Download - LEDs for Lighting Professionals

© 2014 Cree, Inc.

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LEDS FOR LIGHTING PROFESSIONALS

Donald G. Hirsh, Sr. Manager, Lighting Experience Center,

[email protected]

November, 2014

mailto:[email protected]

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


N. B.

• Credit(s) earned on completion of this presentation will be reported to AIA

CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members

and non-AIA members are available upon request.

• This presentation has been registered with AIA CES for continuing

professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be

deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any

material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,

distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

_______________________________________

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the

conclusion of this presentation.

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Learning Objectives

• At the end of this course, participants will have

information to:

– Compare and contrast modern LED technology with

major categories of evacuated tube technologies.

– Analyze evolving techniques in the design and

development of SSL luminaires.

– Identify recent Advances in LED component

technology.

– Compare categories or types of LED components.

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


The Agenda – What’s All the Fuss About

• Review of Some General Properties of

LEDs vs. Evacuated Tube Technologies

• LED Typology & Technology

• LED Lighting Futures

– Efficacy and the future of LED Product

Development

– Example: The evolution of the color mixing

technology platforms

• TM-21 & LM-80

• Conclusions: LEDs will rule in the

Medium Term

(What’s In It For Me?)

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Film

Vacuum

Tubes Transistors

1940s – 1960s

VHS DVD

1980s – 1990s

CRT Flat Panel

Displays1990s – 2000s

Flash

Memory1990s – 2000s

“Brick”

phones

Smart

phones1990s – 2000s

Creative Destruction: Hard At Work in Your Industry

Use pervasiveness price path to market … all changed

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.emergencyvehiclesolutions.com/vehicles/resiz07F0E91E-70E1-4748-89D4-DA0441B0F81C_motorcycle.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.emergencyvehiclesolutions.com/vehicle_details.asp?id=19&h=284&w=400&sz=19&tbnid=95blikyLaZc0IM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=120&hl=en&start=17&prev=/images?q=led+emergency+vehicle+lights&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=N

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.emergencyvehiclesolutions.com/vehicles/resiz07F0E91E-70E1-4748-89D4-DA0441B0F81C_motorcycle.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.emergencyvehiclesolutions.com/vehicle_details.asp?id=19&h=284&w=400&sz=19&tbnid=95blikyLaZc0IM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=120&hl=en&start=17&prev=/images?q=led+emergency+vehicle+lights&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=N

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Creative Destruction: Hard At Work in Your Industry

Next up … Lighting

Evacuated

Tubes

Solid State

Lighting

2007 – 2020s

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


What Is a Light Emitting Diode (LED)?

• Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are solid-state

semiconductors that convert electrical energy

directly into visible light.

Packaged LED Chip

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Blue + Yellow Phosphor

Blue Peak

Yellow Phosphor

White Light from Blue LEDs

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Lighting

Class LEDsFilament Fluorescent HID

Source Efficacy (lm/w) 130 -200 15-25 80-100 80-130

Optical Control +++++ +++ + +++

Applicability/Adaptability +++++ ++ ++ +++

Lifetime (hrs) 104-5 103 103-4 104

Lumen Depreciation *

Chromatic Stability +++++* +++++ +++ ++

Spectral Profile ++++++ +++++ +++ +++

Thermal Sensitivity ++ ++

Start-Up/Restrike µs ms s m

Dimmable, Controllable Superior Good Possible Not

Toxicity (Hg, Pb, Heavy Metals) + +

Rugged ++++ ++ + +

Illumination Source Review

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


The Inexorable March of Technology: Efficacy & Packaging$

/lm

, n

orm

alize

d(C

oo

l W

hite

, 6

50

0K

)

Annual Improvement

in $/lm @ 100 LPW43% 45% 35% 29% 45% 40% 27%

Eff

ica

cy (

LP

W)

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Evolution of Size: Different Die, Same Performance

96% smaller than Gen 1

78% smaller than Gen 2

Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Example: Flux Groups circa 2008

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Flux Groups circa 2014

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Contrasting Emission Patterns

Bare HID Lamp Illustration Bare LED Component

Illustration

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Small Hemispheres Allow for Precise Optical Control

Bare LED Chip Package

IllustrationIllustration of Altered Distribution

(Secondary Optic Added)

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Allows for Dramatically Improved Uniformity

The Prairie School, Racine, WI 2007

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


LED HPS

141W Total System Wattage 300W

8,040 Average Delivered Lumens 20,520

57 Luminaire Efficacy (Lumens/Watt) 68

1.01fc Maintained Average Footcandles 1.96fc

0.30fc Maintained Minimum Footcandle 0.30fc

53% 2007 Energy Savings -

Allows for Dramatically Improved Uniformity

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Similar illumination performance from recent products

1st Generation

141 Watts

(2007)

