LITERATURE REVIEWS, APA STYLE, & ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Martha StephensonUW-Whitewater
LITERATURE REVIEWS Critically analyze a part of a published body of knowledge Provide a summary of previous research on a topic Discuss published information relevant to a particular topic,
issue, or theory Provide a preface to and rationale for engaging in research
or as a self-contained unit Required part of grant and research proposals and often a
chapter in theses and dissertations
WHERE TO FIND JOURNAL ARTICLES Research@UWW Indexes and databases Internet Reference lists, bibliographies, footnotes, etc.
HOW TO FIND JOURNAL ARTICLES Original searches Look up citations found in other sources Follow citation trail in databases, such as:
Science Citation Index ScienceDirect Sociological Abstracts and Google Scholar
WRITE YOUR LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction
Identifies topic Indicates trends, gaps, or conflicts Lists reasons for doing it Explains criteria used, organization of the review, and scope
Body Groups similar literature together Summarizes each work
Conclusion Summarizes major contributions Points out major gaps, inconsistencies, and issues pertinent to
future study Provides an understanding of the relationship between the review
topic and a larger area of study
READ MORE ABOUT LIT REVIEWS Literature Review? – F.D. Bluford Library, NC A&T State
University http://libguides.library.ncat.edu/literaturereview Literature Reviews – Online Writing Lab at Purdue
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/994/04/ Review of Literature - The Writing Center, UW-Madison
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html Write a Literature Review –University Library, UC Santa Cruz
http://guides.library.ucsc.edu/write-a-literature-review
FLOW DIAGRAM OF RESEARCH PROCESS
APA STYLE REFERENCES Documents your research Provides the data necessary to identify and find each source Enables finding and using sources
Correct data, punctuation, and element order are important Establishes your credibility Contains elements that are required for unique identification
If unsure, provide more information rather than less
AT A MINIMUM EACH CITATION INCLUDES: Author Title Date Publication Information
SEEK HELP Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association 6th ed. Citing References: APA Style guide Sites like OWL, UW-Madison’s Writing
Center, and the APA blog Ask a librarian Use your wits:
If there is no specific guidance for your source, choose a similar example, combine examples, and otherwise modify to create a great citation
REFERENCES LIST Double space .5” hanging indent Alphabetical order by first element List works by the same author(s) in chronological order List works by the same author(s) in one year alphabetically
and add a letter after the year. Also add a letter to the date in the parenthetical citation
Do not include retrieval dates
JOURNAL ARTICLE: TWO TO SEVEN AUTHORS; NO DOI ASSIGNED, PAGINATED BY ISSUE, PRINT
Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican
immigration in the United States and its implications for local law
enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8(1), 73-82.
Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. & Author Last Name, First
Initial. Middle initial. (Publication year). Article title. Journal Title,
volume number(issue number), first page-last page.
JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM A DATABASE WHAT’S WRONG?Moon, T. R., & Brighton, C. M. (2008). Primary Teachers' Conceptions of Giftedness. Journal For The Education Of The Gifted, 31(4), 447-480.
Moon, T. R., & Brighton, C. M. (2008). Primary teachers' conceptions
of giftedness. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 31(4), 447-
480. Retrieved from http://journals.prufrock.com/IJP/b/journal-for-
the-education-of-the-gifted
WHAT’S WRONG?Swaray, R. (2011). Commodity buffer stock redux: The role of International Cocoa Organization in prices and incomes. Journal Of Policy Modeling, 33(3), 361-369. DOI:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.03.002
Swaray, R. (2011). Commodity buffer stock redux: The role of
International Cocoa Organization in prices and incomes. Journal
of Policy Modeling, 33(3), 361-369.
doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.03.002
WHAT’S WRONG?
MCCLUSKEY, EMILY. (2010). Chocolate with a conscience. Choice
(0009-496X), 14-16. Web. 6/1/2012.
McCluskey, E. (2010 Dec). Chocolate with a conscience. Choice, 14-
16. Retrieved from http://www.choice.com.au/
WHAT’S WRONG?ERIK, E. (2007, August). H.I.V. Patients Anxious as Support Programs Cut Back. New York Times (0362-4331). p. 12. Retrieved from https://libproxy.uww.edu:9443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=28215647&login.asp& site=ehost-live
Erik, E. (2007, August 1). H.I.V. Patients Anxious as Support
Programs Cut Back. New York Times. p. 12. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/
WHAT’S WRONG?
Clemons, T. L., & National Research Center on the Gifted and, T.
(2008). Underachieving Gifted Students: A Social Cognitive
Model. National Research Center On The Gifted And Talented,
Clemons, T. L., & National Research Center on the Gifted and
Talented. (2008). Underachieving gifted students: A social
cognitive model. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED505382)
PARENTHETICAL IN-TEXT CITATIONS Include the author's last name, if not written in the text, and
the date Always give page numbers for quotations (section 6.03) When paraphrasing, the Manual encourages inclusion of a
page number (section 6.04)
… (Chaitin, 2016, p. 112).or
Chaitin (2016) found ... (p. 112).
