen breed performed better in terms of mil& production than Toggenburg in
Kongwa District. The study re#eals that, dairy goat enterprise is profitable and
significantly contributes to household income.
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COPYRIGHT
%o part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrie#al system or
transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the author
or So&oine
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DEDICATION
This piece of wor& is dedicated to my parents, :harles :hacha 3agon&a and 3agreth
:harles :hacha who were always immersed in #ision about my success.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................!!
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................!!!
COPYRIGHT...................................................................................................................!"
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................."
DEDICATION.................................................................................................................."!
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................."!!
LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................#!!
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS......................................................#!"
CHAPTER ONE...............................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1
*.* ;becti#e...................................................................................................................
*.*.* ;#erall ;becti#e........................................................................................
*.*.0 Specific obecti#es......................................................................................
*.0 Eypothesis................................................................................................................
CHAPTER TWO..............................................................................................................$
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................$
0.* Eistory of Dairy ?oats in Tan)ania..........................................................................1
0.0 Eistory of Dairy ?oat 6roects in Babati and Kongwa Districts..............................1
0.- 8eproducti#e 6erformance.......................................................................................+
0.-.* Age at first &idding 'AFK(.........................................................................2
0.-.0 Kidding inter#al 'KI(..................................................................................
0.-.- 5itter si)e..................................................................................................**
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0.-. 3ortality rate............................................................................................*-
0. 5actation 6erformance............................................................................................*1
0..* 5actation yield..........................................................................................*+
0..0 5actation length........................................................................................*7
0..- Dry period.................................................................................................*
0.1 :ontribution of Dairy ?oat to Eousehold Income.................................................*
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................2
.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS..........................................................................2
-.* 5ocation and Description of the Study Areas.........................................................0-
-.*.* Babati district............................................................................................0-
-.*.0 Kongwa district.........................................................................................0-
-.0 Sampling Design and Sample Si)e.........................................................................0
-.0.* Data collection..........................................................................................0
-.0.0 6arameters studied....................................................................................01
-.0.0.* 8eproducti#e and lactation performances of dairy goat
breeds......................................................................................01
-.0.0.0 Input and output relationships of the dairy goat enterprises...01
-.0.0.- Assessment of contribution of dairy goat enterprises to
household income...................................................................01
-.0.0. ?ross margin analysis.............................................................0+
-.- Data 6rocessing and Analyses................................................................................02
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................1
%.0 RESULTS..............................................................................................................1
.* :haracteristics of the 8espondents.........................................................................-*
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.*.* Bac&ground information...........................................................................-*
.*.0 conomic acti#ities...................................................................................-0
.*.- Floc& structure..........................................................................................-0
.*. 8easons for &eeping dairy goats...............................................................--
.*.1 3anagement practices..............................................................................--
.0 :omparison of 6erformance of Toggenburg ?oats in Babati and Kongwa
Districts...................................................................................................................-1
.0.* Age at first &idding...................................................................................-1
.0.0 Kidding inter#al........................................................................................-+
.0.- Kid mortality rate......................................................................................-+
.0. 5itter si)e..................................................................................................-2
.- 5actation 6erformance Traits..................................................................................-2
.-.* Daily mil& yield........................................................................................-2
.-.0 Total lactation mil& yield..........................................................................-7
.-.- 5actation length........................................................................................-
.-. Dry period.................................................................................................-
. :omparison of 8eproducti#e 6erformance of Toggenburg and Saanen
?oats in Kongwa District.......................................................................................*
..* Age at first &idding...................................................................................*
..0 Kidding inter#al........................................................................................*
.1 :omparison of 5actation 6erformance of Toggenburg and Saanen in
Kongwa District......................................................................................................-
.1.* Daily mil& yield........................................................................................
.1.0 3onthly mil& yield...................................................................................
.1.- Total lactation mil& yield..........................................................................
.1. 5actation length........................................................................................1
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.1.1 Dry period 'D6(........................................................................................1
.+ 6rofitability of Dairy ?oat nterprises...................................................................+
.2 :omparison of income from other enterprises between dairy goat farmers
and non"dairy goat farmers.....................................................................................2
.2 :ontribution of Dairy ?oat nterprise to Eousehold Income................................
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1. 6rofitability of Dairy ?oat nterprises...................................................................+*
1.1 :ontribution of Dairy ?oat nterprises to Eousehold Income..............................+0
1.+ :omparison between Dairy ?oat and %on"Dairy ?oat Farmers in Terms
of Income ;btained from other nterprises...........................................................+0
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LIST OF TABLES
Table * Age at first &idding of different goat breeds.....................................................
Table 0 Kidding inter#al 'KI( of goats in the tropics...................................................**
Table - 5itter si)e for goats in tropical areas...............................................................*-
Table The nutriti#e #alue of goat mil& #ersus cow mil&..........................................0*
Table 1 ?eneral characteristics of respondents...........................................................-*
Table + A#erage number of dairy goats 'se( &ept per household..............................-0
Table 2 8easons for &eeping dairy goats in Babati and Kongwa districts..................--
Table 7 ?eneral 3anagement of dairy goats...............................................................-
Table :riteria used in choosing breeding buc& in Babati and Kongwa districts......-
Table *! :omparison of reproducti#e performance of Toggenburg between
Babati and Kongwa districts '5S3 S(......................................................-+
Table ** Kid mortality rates by se@ and type of birth in both districts....................... ..-2
Table *0 :omparison of lactation performance of Toggenburg in Babati and
Kongwa districts '5S3 S(........................................................................!
Table *- :omparison of reproducti#e performance of Toggenburg and
Saanen in Kongwa district..............................................................................0
Table * :omparison of lactation and reproducti#e performance of
Toggenburg and Saanen in Kongwa district '5S3 S(..............................-
Table *1 Annual costs, sales and gross margin of dairy goat enterprise in
Babati and Kongwa districts..........................................................................+
Table *+ :omparison of income from different enterprises among dairy and
non"dairy goat farmers....................................................................................7
Table *2 :ontribution of dairy goat enterprise to household income ......................... .1!
Table *7
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AFK Age at first &idding
DF Degree of freedom
?53 ?eneral 5inear 3odel
E6I Eeifer 6roect International
KI Kidding inter#al
5S3 5east s$uares means
mm 3illimeter
35DF 3inistry of 5i#estoc& De#elopment and Fisheries
38 3ortality rate
%S %on significant
S. Standard error
SAS Statistical Analysis System
SA Small ast African goats
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
conomically, goats ser#e as sa#ing and li#ing ban&s for the resource poor rural people,
since they can easily be con#erted into cash when a need arises 'Dossa et al ., 0!!7H
?urmesa et al ., 0!**(. They are considered as an account that is used under emergency
conditions such as ta@ payments, health problems, school fees, death of a family member,
and payment of credit and purchase of food items during crop failure 'Shirima, 0!!1H
FA;STAT, 0!*!(. Socially, goats ser#e as a source of protein in human diets 'during
festi#al gatherings(, but also pro#ide good and stable source of income, especially for the
poor in the rural areas.
?oats play an important role to small"scale resource poor li#estoc& &eepers. Their efficient
utili)ation of small land holdings due to their small si)e and early maturity, short generation
inter#al and higher digestion efficiency of roughage ma&e them suitable for use for wealth
creation, enhancement of family nutrition, income generation and increased farm
producti#ity. Eence, impro#ement of their producti#ity is one way of reducing po#erty
among the poor 'De#endra, 0!!*H 6eacoc&, 0!!1H Ahuya et al ., 0!!(.
Dairy goat production is a promising enterprise for increasing consumption of animal
protein as well as raising income le#el of rural people. Dairy goats contribute to income
generation through the sales of mil&, mil& products, li#e animals and manure 'Kosgey
0!!H 3acha and 3baga, 0!!H FA;STAT, 0!*!(. Dairy goats are also named as Cpoor
mans cows for the poor farmers because of low initial and maintenance costs which can be
afforded by smallholder farmers, and they can be loo&ed after by any member of the family,
e#en children '3ahmoud, 0!*!(. Although goats &eeping has remained at a subsistence
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le#el in most de#eloping countries, its contribution to the total farm income is substantial.
Eowe#er, the contribution of goats to the people and economy of de#eloping countries is
underestimated, basically because their production is considered to be at small scale and
goat products seldom enter a formal mar&eting system '3ahmoud, 0!*!(.
In Tan)ania the goat population is estimated at *1.0 million, the local goats being the
predominant population '35FD, 0!**(. According to Kilongo)i et al. '0!!+( the population
of dairy goats is estimated to be *0+ !!! which is less that */ of the goat population.
Eowe#er, their role in pro#iding the highly needed mil& is widely recognised, especially by
the poor farming households.
fforts ha#e been made to impro#e producti#ity of local goats through introduction of
e@otic dairy breeds in different parts of the country. The e@otic breeds are normally used for
crossbreeding with indigenous tropical breeds. The reason behind the introduction of dairy
goats was to address the challenge of poor mil& production and low growth rate of the
Small ast African goats, the dominant breed in the country. The introduction of dairy goats
has led to increased goat producti#ity, hence impro#ed nutrition, income and o#erall
li#elihoods of the small" scale farmers. Introduction of dairy goats was also considered as a
means of creating employment within the community and enhancing mar&et access by the
poor rural farmers 'i& et al ., 0!!7H Safari et al ., 0!!7(.
Dairy goats were introduced in the country in the early *+!s. Breeds imported were
Saanen, Anglonubian and Toggenburg 'Das and Sendalo, **(. Serious research in dairy
goats commenced soon after e@otic dairy goats were introduced in the country. arlier
research efforts concentrated on on"station e#aluation of their performance. 5ater on dairy
goats were introduced in rural areas where smallholder farmers were fully in#ol#ed. Among
the areas where dairy goats ha#e been introduced is Babati District where they were
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1.1 O*+-!"
1.1.1 O"/ O*+-!"
To assess production performance, profitability and contribution of dairy goats to household
income of small"scale farmers.
1.1.2 S-!3!- 4*+-!"5
'i( To compare the reproducti#e and lactation performances of Toggenburg and
Saanen breeds and their crosses in Kongwa and Babati Districts.
'ii( To e#aluate input " output relationship of dairy goat enterprises and
'iii( To assess the contribution of dairy goat enterprise to household income of
small scale farmers.
1.2 H6475!5
i. 5actation and reproduction performances of Toggenburg and Saanen in Kongwa
and Babati Districts are not significantly differentH
ii. The profitability of dairy goat enterprise is e$ual to the profitability of other
enterprises and
iii. The contribution of dairy goat enterprise to household income is not significantly
different from the contribution of other enterprises in the household.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 H!54/6 43 D!/6 G45 !8 T898!
8earing of dairy goats started in 3issionary :entres, go#ernment institutions and
8esearch stations. In Tan)ania, serious research in dairy goats started in early *+!s when
e@otic dairy goat breeds were imported. arlier research efforts concentrated on on"station
studies but in *7!s dairy goats spread to small"scale farmers in rural areas 'Kiango,
*+(. ;n"farm dairy goat &eeping in rural areas was promoted by de#elopment agents
and did well as opposed to the station"based approaches. This led to increased interest on
the strategy of using dairy goats for po#erty reduction by go#ernment and non"
go#ernmental organi)ations ';gola et al ., 0!!(. Introduction of dairy goat breeds in rural
areas was aimed at upgrading the local breeds and increase their growth rates, mil& yield,
and hence impro#e food security as well as household income. As a result dairy goats
ha#e been introduced in different parts of the country. In most parts of the country dairy
goats ha#e gained popularity as source of mil& and income, particularly to the poor people
and their mil& is normally consumed at household le#el 'Shirima, 0!!1H Tadele, 0!!2(.
2.2 H!54/6 43 D!/6 G4 P/4+-5 !8 B*! 8: K48;
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pro#ided to the farmers selected to participate in proect. Thereafter, dairy goats were
distributed to few selected farmers. The condition was that when a doe gi#es birth to a
female &id, the &id has to be passed"on to the ne@t farmer. Thereafter, Toggenburg Breeders
Association 'T;B8A( was set up in * to manage the breeding stoc&. 3ar&eting channel
for dairy goats is through the association till today. %owadays, T;B8A, has become the
main supplier of pure Toggenburg goats in Tan)ania and e#en Kenya.
Eeifer 6roect International 'E6I"Tan)ania( introduced dairy goats in Kongwa District in
the year 0!!! mainly Saanen, Ango"%ubian and Toggenburg. The aim was to assist low
income families to impro#e consumption of animal protein and increase their income.
Before distribution of dairy goats to selected farmers, training was conducted at 5i#estoc&
Training Institute, 3pwapwa, on impro#ed management of dairy goats. Few farmers
from the selected #illages were later on trained on health aspects of goats, and became
community health wor&ers for identification and treatment of #arious diseases affecting
the goats of the group members.
2. R/4:=-!" P/34/>8-
This parameter is a maor determinant of producti#ity and economic #iability of goat
enterprises. Failure to reproduce regularly leads to economic losses, in terms of mil& for
sale, young stoc&s for replacement and, hence reduced selection intensity. 8eproducti#e
performance is determined by the rate of growth of an animal which, in turn, affects the
time ta&en to reach critical body weight for the onset of puberty. 6uberty in females
depends on adult body si)e of animals '?imene) and 8odning, 0!!2(. 8eproducti#e traits
are controlled by both genetic and non genetic factors and interaction between them.
6uberty, the time of first se@ual acti#ity, has a conse$uent effect on lifetime production.
Breed and potential si)e at maturity are the main factors that cause considerable #ariations
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in the time ta&en to reach first se@ual acti#ity in goats. 8egardless of preceding factors,
puberty is a function of both age and body weight '?imene) and 8odning, 0!!2(. ;ther
en#ironmental factors which affect the reproducti#e traits include season of the year, age
of the dam, nutrition, diseases, parity of dam and housing. The nutritional status of the
herd is the most important factor influencing reproduction. It is also the factor on which
the producer has the most control by either increasing or reducing nutrient consumption
'?imene) and 8odning, 0!!2(.
2..1 A; 3!/5 ?!::!8; @AFK
Age at first &idding is e@pressed as the age at which does &id for the first time. The earlier
the doe starts to &id the longer the producti#e span would be. Age at first &idding is an
important factor in determining life time producti#ity. There is a big #ariation in age at
first &idding among the production systems and breeds. It is usually later in animals li#ing
in harsh en#ironments. Age at first &idding is influenced by age of the animal and body
weight at mating, growth rate, and le#el of feeding and disease control. If doelings are not
at an optimum weight, breeding should be delayed since puberty is more dependent on
body weight than age of the animal. Eowe#er, delaying breeding for a long time
decreases the margin of profit by decreasing lifetime production '3ruttu, 0!!*(.
ffect of season on AFK is in relation to a#ailability of feed. Female &ids born in the
season with ample feed a#ailability grow faster and attain se@ual maturity earlier and
hence, are younger at first &idding. This is due to $uality and $uantity of feeds a#ailable
and this confirms that puberty depends on body weight rather than age 'Delgadillo et al .,
0!!2H Jeshmarani et al ., 0!!2H Bushara and %i&haila, 0!*0(. Female &ids born during the
rainy season gi#e birth to their first &ids at a relati#ely younger age compared to those
born during cool dry season 'Bushara and %i&haila, 0!*0(. The slow growth rate is
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mainly attributed to poor nutrition, management and other non"genetic factors
'?bangboche et al ., 0!!+(. Eowe#er, season effect is more pronounced in e@tensi#e than
in intensi#e management system. %utrition influences the onset of puberty, conception
rate, health and #igor of the newborn &id. ;#erfeeding doelings in order to attain hea#y
weight $uic&ly, does not guarantee that a high percentage will show oestrus early.
The important point to consider is for the animal to be old enough to cycle. If doeling
become fat before puberty, it is detrimental to mammary gland de#elopment because the
animals deposit e@cessi#e fat in their udders and this affects subse$uent mil& producing
ability '?imene) and 8odning, 0!!2(.
ffect of type of birth on age at first &idding is contributed by birth weight and feeding
regime before and after weaning. Before weaning female &ids born single will grow faster
than those born twins due to mil& yield differences. This implies that twins recei#e little
mil& from the doe compared to the &ids born single and this affects their growth rate
before weaning. After weaning maternal influence ceases and as long as nutrition is not a
limiting factor, twins &ids tend to compensate for growth and there is no difference in
terms of age at first &idding between twin female &ids and those born singles 'Dadi et
al ., 0!!7(. This happens because the effect of litter si)e decreases with increase in age of
the &ids. Age at first &idding according to Tesfaye '0!!( in thiopia is *-.+ month 'Table
*(. Study conducted under semi"intensi#e system found the AFK to be *-.1 months
':howdhury et al ., 0!!0(. The AFK for >est African Dwarf goats has been found to
range from *+ and *7 months '>ebb and 3amabolo, 0!!1(. Dhara et al . '0!**( reported
the AFK to be *0. months in Blac& Bengal goats 'Table *(. Eowe#er, the a#erage
recommended AFK is *0.1 months under good management. Table * below shows AFK
on different goat breeds.