CREATING A PARENTHETICAL CITATION
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-
esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult
happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved
from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100
(Sillick & Schutte, 2006, p. 40)
ON COMPILING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Plan your research efficiently Be organized, consistent, accurate, thorough, and
detail oriented Use Interlibrary Loan (ILL) to get articles, as you want
the most relevant articles, not just those available immediately through the library
Set the overall organization and content of each major section
3 WAYS TO ORGANIZE ENTRIES:
1. Alphabetically by author Used least often
2. Chronologically by date of publication Use when research has developed in stages, or Use when research generally does not focus on particular
works or topics
3. Topically by subject Use when an author has written in several genres, or Use when scholarship generally focuses on individual
works or distinct topics Keep it simple, as complicated breakdowns make it
difficult to use
Consult your mentor for your requirements
THREE MAJOR TASKS:1. Examine the main articles thoroughly:
a. Reread all the primary texts and major studies b. Compile a list of themes
2. Decide what types of works you will include:a. Journal articles (for this project)b. Define your limitsc. Include all articles that are wholly or mostly about your topic,
even those that seem wrong, outrageous, or out of date 3. Know your style manual well
THREE MAJOR TASKS FOR COMPILING ENTRIES:
1. Identifying scholarly articles Keep a record of resources you have searched Record and look at even vague, ambiguous, or
uninformative articles that may discuss your topic
2. Obtaining journal articles Find them in our print or online library collections Find them on the Internet (try Google Scholar) Use Interlibrary Loan through ILLiad
3. Writing entries Learn your citation style Establish your subject terms
WHAT KIND OF ANNOTATIONS?APPROACH OR DEGREE OF EVALUATION How overt will your evaluation be? Evaluate based on quality and significance of a study,
not your critical biases Annotations that reflect
prejudice against a particular methodology, critical theory, or type of scholarship breed distrust in users
WHAT TYPE OF ANNOTATIONS? Paraphrase
Uses the point of view of the item Provides a short transcription in the order of the original
Commentary Uses a disinterested perspective to cover the main concerns of
the item and its approach to them May describe the author's argument Focuses on what the original is about rather than in what it
says You are the expert
Summary Edits or organizes in a shorter form Transcribes, but in comparison to commentary, summary is
shorter Is proportionally lengthy (longer articles=longer abstracts)
WHAT TYPE OF ANNOTATIONS?
Descriptive
Main purpose or idea Contents Author’s conclusions Intended audience Author’s research methods Special features of the
work such as illustrations, etc.
No value judgments
Critical
Author’s bias or tone Author’s qualifications for writing
the work Accuracy of information provided Limitations or significant omissions Contribution to the literature of the
subject Comparison with other works on
the topic Value judgments Conclusions or recommendations
EXAMPLE: DESCRIPTIVE ANNOTATIONLondon, H. (1982). Five myths of the television age." Television
Quarterly 10(1), 81-89. Herbert London, the Dean of Journalism at New York University and author of several books and articles, explains how television contradicts five commonly believed ideas. He uses specific examples of events seen on television, such as the assassination of John Kennedy, to illustrate his points. His examples have been selected to contradict such truisms as: "seeing is believing"; "a picture is worth a thousand words"; and "satisfaction is its own reward." London uses logical arguments to support his ideas which are his personal opinion. He doesn't refer to any previous works on the topic. London's style and vocabulary would make the article of interest to any reader.
EXAMPLE: CRITICAL ANNOTATIONLondon, H. (1982). Five myths of the television age." Television
Quarterly 10(1), 81-89. Herbert London, the Dean of Journalism at New York University and author of several books and articles, explains how television contradicts five commonly believed ideas. He uses specific examples of events seen on television, such as the assassination of John Kennedy, to illustrate his points. His examples have been selected to contradict such truisms as: "seeing is believing"; "a picture is worth a thousand words"; and "satisfaction is its own reward." London uses logical arguments to support his ideas which are his personal opinion. He doesn't refer to any previous works on the topic; however, for a different point of view, one should refer to Joseph Patterson's, "Television is Truth" (The Journal of Television 45 (6) November/December 1995: 120-135). London's style and vocabulary would make the article of interest to any reader. The article clearly illustrates London's points, but does not explore their implications, leaving the reader with many unanswered questions.
WHAT STYLE OF ANNOTATIONS? Tense
Historical present is most common Passive voice should be avoided
Use a variety of verbs (See handout for examples) Sentences
Compose “paraphrase” annotations with complete sentences
In “commentary” annotations, subjectless sentences are acceptable. However, do not omit articles, prepositions, etc. as this reduces readability
FINAL COMMENTS: Consistency is important Reread your entries to check for consistency Good annotations give the essence of the work Read the entire work, not just beginning and end Lastly, number your entries
REFERENCESAnnotated bibliographies. (2012). Retrieved from http://libguides.library.umkc.edu/annotatedbibliography
Guidelines for preparing an annotated bibliography, (n. d.) Retrieved from http://library.uwb.edu/
guides/annotations.html
Harner, James L. (2000). On compiling an annotated bibliography (2nd ed.). New York: Modern Language Association
of America.
How to write annotated bibliographies. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.library.mun.ca/guides/howto/
annotated_bibl.php
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2010).Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Reed, Lois E. (n.d.). Performing a literature review. Retrieved from http://www.iris.ethz.ch/msrl/education/
iris_studies/pdf/ literature_review.pdf