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T* 1 A; 3!/5 ?!::!8; 43 :!33/8 ;4 */:5
B/: AFK@:65 P- A=74/@5
SA +-7"7 Tan)ania"S
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According to Kamal and %i&haila '0!!( another factor which can lead to long open
period is under nutrition which e@tends KI. The high le#el of feeding after &idding
shortens the inter#al from first breeding to conception and thus reduces KI. Guality and
$uantity of feed ha#e effect on KI which seems to be shorter '01! days( for goats under
plenty feed and longer '-* days( for goats under feed shortage. Dadi et al . '0!!7( ha#e
e@plained this to be associated with inade$uate nutrition which delays the occurrence of
postpartum oestrus. Also the inter#al could be affected by change in the $uality and
$uantity of forages, which occurs during #arious seasons of the year, as the natural
forages are the main sources of goats diet. The ratio of male to female, $uality of buc&s
and a#ailability of buc& can also affect KI. 3ating system in the area can also affect the
KI.
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'0!*!( in %igeria found the KI to be +. months '0!2 days(, which is close to 0! days
reported by Sodi$ '0!!( in Indonesia on goat raised under traditional management
system 'Table 0(.
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synthesis increase too ':arnicella et al ., 0!!7H Eansen et al., 0!!+(. 5itter si)e at birth
tends to impro#e o#er years and with parity. This may be due to the efficiency of
reproduction as the doe matures.
Does with singles ha#e less mil& production than those with multiple litter si)e 'ArgMello
et al ., 0!!1(. The high mil& yield in does with twins is induced by high lactogenic
acti#ities during prepartum stage which cause greater de#elopment of mammary gland
and increase in the potential for mil& synthesis and, hence, high mil& yield during early
postpartum. The small amount of mil& produced by does with single &ids ha#e higher
protein and lower fat contents 'Salama et al ., 0!!1(.
5itter si)e can be affected by breed and, there is #ariation within and between breeds.
The #ariation in litter si)e in tropical goats ha#e great ad#antage as reproducti#e
performance could be impro#ed by selection or by crossbreeding without affecting their
potential adaptation characteristics to hot and harsh en#ironment '3ruttu, 0!!*(. Studies
conducted by Dadi et al . '0!!7(, Alphonsus et al . '0!*!( and Bushara et al . '0!**(
re#ealed the positi#e correlation between litter si)e and parity, as parities increase litter
si)e increases as well. This was also obser#ed by Faru$ue et al . '0!*!( where litter si)e in
the *st parity was lower '*.-( than in the 2th parity '-.!(. This phenomenon supports the
obser#ation that young does ta&e longer time to return to their reproducti#e status
compared to older does '>ilson and 5ight, *7+(.
The effect of season on litter si)e is attributed to a#ailability of feeds, which in turn,
affects the conception rate. :onception rate is high when mating is accompanied by high
plane of nutrition, especially two months prior to mating. The larger litter si)e in dry
season &idding is related to high conception rate in the late rains or post rainy season due
to abundant a#ailability of good $uality pasture during the rain season 'Eamad, 0!!*(.
*0
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Findings by Baiden '0!!2( showed that does &idding in the dry season ha#e significantly
higher litter si)e than those &idding in minor wet season '0.!1 #s *.7(. 5itter si)e is
significantly affected by rearing system. It has been shown to be higher in intensi#e
system than in semi"intensi#e system 'Faru$ue et al ., 0!*!(. 5itter si)e of *.2 and *.+
has been reported by Ince '0!*!( and 3ellado et al . '0!**(, respecti#ely 'Table -(.
T* L!/ 5!9 34/ ;45 !8 /4!- /5
B/: L!/ 5!9 C4=8/6 A=74/5ocal goats *.-1 3alawi Karua and Banda '*(
Saanen crosses *.10 3alawi Karua and Banda '*(
6ygmy *. ?eorgia Amoah et al . '*+(
American Alpine *. ?eorgia Amoah et al . '*+(
French Alpine *.2 ?eorgia Amoah et al . '*+(
%ubian 0.! ?eorgia Amoah et al . '*+(
Saanen *.2 ?eorgia Amoah et al . '*+(
Toggenburg *.+ ?eorgia Amoah et al . '*+(
Saanen *.+ 3e@ico 3ellado et al . '0!**(
Toggenburg *.+ 3e@ico 3ellado et al . '0!**(
French alpine *.- 3e@ico 3ellado et al . '0!**(Anglonubian *.+0 3e@ico 3ellado et al . '0!**(
?ranadina *.10 3e@ico 3ellado et al . '0!**(
Saanen *.2 Tur&ey Ince '0!*!(
Taggar 'dry season( *.*7 >estern Sudan Bushara et al . '0!*-(
Taggar 'rainy season( *.1 >estern Sudan Bushara et al . '0!*-(
:reole goats *.7 India Ale@andre et al . '0!!*(
%ubian *.*0 Sudan Kamal and %i&haila '0!!(
%orwegian goats *. ?airo" Tan)ania Safari et al . '0!!7(
%ati#e goats *.27 Korea Song et al . ' 0!!+(
2..% M4/!6 /
3ortality is a maor constraint to goat production in the tropics. Kid mortality from birth
to weaning is one of the crucial elements in the economic process of goat raising
programs. Factors influencing &id mortality are closely related to the systems of
production and include low birth weight, low mil& production of the doe, season of birth,
type of birth, se@ of &id, season of &idding, parity order , predators, diseases and accidents
'Kamal and %i&haila, 0!!(.
*-
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Birth weight and se@ of the &id ha#e significant influence on pre"weaning mortality rate
'Eailu et al ., 0!!+(. Kid born with lower birth weight has a greater chance of e@pressing
higher mortality rate compared to &id born with higher birth weight 'Tur&son et al .,
0!!(. Kid mortality normally decreases as the birth weight of &id increases and increases
in larger si)e &ids 'rshadu))aman et al ., 0!!2H ?irma et al ., 0!**(. ?enerally male &id
e@hibits higher birth weight compared to female &ids. :on#ersely female &ids ha#e higher
&id mortality than male &ids. Eowe#er, a study conducted by Tur&son et al . '0!!(
obser#ed higher mortality in male &ids than in female &ids.
Type of birth is another factor which affects &id mortality. Single born &ids ha#e the
lowest mortality rate while twin born &ids ha#e higher mortality rate 'Snyman, 0!*!H
3tenga et al ., 0!!+H %damu&ong, 0!!+(. Eigh mortality rate for multiple " &id could be
associated with limited nutrients in the uterus and mil& consumption after birth. Age and
parity of does ha#e significant effect on mortality rate at birth and from birth to weaning.
This may be attributed to the physiological maturity of older does and their ability to
pro#ide more mil&, which increases the sur#i#al rate of the &ids '3arai et al ., 0!!0(.
Eigher incidences of mortality ha#e been obser#ed in *st and 0nd parities than in -rd and
th
parities '3ourand et al ., 0!!!(. Eigher mortality rate ha#e been reported in
primiparous than in multiparous dams '01.- #s *-.0/( 'Bushara et al ., 0!**(. This
supports the fact that age and parity of the doe significantly affects the reproducti#e traits.
3ortality rate is reduced with increase in parity number 'Bushara et al ., 0!**(.
Breed is another factor which affects &id mortality. Indigenous goats are more resistant to
diseases and stress, hence, ha#e higher sur#i#al rate compared to e@otic breeds 'Barbind
and Dandewar, 0!!(. 3ortality rate increases as the le#el of e@otic blood increases.
@otic breeds easily succumb to diseases and this result into higher mortality rate of &ids
*
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than their indigenous counterparts. 3eat goats also ha#e been found to e@press lower &id
mortality rate than mil& goats.
Studies ha#e shown that, &ids born during the wet season e@hibit higher mortality rate
than those born in the dry season 'Tur&son et al ., 0!!(. The higher mortality rate in the
rainy season is associated with high rainfall and high relati#e humidity '3a)umdar et al .,
*7!(, both of which are &nown to promote diseases and parasitic infections. Kids seem
to be less able to withstand attac& by both physical and biological agents due to their lac&
of immunity. This ma&es them more susceptible to enteric and respiratory infections
'Bushara and %i&haila, 0!*0(. Eigh mortality rate in post weaning period is associated
with weaning stress and worm burden. Eigh pre " weaning mortality rate is influenced by
low birth weight and low mil& yield '?irma et al ., 0!**(. A study conducted in high
potential areas of Tan)ania re#ealed pre weaning mortality of 2. / for %orwegian goats
'i& et al ., 0!!7(.
2.% L-!48 P/34/>8-
Guality and $uantity of feed pro#ided to animals prior and after parturition influences
mil& yield, mil& $uality, lactation duration, &id #itality and growth rate 'Salama et al .,
0!!1(. The actual amount of mil& produced during lactation period is affected by se#eral
factors. These include breed, litter si)e, parity, stage of lactation, and health of does
during pregnancy, season of &idding, physiological state, disease, feed a#ailability and
stress from the en#ironment '3ellado et al ., 0!!-(.
2.%.1 L-!48 6!:
Breed of dairy goats has an effect on mil& yield. It has been documented by many authors
that temperate breeds produce more mil& than tropical breeds '?Mney et al ., 0!!+H %orris
et al ., 0!**(. Tropical breeds ha#e low mil& yield due to their low genetic potential and
*1
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pre#ailing en#ironmental conditions li&e stress caused by harsh weather and diseases.
5e#el of mil& production depends on breed and there is #ariation in mil& yield among
different breeds and within the breed 'Kendall et al ., 0!!(. Also high #ariations are due
to #ariable production en#ironment. ?enetic differences among the dairy goat breeds
affect ash and fat contents of the mil&, and it has been found that tropical breeds gi#e
higher percentage of these contents than temperate breeds 'Schmidely et al ., 0!!0H
Jahraddeen et al ., 0!!2(. 3il& from tropical goat breeds has higher total solids, due to
higher fat and protein contents than those of temperate dairy goat breeds. These
concentrations of nutrients are connected to small amount of mil& produced by tropical
breeds 'Abd et al., 0!!1(. 6rotein and fat contents are high on early lactation then drop at
pea& mil& yield and slowly increases until the doe dries off 'Salama et al ., 0!!1(.
3il& yield #aries according to the stage of lactation. ;n first lactation does produce small
amount of mil& per day and mil& yield increases progressi#ely with parity until third
lactation '%orris et al ., 0!**(. ?oats are more persistent mil&ers than cattle. They reach
their pea& mil& yield during 7 th to *0th wee&s after &idding. ;n the 0! th wee& of lactation,
the mil& yields decrease slowly and thereafter yield remains fairly constant. Total mil&
yield has been found to be affected by parity, season and year of &idding, litter si)e and
interaction between year and season. Total mil& yield increases gradually with the
increase in parity until the fourth parity 'Eamed et al ., 0!!(. 5itter si)e has an influence
on lactation yield. Does with twins produce more mil& compared to those with singles
':arnicela et al ., 0!!7H Jahraddeen et al ., 0!!(. The difference in mil& yield due to litter
si)e is probably attributed to the e@tra pressure or stimulation on the mammary gland as a
result of the additional suc&ling of the second &id. Also the increasing trend of mil&
production may be due to more physiological de#elopment with ad#ancement of litter
si)e.
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In a study conducted by Jahraddeen et al . '0!!2( mil& yield of goats was found to be
higher during the wet season than the dry season. This is in close agreement with the
findings of Iloee et al . '*7*( who reported that in %igeria >AD does that &idded from
9anuary to 3arch produced more mil& than those that &idded from April to 9uly.
?enerally, does that &id during the rainy season produce more mil& than those &idding in
the dry season. This may be attributed to a#ailability of good $uality feed resources
during the rainy seasons and #ice #ersa during the dry season '%orris et al ., 0!**(.
;n the other hand, when does &id in the wet season there is low dry matter inta&e,
reduced gra)ing time, high pre#alence of diseases, especially worm infestation which
cause low mil& yield 'Eoste et al ., 0!!1H Singh et al ., 0!!(.
6arity is another factor which influences mil& production. As the number of parities
increase from the first to the thirdH mil& yield increases with increasing rate, thereafter
mil& yield increases with decreasing rate up to the fifth parity 'Eansen et al ., 0!!+(.
ffect of parity on total lactation yield and daily mil& yield shows an almost steady
increasing trend from first to fourth lactation. Singh et al . '0!!( obser#ed increase in
mil& production from second parity to fifth parity, thereafter declined substantially.
During the first &idding, does ha#e low weight and this contributes to low daily mil&
yield. As the number of parity increases, the animal is attaining maturity and energy
competition between growth and mil& synthesis is reduced, hence, high mil& yield
'3ellado et al ., 0!!-H Bushara et al ., 0!**H %orris et al ., 0!**(. This is in agreement with
Singh et al . '0!!( who reported increase in mil& production of does with high weight at
&idding.
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3il& yield increases with age, as the age of the animal increases, the hormonal status of
the animal body, metabolic acti#ity, secretory cells and nutrient inta&e which are used in
mil& synthesis increase too 'Eansen et al ., 0!!+H :arnicella et al ., 0!!7(. ;lder does are
larger in body si)e and produce more mil&. 3anagement practices which include
fre$uency of mil&ing, nutrition and body condition are other factors influencing mil&
production. 3il&ing once per day yield little amount of mil& compared to mil&ing twice a
day 'Salama et al ., 0!!1(. Shortage of feeds during pregnancy affect mil& yield as a carry
o#er effect after &idding.
This is because good body condition of doe at late pregnancy has positi#e effect on early
lactation mil& yield. 3orand "Fehr et al. '0!!2( reported that apart from genetic limits,
nutrition during lactation is the primary factor that influences mil& yield and mil& fat
content decreases as the mil& yield increases. Does body condition scores significantly
influence mil& yield 'Jahraddeen et al ., 0!!2(. A#erage mil& yield, total lactation yield,
time of pea&, persistency, fat and protein contents depends on the $uality and $uantity of
feed consumed by the animal.
2.%.2 L-!48 8;7
5actation length is the period in which the doe is in mil&. The total amount of mil& to be
har#ested is partly influenced by lactation length. 5actation length has an ob#ious effect
on mil& yield with greater $uantities of mil& and mil& components being obtained for
longer lactations '?oetsch et al ., 0!**(. 5actation length is a breeds property. ach breed
has its own lactation length depending on its producing ability, but usually lasts from 0!
to -!! days. Also #ariation is found from goat to goat within a breed. Findings by Ahuya
et al. '0!!( indicated the lactation length of 001 days. Study conducted by i& et al .
'0!!7( shows lactation length of *!.! months. 5actation length of 7 months has been
*7
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and maintenance costs are low. Also most of the small"scale farmers ha#e limited access
to land and capital, and so the rearing of dairy goats using common property resources at
least gi#es them an opportunity to impro#e their income position '8iethmuller, 0!!-(.
Small scale dairy farming has been shown to contribute significantly to household
incomeH and this seems to be higher compared to other enterprises. 3anure from the dairy
goats cause substantial impro#ement in soil $uality, increase crop yield, hence, impro#e
food security and income to household '6eacoc&, 0!!1H Safari et al ., 0!!7H 5welamira et
al ., 0!*!(. ?enerally, income determines the purchasing power at household le#el, such
that the higher the income the higher the ability of the households to meet their basic
needs.
?oat mil& greatly impro#es the diet of many rural families because it is rich in basic food
nutrients. It is traditionally #alued for the elderly, the sic&, babies, children who are
allergic to cow mil&, and patients with ulcers. ?oat mil& also contributes to reduction of
malnutrition among the #ulnerable groups. It is e#en preferred for raising orphan foals
and other young domestic animals. ?oat mil& is richer than cow mil& in some important
nutrients #itamin A, niacin, choline, and inositolH but it is poorer in folic acid '6inoy,
0!!7H Kipserem et al., 0!**H %orris et al ., 0!**(. 6rotein le#el, fat and mineral contents in
goat mil& are relati#ely higher than that of cows mil& 'Table (. ?oat mil& has been
reported to contain a higher proportion of short and medium chain fatty acids with smaller
globules than cow mil&, this ma&es goat mil& promising in relie#ing stress and
constipation '?urmesa et al ., 0!**H ;)ung et al ., 0!**(. It has been found to contain
higher medicinal #alue 'curing people with migraine and asthma(, #itamin B content and
higher digestibility ';chepo and 3omoh, 0!*!( than cow mil& 'Table (.
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;n" farm dairy goat &eeping is promoted by de#elopment agents as one of the strategy for
po#erty reduction. The main reasons were to upgrade the local breeds, increase growth
rates, mil& yield, impro#e food security and increase household income. ;n the other
hand, income generations through sale of mil&, mil& products, and li#e animals ha#e
contributed much to pro#ision of better nutrition and other responsibilities within the
household. The present study was carried out to determine the abo#e parameters in two
different en#ironments and assess the contribution of dairy goats to income of the
households.
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CHAPTER THREE
.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
.1 L4-!48 8: D5-/!!48 43 7 S=:6 A/5
The study was conducted in Babati District, 3anyara 8egion and Kongwa District in
Dodoma 8egion, Tan)ania. These two districts were chosen because they ha#e been
engaged in dairy goat production for many years.
.1.1 B*! :!5/!-
Babati District is located between latitude -! and 1! South of the e$uator and longitude
-1! and -2! ast of ?reenwich. The area lies between 1! and 0,1! metre abo#e sea
le#el. A#erage annual rainfall ranges from 1!! to *,0!! mm. The rains are bimodal and
the short rains begin in %o#ember and end in DecemberN9anuary, while the long rains
begin in February and end in 3ay. The short and the long rains are often connected.
The rain season is followed by cool dry season from 9une to September. The a#erage
mean temperature ranges from 00! : to 01!:. The main economic acti#ities in the district
are crop and li#estoc& production. Subsistence crops grown in the area include mai)e,
pigeon peas, beans, bananas and sunflower which is used for e@tracting coo&ing oil, seed
ca&e as feed supplement for li#estoc& and fertili)er. 5i#estoc& species &ept in the area
include dairy and indigenous goats, cattle, pigs, chic&ens and sheep.
.1.2 K48;
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0!O: and --O:. The main rain season is from %o#ember to April with an annual a#erage
rainfall of 1!! to 7!! mm. The maor economic acti#ities are li#estoc& and crop
production. 3aor crops grown in the area are sorghum, groundnuts, mai)e, simsim and
sunflower. 5i#estoc& reared in the area are pigs, local cattle and goats and local chic&en.
.2 S>!8; D5!;8 8: S> S!9
A purposi#e sampling design was used to select farmers who &eep dairy goats and ha#e
an e@perience of at least fi#e years. In addition, farmers who do not &eep dairy goats
within the area were randomly selected and inter#iewed using a structured $uestionnaire
'Appendi@ *(. A total of *+! smallholder farmers were in#ol#ed in the study, of which,
eighty farmers had dairy goats 'fourty from each district( and eighty had no dairy goats
'fourty from each district(.
A purposi#e sampling procedure as described by Bryman '0!!*( was adopted to ensure
that the selected households comprised of the dairy goat farmers. %on"dairy goat farmers
were randomly sampled. The difference between the two groups was possession of a dairy
goat enterprise while other economic acti#ities were the same. %on dairy goat farmers
were included in this study as a control group to assess the contribution of dairy goats in
comparison to other enterprises within the household. Four #illages per district were
selected for the study. These were ?iebosh&a, ?iedabung, Eimiti and Earaa for Babati
District, and 3langa, Ibwaga, Sagara and 3&o&a in Kongwa District.
.2.1 D -4-!48
A structured $uestionnaire was prepared 'Appendi@ *( and pre"tested before being
administered then, refining and corrections were made in accordance to the respondents
perception. The respondents were #isited indi#idually at their premises after ma&ing
0
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appointment with the researcher. Before carrying out the inter#iew, the first session was
used by the researcher to build confidence with farmers so that they could participate
fully and without reser#ation. Data were collected by inter#iewing household heads
engaged in small scale dairy goat &eeping and had stayed in the proect for at least fi#e
years. Furthermore, head of the non"dairy goat &eeping households were inter#iewed.
.2.2 P/>/5 5=:!:
.2.2.1 R/4:=-!" 8: -!48 /34/>8-5 43 :!/6 ;4 */:5
Eousehold sur#eys were conducted to determine the performance of dairy goats.
Information on age at first &idding, &idding inter#al, litter si)e, &id mortality rate, daily
mil& yield, lactation length and dry period were gathered through face to face inter#iew
using a well structured $uestionnaire.
.2.2.2 I8= 8: 4== /!4857!5 43 7 :!/6 ;4 8//!55
Information on $uantity and price of inputs used for raising dairy goats were collected.
The inputs included feeds, #eterinary ser#ices, drugs, labour 'familyNhired(, repair and
maintenance of goat houses incurred in 0!**. The outputs obtained included sales of li#e
animals, mil&, manure and goat products consumed at home which were con#erted into
cash.
.2.2. A5555>8 43 -48/!*=!48 43 :!/6 ;4 8//!55 4 74=574: !8-4>
The information on income from other enterprises contributing to annual household
income apart from dairy goats was collected from the farmers with dairy goats and those
with no dairy goats. These included maor crops 'such as mai)e, sunflower, sorghum,
pigeon pea( produced, other li#estoc& species and small business within the household
'inputs included drugs, labour, feed, #eterinary ser#ices, repair and maintenance of animal
01
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shed, cost for breeding of animals and land preparation costs, seeds, weeding, har#esting,
transport cost for crops(. Information on $uantity and price of inputs for each enterprise
were collected and total costs of production were computed. 4ield from each enterprise
and price of commodities were determined. ;utputs were considered as sales of products
from each enterpriseH these included sale of mil&, mil& products, sale of li#e animals and
all products consumed at home were con#erted into cash. For crops, amounts har#ested
were con#erted into cash and re#enues from each enterprise were computed.
.2.2.% G/455 >/;!8 865!5
6rofitability of each enterprise was computed using gross margin analysis. ?ross margin
'total re#enue " total #ariable costs( analysis was carried out using the system described
by %yaribo et al . '*!( which in#ol#es the use of #ariable costs only as &ey components
for decision ma&ing in day to day operations.
?3 P Q6y4i " 6@Ri .. '*(
>hereH
?3 P ?ross margin 'Tshs(,
4i P $uantity of output in &g,
6y P product price 'TshsN&g(,
Ri P $uantity of input in &g and
6@ P input price 'TshsN&g:omparisons were done between districts and those with and without dairy goats for #ariable
costs and re#enue.
. D P/4-55!8; 8: A8655
Data obtained from the $uestionnaire were coded and summari)ed prior to analysis.
68;: F8G of SAS '0!!( was employed to analy)e $ualitati#e data. Data on
reproducti#e and lactation performances were coded and analy)ed by ?eneral 5inear
3odel '?53( procedure of SAS '0!!( programme to assess the producti#ity of the dairy
goats.
0+
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i. The first data set was for Toggenburg breed in Kongwa and Babati Districts. For
this analysis the factors assessed were type of birth, le#el of e@otic blood and
location.
Age at first &idding 'AFK( data were analy)ed using the following model
4i&l P U Ti U L U 4& Uei&l ....................................................................................... '0(
>hereH
4i&l P age at first &idding of an indi#idual animal,
P general mean,
Ti P effect of ith type of birth of the doeling 'single or multiple(
L P effect of th le#el of e@otic blood '1!, 21 and *!!/(,
4& P effect of & th location 'Kongwa and Babati(
ei&l P random error
Kidding inter#als 'KI( data were analy)ed using the following model
4i&l P U Bi U ? U 5& U ei&l ... '-(
>hereH
4i&l P Kidding inter#al of a doe
P general mean,
BiP effect of ith birth type of the doeling 'single or multiple(
? P effect of
th
le#el of e@otic blood '1!, 21 and *!!/(5& Peffect of & th location 'Kongwa and Babati(
ei&l P random error
L!/ 5!9 @LS
5itter si)e P Total &ids born .................................................................................. '(
%umber of does &idded
Data on litter si)e were analysed using chi"s$uare and effect of location was tested.
M4/!6 /Data were organi)ed and pre weaning mortality rate was calculated from birth to
months.
K38 / P %umber of &ids that died before weaning V*!! '1(
Total number of &ids born in year 0!**
K38/ P Kid mortality rate 'percent(
Data were analysed using :hi"s$uare test and the effect of se@, location and type of birth
were tested.
02
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5actation traits measured were daily mil& yield 'D34(, monthly mil& yield '334(, total
lactation mil& yield 'T534(, lactation length '55( and dry period 'D6( and were
analysed using the following model
4i&l P U Bi U ? U 5& U ei&l .. '+(
>hereH
4i&l P obser#ation of a doe,
P general mean,
Bi P effect of ith birth type,
? P effect of th le#el of e@otic blood '1!, 21 and *!!/(,
5& P effect of & th location and
ei&l P random error
T4 >!? 6!:
This was computed as amount of mil& 'litres( produced throughout the lactation period.
ii. The second data analysis compared Toggenburg and Saanen breeds of Kongwa
district. The factors tested were type of birth, le#el of e@otic blood and breed.
Data on age at first &idding 'AFK( were analy)ed using the following model
4i&l P U Ti U L U 4& Uei&l ..................................................................................... '2(
>hereH
4i&l P age at first &idding of an indi#idual animal, P general mean,
Ti P effect of ith type of birth,
L P effect of th le#el of e@otic blood '1!, 21 and *!!/(,
4& P effect of & th breed 'Toggernburg, Saanen(
ei&l Prandom error
Data on &idding inter#al 'KI( were analy)ed using
4i&l P U Bi U ? U 5& U ei&l . '7(
>hereH
4i&l P Kidding inter#al of a doe
P general mean,Bi P effect of i
th birth type of the doe
? P effect of th le#el of e@otic blood '1!, 21 and *!!/(,
5& P effect of & th breed and
ei&l P random error
Data for lactation traits were analysed using the following modelH
4i&l P U Bi U ? U 5& U ei&l .. '(
>hereH
4i&l P obser#ation of doe
P general mean
Bi P effect of ith birth type
? P effect of th of le#el e@otic blood '1!, 21 and *!!/( 5& P effect of &
th breed
ei&l P random error
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%.1.2 E-484>!- -!"!!5
Eousehold farm si)e a#eraged +. and *!.2 acres for dairy goat farmers and 0. and **.
acres for non"dairy goat farmers in Babati and Kongwa Districts, respecti#ely. The study
re#ealed that the maor income generating acti#ities were both crop and li#estoc&
production, this was reported by *!!/ of dairy goat farmers in both districts, 0.1/ and
7!/ of non"dairy goat farmers in Babati and Kongwa, respecti#ely. :rops grown in
Babati District were mai)e, banana, pigeon peas, beans, sunflower and coffee, while in
Kongwa District the crops grown were groundnuts, sorghum, mai)e, simsim and
sunflower. ;ther li#estoc& &ept in both districts were chic&ens, pigs, sheep, local goats
and cattle.
%.1. F4-? 5/=-=/
The a#erage number of dairy goats was 2.0 and .* per household in Babati and Kongwa,
respecti#ely. The floc&s were raised under the Ccut and carry feeding system and that is
why in both districts the numbers of animals per household were small. The numbers of
female goats were higher than those of males in both districts 'Table +(.
T* ' A"/; 8=>*/ 43 :!/6 ;45 @5 ? / 74=574:
C;4/6 B*! K48;
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was mentioned as the second reason '-.2/(. Farmers reported that, income from sale of
mil& and li#e animals were used to sol#e household needs such as paying school fees,
medical bills, buying farms inputs and buying food in case of crop failure. 6ro#ision of
manure was the third reason '22.1/(. 3ost farmers said that they use manure to impro#e
soil fertility in their farms.
T* ( R5485 34/ ?!8; :!/6 ;45 !8 B*! 8: K48;
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Feeding system Jero gra)ing 0.1 *!!.! +.-
Tethering 1.! !.! 0.1
Free gra)ing 0.1 !.! *.-
>ater access ;nce per day 10.1 72.1 2!.!
Twice per day 0!.! *!.! *1.!
Ad"libitum 00.1 0.1 *0.1
;nce per two days 0.1 !.! *.-
Thrice per day 0.1 !.! *.-
Breeding buc& Eired 00.1 1.! *-.7
6roect 1!.! 72.1 +7.7
;wn 02.1 2.1 *2.1
;#erall criteria for choosing a buc& for breeding were based on the source. In Babati
District dam performance was the most commonly used criterion '+2.1/(, followed by
shape and conformation '00.1/(. In Kongwa District, farmers depended on buc&s from
the proect '70.1/( and shape and conformation '*2.1/( were the most important criteria
used for selecting breeding buc&s 'Table (.
T* C/!/! =5: !8 -7445!8; */:!8; *=-? !8 B*! 8: K48;
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the lactation traits included were daily mil& yield, monthly mil& yield, total lactation
yield, lactation length, and dry period.
%.2.1 A; 3!/5 ?!::!8;
Age at first &idding differed significantly between the two districts '6 W !.!1(. The o#erall
means of AFK for Toggenburg breed were *.+ !.- and *-.! !. months in Babati and
Kongwa, respecti#ely 'Table *!(. Type of birth in the two districts significantly '6W!.!1(
influenced AFK. Does born single in Babati District '*.2 !. months( were slightly
older at AFK than those born as twins '*. !.- months(. The trend was different in
Kongwa District whereby, does born single '*0. !.1 months( had lower AFK than
those born twins '*-.* !.+ months(. Age at first &idding for goats with 1!/ blood le#el
was higher compared to that of goats with 21/ and *!!/ blood le#el in Babati District.
The trends of AFK in Kongwa District were found to increase as the le#el of dairy goat
blood increased 'Table *!(.
T* 10 C4>/!548 43 //4:=-!" /34/>8- 43 T4;;8*=/; *
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le#el
21/ .- !. .1 !.+ !.2+
*!!/ .1 !.7 .+ *.* !.-Type of
birth
Single .* !.1 .- !.+ !.70
3ultiple . !.1 .* !.2 !.+1
;#erall .- !. .0 !.1 !.72
%umber of ser#icesN
conception '/(
;nce 10.1 10.1
Twice -!.! 1.!
Thrice *!.! 0.1
Four 1.! !.!
%.2.2 K!::!8; !8/"
Kidding inter#al 'KI( is one of the maor components of reproducti#e performance that
influences li#estoc& production system. The o#erall least s$uares means for KI were .-
!. and .0 !.1 months in Babati and Kongwa Districts, respecti#ely. The mean KIs of
Toggenburg were not significantly '6X!.!1( different in the two districts. Eowe#er, the
mean KI for Babati was slightly longer than that of Kongwa District. Both type of birth
and blood le#el had no significant '6X!.!1( effects on KI 'Table *!(.
%.2. K!: >4/!6 /
From the results, there was no significant '6X!.!1( difference in &id mortality between the
two districts 'Appendi@ 2(. The o#erall &id mortality rates were *-./ and 2./ in
Babati and Kongwa Districts, respecti#ely 'Table **(. Eigher mortality rates were
obser#ed in female &ids compared to male &ids. Eowe#er, the differences in &id mortality
between the se@es and between the types of birth were not significant '6X!.!1( in the two
districts.
T* 11 K!: >4/!6 /5 *6 5# 8: 6 43 *!/7 !8 *47 :!5/!-5
B*! K48;
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;#erall * 0+ *-. ** 2.
Se@ 3ale 72 *! **.1 !.-2 %S 17 2.* .+2 %S
Female *!2 *+ *. 1+ 1 7.Type Single 0* 0. !.-! %S 0- + 0+.* !.01 %S
3ultiple * ** 12. *2 - *2.+
%.2.% L!/ 5!9
;#erall litter si)e was *.0 and *.- in Babati and Kongwa Districts, respecti#ely.
The results showed no significant '6X!.!1( difference between the districts 'Appendi@ 2(.
%. L-!48 P/34/>8- T/!5
%..1 D!6 >!? 6!:
Daily mil& yield differed significantly between the two districts '6 W !.!1(. The o#erall
mean daily mil& yields were *.2 !.* and *. !.0 litres in Babati and Kongwa Districts,
respecti#ely. Eigh mean D34 was obser#ed in does of Babati District and low mean
D34 was obser#ed for does in Kongwa District 'Table *0(. Does with multiple births in
Babati District were superior to does with single &ids by !.0* litres of mil& per day.
Eowe#er, in Kongwa District does with single &ids produced slightly higher amount of
mil& by !.!- litres than those with multiple &ids 'Table *0(.
5e#els of e@otic blood '1!, 21 and *!!/( affected daily mil& yield significantly
'6W!.!!*( 'Appendi@ 0(. 6ure does '*!!/ Toggenburg( in Babati District e@ceeded those
with se#enty fi#e blood le#els by *.+ litres of mil&. Does with se#enty fi#e blood le#el
produced higher amount of mil& than those with fifty percent by !.+ litre per day.
In Kongwa District, does with fifty percent blood le#els produced lower amount of mil&
by !.-0 litre per day compared to does with se#enty fi#e percent blood le#els. 6ure does
were superior in producing mil& by !.2+ litre per day than the does with se#enty fi#e
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percent blood le#els 'Table *0(. These re#eal that mil& production increased with
increasing le#els of Toggenburg blood.
A#erage monthly mil& yields '334( in Babati and Kongwa Districts were 1*.- 0.1 and
*.* -. litres, respecti#ely. 3onthly mil& yields were significantly '6W!.!1( different
between the two districts. Does with multiple births e@ceeded the does with single births
by +.- litres in Babati District. In Kongwa District does with single births produced
slightly higher amount of mil& than the does with multiple births 'Table *0(. Does with
Toggenburg blood le#els of fifty percent produced low amount of mil& compared to the
does with se#enty fi#e percent blood le#els. 6ure does produced more mil& compared to
se#enty fi#e and fifty percent blood le#els.
%..2 T4 -!48 >!? 6!:
The total lactation mil& yield 'T534( for Toggenburg goats in Babati and Kongwa were
02+.0 0.1 and 0*. -7.+ litres, respecti#ely. The difference in total mil& yield
between the two districts was not significant '6X!.!1(. Total mil& yield for does with
single &id in Babati was 01*.0 -0.2 litres while in Kongwa was 0-.7 -. litres.
The difference between the districts on single birth was insignificant '6X!.!1(. The results
in Table *0 show that does with multiple &ids produced more mil& than those with single
&ids. The difference in mil& yield was mar&ed as the blood le#els of Toggenburg
increased from fifty to hundred percent.
%.. L-!48 8;7
From Table *0, o#erall means for 55 were 1. !. and 1. !.1 months in Babati and
Kongwa Districts, respecti#ely. There was no significant difference in lactation length
-2
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between the two districts '6 X !.!1(. 3oreo#er, the effects of type of birth and blood le#el
on 55 were not significant '6 X !.!1(.
%..% D/6 /!4:
The results showed that the a#erage dry periods were 0.0 and 0.* months in Babati and
Kongwa Districts, respecti#ely. The dry period of goats in Kongwa District was slightly
higher than that of goats in Babati District. Eowe#er, the dry period #alues did not differ
significantly between the two districts '6X!.!1(. From Table *0, it is seen that mean dry
periods were increasing as the le#el of e@otic blood increased from fifty to hundred
percent. Eowe#er, the differences were not significant among the blood le#els '6X!.!1(.
-7
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T* 12 C4>/!548 43 -!48 /34/>8- 43 T4;;8*=/; !8 B*! 8:
K48;/!548 43 R/4:=-!" P/34/>8- 43 T4;;8*=/; 8: S88 G45 !8
K48;
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the differences at all le#els were not significantly '6X!.!1( different. From the results &ids
born as singles had lower AFK compared to &ids born in multiple births, this was
obser#ed in both Toggenburg and Saanen. Single &ids from Toggenburg showed lower
AFK than single &ids from Saanen. The same obser#ation was noted in multiple &ids from
Toggenburg and that of Saanen. Eowe#er, type of birth showed no significant '6X!.!1(
effect on AFK for both breeds in Kongwa District 'Table *-(.
%.%.2 K!::!8; !8/"
3ean &idding inter#als were .0 !.- and .1 !. months for Toggenburg and Saanen,
respecti#ely, in Kongwa District. Blood le#els and type of births had no significant
'6X!.!1( effect on KI 'Table *-(. Kidding inter#als of Toggenburg does with fifty percent
blood le#el were lower compared to those with se#enty fi#e and hundred percent blood
le#els. The same trend was obser#ed for Saanen does at fifty and se#enty fi#e percent
blood le#els, but at hundred percent blood le#el the KI was lower than at the other two
le#els 'Table *-(. Toggenburg does showed lower KI at fifty and se#enty fi#e percent
blood le#els than Saanen does of the same blood le#els. From the results, Toggenburg
does with single &id had lower KI compared to Saanen does with single &ids. Eowe#er,
the difference was not significant '6X!.!1(. For multiple births Toggenburg does had
lower KI than Saanen does. Saanen does with multiple &ids had higher KI than Saanen
does with single &id.
T* 1 C4>/!548 43 //4:=-!" / 34/>8- 43 T4;;8*=/; 8: S88 !8
K48;/ F-4/ L"5 T4;;8*=/; S88 P "=
Age at first &idding Blood le#el 1!/ **. !.+ *.! !. !.!+21/ *-.* !. *0. !. !.70
*!!/ *-.* !.2 *-. !.- !.
Type of birth Single *0. !. *-.1 !.+ !.+0
3ultiple *-.* !.1 *-.+ !.1 !.10
;#erall *-.! !.- *-. !. !.2
!
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Kidding inter#al Blood le#el 1!/ 7. !.1 .1 !.2 !.0*
21/ .1 !.- .7 !.2 !.20
*!!/ .+ !.1 .- !.- !.+0Type of birth Single .- !. . !.1 !.0
3ultiple .* !. .2 !. !.01
;#erall .0 !.- .1 !. !.-
*
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%.$ C4>/!548 43 L-!48 P/34/>8- 43 T4;;8*=/; 8: S88 !8 K48;/!548 43 -!48 8: //4:=-!" /34/>8- 43 T4;;8*=/;
8: S88 !8 K48;
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%.$.1 D!6 >!? 6!:
A#erage daily mil& yields were *. !.* and *.1 !.* litres for Toggenburg and Saanen,
respecti#ely, in Kongwa District. 3ean D34 for Saanen breed was slightly higher than
that of Toggenburg. Eowe#er, the difference between the two breeds was not significant
'6X!.!1(. As the blood le#els increased from fifty to hundred percent, mil& production
also increased. This was obser#ed in both Toggenburg and Saanen breeds. ;n the other
hand, Saanen does produced more mil& than Toggenburg at fifty, se#enty fi#e and
hundred percent blood le#els, respecti#ely. Saanen does with single &id had higher mil&
yield compared to Toggenburg does with singles. Does with multiple &ids for Saanen
breed e@hibit also higher mil& production than Toggenburg does with multiple &ids.
%.$.2 M4876 >!? 6!:
;#erall monthly mil& yields '334( were *.* 0.* and 1. 0. litres for Toggenburg
and Saanen, respecti#ely, in Kongwa District. 3ean 334 for Saanen breed was slightly
higher than that of Toggenburg by .7* litres. Eowe#er, the difference was not significant
'6X!.!1( between the two breeds. From the results 'Table *( Saanen does with fifty
percent blood le#el produced 0.- litres more than Toggenburg does of the same blood
le#el. Saanen does showed higher mil& production at se#enty fi#e and hundred percent
blood le#els than Toggenburg does. Toggenburg does with single and multiple &ids had
lower mil& production than Saanen does with single and multiple &ids. Blood le#els and
type of births did not significantly '6X!.!1( influence 334 'Table*(.
%.$. T4 -!48 >!? 6!:
;#erall total lactation mil& yields were 0*. *2. and 0++.+ *. litres for
Toggenburg and Saanen, respecti#ely, in Kongwa District. 3ean T534 for Saanen breed
was higher than that of Toggenburg by 01 litres. Eowe#er, the difference was not
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significant '6X!.!1( between the two breeds. Saanen does with blood le#el of fifty
percent produce more mil& than Toggenburg does of the same blood le#el. This trend was
also obser#ed at se#enty fi#e and hundred percent blood le#els. ?enerally, Saanen does
outperformed Toggenburg does in mil& production. Does with multiple &ids in both
breeds produced more mil& than does with single &ids. The amount of mil& produced by
Toggenburg does with single &ids was lower compared to Saanen does with single &ids.
Saanen does with multiple &ids produce more mil& than Toggenburg does with multiple
&ids. Blood le#els and type of births had no significant '6X!.!1( effect on T534
'Table *(.
%.$.% L-!48 8;7
;#erall lactation length '55( was 1. !.0 and 1.2 !.- months for Toggenburg and
Saanen goats, respecti#ely. The effect of breed was not significant '6 X!.!1( on 55.
5actation length for Saanen does was longer by *.*- months than that of Toggenburg does
at hundred percent blood le#el. Eowe#er, 55s at fifty and se#enty fi#e percent blood
le#els were not significantly '6X!.!1( different in the two breeds. Does with single &ids
had longer 55 than those with multiple &ids, this was obser#ed in both breeds. Saanen
does with single and multiple &ids were found to ha#e longer 55 for single and multiple
&ids than Toggenburg does 'Table *(.
%.$.$ D/6 /!4: @DP
;#erall mean D6 length in Kongwa District were 0.* !.* and 0.7 !.0 months for
Toggenburg and Saanen goats, respecti#ely. Does with single &id showed longer D6 than
those with multiple &ids. The result re#ealed that blood le#el and type of births had no
significant '6X!.!1( effect on D6 'Table *(.
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%.' P/43!*!!6 43 D!/6 G4 E8//!55
The results show that, a#erage profit per annum per household from dairy goat enterprise
was Tsh +2 0*+ *+* 171 and Tshs -00 227 2 !! in Babati and Kongwa Districts,
respecti#ely 'Table *1(. The breeding buc&, repairNmaintenances, sales of young females,
and gross margin of dairy goat enterprise in the two districts were significantly different
'6W!.!1(. Eowe#er, cost of labour, cost of drugs, feeds, #eterinary ser#ices, sales of mil&,
sale of adult female, sales of young and adult males, and household mil& consumption in
the two districts were not significantly '6X!.!1( different.
T* 1$ A88= -455, 55 8: ;/455 >/;!8 43 :!/6 ;4 8//!5 !8 B*!
8: K48;/;!8 @6# +2 0*+ *+* 171 -00 227 2 !! !.!-
1
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%.( C4>/!548 43 !8-4> 3/4> 47/ 8//!55 */5 8:
848:!/6 ;4 3/>/5
The re#enue from crop production was compared between households with dairy goats
and non"dairy goat households to determine whether the use of manures by dairy farmers
had benefited them in impro#ing producti#ity and food security. From Table *+ annual
total cost of production 'T6:R( which includes land preparation, weeding, har#esting and
transport for dairy goat farmers was Tsh 2! 00+. Total sales of produce 'TS64(
including those consumed at home were Tsh * +0 200 and annual gross margin was
Tsh 77 +. For non dairy goat farmers T6:R was Tsh -20 71 TS64 was Tsh 7*2 21
and annual gross margin was Tsh 17! in Babati district. In Kongwa District, T6:R
for crops on dairy goat farmers was Tsh -2 7*-, TS64 was Tsh * !!! !!! and annual
gross margin was Tsh +07 001. For non dairy goat farmers T6:R was Tsh -7 0*-, TS64
was Tsh 21 and Annual gross margin was Tsh 1+! 0+*. The income from crops for
dairy and non dairy goat farmers differed significantly in Babati District '6 W
!.!1(. Eowe#er, the results re#ealed no significant '6X !.!1( differences between total
cost of production, total sales of produce and gross margin between dairy and non"dairy
goat farmers in Kongwa District 'Table *+(.
;ther li#estoc& species &ept included chic&ens, pigs, local cattle and goats. From Table *+
Total sale of products and gross margin differed significantly '6W!.!1( for dairy and non
dairy goat farmers in Babati District. Eowe#er, no significant '6X!.!1( differences were
found on the same parameters in Kongwa District. ;ff"farm acti#ities which included
selling of local brews, #egetables, and Z&ios&, butcher and food #endors were measured
in terms of cost incurred and their output. The results showed no significant
'6X!.!1( differences between the two districts.
+
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T* 1' C4>/!548 43 !8-4> 3/4> :!33/8 8//!55 >48; :!/6 8: 848:!/6 ;4 3/>/5
B*! K48;/ D!/6 ;4 3/>/5 N48:!/6 ;4
3/>/5
P "= D!/6 ;4 3/>/5 N48:!/6 ;4
3/>/5
P "=
:rops T6:R 2! 00+ *- +-1 -20 71 -2 7!* W.!!! -2 7*- 2- 02* -7 0*- *! 7!* !.
T6S4 * +0 200 0+ +*7 7*2 21 ! 1! W.!!! * !!! !!! *77
027
21 0-1 *0 !.7
?3: 77 + *1 *1 17! +2 1- W.!!! +07 001 *-! +1 1+! 0+* *7 !+ !.2-
;ther li#estoc& T6:R 0* *17 -2 2+2 *11 *-* * 01- !.*- 0 *+ *0 + + 7*2 * +2 !.0
TS64 17 71! *!- +2 -+ !7* 0 *- !.!0 0+- 21+ - -2 00! 701 02 +-+ !.--
?35 -7 +0 77 *0- *! 1! 0+ 21 !.!- *2! 7- 0 0 *1* !!2 0! -7 !.1-
;ff"farm T6:R 00+ 01 *! 2-! * *0.1 1!- !.00 *- 272 07 21+ ** **0 02 !- !.2
TS64 -22 721 *17 !+ 0* 2+0 + + !.- 02 7!! 07 21+ 02 +01 - !* !.+1
?3S *1* 1! +1 21* *07 -1! -1 11 !.21 *-1 !*0 02 -+ *!+ 1*0 *1 -+0 !.-+
T6:R P total production cost, T6S4 P total sales of product, ?3:P :rop gross margin, ?35P other li#estoc& gross margin and
?3SP ;ff"farm gross margin 'per year(, other li#estoc& including sheep, chic&ens, pigs and cattle
7
2
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%.( C48/!*=!48 43 D!/6 G4 E8//!5 4 H4=574: I8-4>
8esults show that -*/ and 0+/ of the households total income was contributed by dairy
goat enterprises, in Babati and Kongwa Districts, respecti#ely 'Table *2(. The percentage
contribution of dairy goats in Kongwa was found to be lower compared to that of Babati.
Dairy goats were sold at a price of Tsh*!! !!! in Kongwa while in Babati they were sold
at price of Tsh*1! !!! to !! !!! depending on e@otic blood le#els. :rops were found to
contribute 1/ 'Tsh 77 +( and 1!/ 'Tsh +07 001( to income of the households per
year, in Babati and Kongwa Districts, respecti#ely 'Table *2(.
Farmers were also &eeping other types of li#estoc&, specifically local chic&ens, pigs and
to a lesser e@tent local goats and cattle. ;ther li#estoc& species were found to contribute
*2/ and */ of the total income of the household, in Babati and Kongwa Districts,
respecti#ely. Small businesses were found to contribute 2/ and **/ of the total income
of household in Babati and Kongwa Districts, respecti#ely.
7
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T* 1( C48/!*=!48 43 :!/6 ;4 8//!5 4 74=574: !8-4>
B*! D!5/!- K48;/ /43! N4 :!/6 ;4 3/>/
/43!
D!/6 ;4 3/>/ /43! N4 :!/6 ;4 3/>/
/43!
Dairy goat +2 0*+ '-*.!( " -00 227 '0+.!( "
:rops 77 + '1.!( 17! '17.!( +07 001 '1!.!( 1+! 0+* '+.!(
;ther li#estoc& -7 +0 '*2.!( *! 1! '01.!( *2! 7- '*.!( *1* !!2 '*.!(
Small business *1* 1! '2.!( *07 -1! '*2.!( *-1 !*0 '**.!( *!+ 1*0 '*-.!(
T4 !8-4> 2 20 )$% (' ))0 1 2$' )$$ )1( ()1
In parenthesis are percentage
1 !
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%.) U5 43 I8-4> 3/4> D!/6 G4 E8//!55
The results from the sur#ey 'Table *7( show that respondents from Babati District spent
01.0 / of the income earned from sales of mil& and animals on school fees, 0!/ on
other uses, *-/ on medical bills, *0.0 / on house construction and furnishing, **/ for
buying food during crop failure. ;n the other hand, respondents from Kongwa District
reported to spent 07.+/ of the income on school fees, 00.-/ on other uses, 7/ on
medical bills, *-./ on house construction and furnishing, 7/ for buying food during
crop failure. ;ther uses encountered in both districts included impro#ing nutrition of the
family, buying more land and meeting cost of production during farming, buying more
goats to increase floc& numbers and goats house repair.
%. C485/!85 E8-4=8/: *6 D!/6 G4 F/>/5
The results show that the important constraints to dairy goat &eeping was feed a#ailability
'0-.-/(, this was reported by farmers in Babati District. ;ther problems included
diseases '-!.0/(, high price of inputs '*/( and low price of selling animals '.7/(.
In Kongwa District, 1!./ of the farmers reported feed a#ailability as a constraint, 0.7/
reported diseases, 2/ mentioned high price of inputs, and *0.-/ pointed out low price of
selling animals as crucial constraint. ;thers were few buc&s in the area which may lead to
inbreeding, infre$uent #isit by e@tension staff and low conception rate 'Table *7(.
1!
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T* 1) U55 43 !8-4> 3/4> :!/6 ;45 8: -485/!85 4 :!/6 ;4 /4:=-!48
B*! @ K48;
6urchase of food **.- 7.!
Impro#ed nutrition +.* .1
School fees 01.0 07.+
Eouse constructionNimpro#ement *0.0 *-.
Buying land !. 0.2
Eome consumption 'mil& and meat( 0!.! 00.-
3eeting farm preparation cost 1.0 .7
Increase floc& number 1.0 0.2
3edical bills *-.! 7.!
?oat house repair !. !.!
C485/!85
Shortage of feeds 0-.7 1!.
Diseases -!.0 0.7
Eigh prices of input *.! 2.!
Few buc&s **.* !.!
Infre$uent #isit by @tension staff -.0 !.!
5ow price of selling animal .7 *0.-
5ow conception rate 2. !.!
1*
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CHAPTER FIVE
$.0 DISCUSSION
$.1 C7/-/!5!-5 43 7 R548:85
$.1.1 H4=574: -7/-/!5!-5
The household sur#ey re#ealed that men dairy goat farmers were fewer compared to the
number of women. The high percentage of women dairy goat farmers in the study areas is
due to the fact that dairy goats were introduced by de#elopment proects which were
mainly focused on women and disad#antaged groups within the community. During
recruitment of the farmers in the proect female " headed households were purposely
considered. This resulted into ha#ing more women dairy goat farmers than men in the
proect #illages. This obser#ation agrees with ;gola et al . '0!*!( who reported that dairy
goat multiplication programme mainly target women. This obser#ation is also similar to
the findings reported by Lerbee& et al . '0!!2( and Kosgey et al . '0!!7(.
Eowe#er, for non dairy goat farmers there were more males than females in Babati
District. This is the reflection of males dominance in ownership of production resources.
Similar obser#ation has been reported by Bitende et al . '0!!*( who obser#ed that in
li#estoc& &eeping communities there is strong ethnic bac&ground biased against women.
ducation is a critical instrument in effecti#e running of economic acti#ities and it
increases the ability to sol#e problems in a more s&illful manner. In the present study, the
maority of the respondents, both dairy and non dairy goat farmers, had primary school
education, implying that impro#ing goat management through training would be easy.
The proportion of farmers with formal education in the present study is higher compared
10