Seven Years of LED & Systems Innovation

53W

82% Energy Savings

80% Price Reduction vs 2007 Product

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


So Many Lamps…

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


So Many LEDs - A Representative Components Portfolio

Discretes Arrays Integrated

Arrays

• One

component

simplifies

design and

assembly

• High efficacy,

high lumen

output

Modules

• High lumen

density for

optical

control

• Excellent

LED-to-LED

color

consistency

• Highest level

of integration

• Speed time

to market

• Excellent

color

consistency

• Design flexibility

• Enables lower system cost

CXA HD

CXA SD

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Average Rated Life vs. Average Useful Life

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Thermal Management: Radiation vs. Conduction

• LEDs Require Appropriate Thermal Management for Superior Long-Term

Performance

• Thermal Management Drives the Tendency to Integral Luminaire Designs

L70 25,000H L70 100,000H

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Comparing Representative Spectral Power Distributions

Incan-

descent

Daylight Fluorescent

LED

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


White CCx, CCy Space

2700K

3000K

3500K

4000K

4500K5000K

5700K

6350K

7000K

8300K

2450K 2200K

AB2

AB1

AA2

AA1

AB3

AB4

AA3

AA4

AC2

AC1

AD2

AD1

AC3

AC4

AD3

AD4

0.28

0.29

0.30

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.40

0.41

0.42

0.43

0.44

0.45

0.2

7

0.2

8

0.2

9

0.3

0

0.3

1

0.3

2

0.3

3

0.3

4

0.3

5

0.3

6

0.3

7

0.3

8

0.3

9

0.4

0

0.4

1

0.4

2

0.4

3

0.4

4

0.4

5

0.4

6

0.4

7

0.4

8

0.4

9

0.5

0

0.5

1

0.5

2

0.5

3

0.5

4

0.5

5

CC

y

CCx

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


LED Production:

Recipes Process Yield, A Hypothetical Example

2700K

3000K

3500K

4000K

4500K

5A1

5A2

5A3

5A4

5B1

5B2

5B3

5B4

5C1

5C2

5C3

5C4

5D1

5D2

5D3

5D4 6A1

6A2

6A3

6A4

6B1

6B2

6B3

6B4

6C1

6C2

6C3

6C4

6D1

6D2

6D3

6D4

7A1

7A27A3

7A4

7B1

7B27B3

7B47C1

7C27C3

7C4

7D1

7D27D3

7D48A1

8A28A3

8A4

8B1

8B28B3

8B48C1

8C28C3

8C4

8D1

8D28D3

8D4

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.40

0.41

0.42

0.43

0.44

0.45

0.460.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.40

0.41

0.42

0.43

0.44

0.45

0.46

0.47

0.48

0.49

CCy

CCx

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


DISCRETES ARRAYS INTEGRATED ARRAYS MODULES

Non-DirectionalA & E Bulbs,

Sconces

DirectionalMR & PAR, Spot,

Track

DownlightCeiling Mount,

Pendant

LinearCove, FL Retrofit,

Panel

Outdoor &

High BayRoadway, Industrial

PortableConsumer, High End

Lighting Applications Matrix

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Example Lamp and Luminaire Constructions: COB

Matches HID performance with no down sides:

• 50% less power

• 50% less weight

• Lower operating temperature

• 10x longer lifetime

• Instant-on/Instant restrike

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


LEDs Win vs. CMH Tracklight

Matches CMH

performance with

no down sides:

• Higher lm/W

• Lower temperature

• No explosion risk

• 10x longer lifetime

• Instant-on

• Instant restrike

Parameter 39W CMH COB COB

System Lumens 2400 lm 3846 lm 4471 lm

System Power 44 W 47 W 53 W

System Efficacy 55 lm/W 82 lm/W 85 lm/W

Beam Angle 15° 16° 16°

CBCP 29,000 cd 25,070 cd 29,150 cd

3000K, 80CRI

Parameter 20W CMH Modern COB

System Lumens 1000 lm 1,260 lm

System Power 20 W 15.6 W

System Efficacy 50 lm/W 74 lm/W

Beam Angle 8° 13°

CBCP 13,000 cd 10,943 cd

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Increasing Efficacy Leads to Redesigns + Cost Reduction

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


The Future: Smaller

High Density COB

Prototype Fixture

70W Halogen

PAR38FL

CCT, CRI 3000K, 82 CRI 2900K, 98 CRI

CBCP 2,093 cd 2,379 cd

Beam Angle 40° 40°

Initial Lumens 1010 lm 1381 lm

System Power 14.4W (20%) 74W

Optic 30 mm x 23 mm (~22%) 135 mm x 121 mm

70W halogen flood performance at 1/4 the size

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Some Heuristics of LED Phosphor Systems Conversion

Efficiency

• Phosphor Systems Introduce Conversion Efficiencies, which are

(Roughly) Linear and CCT Dependent

– Blue-to-red is least efficient

• Efficacy vs. CCT

– Example: from 5000K 70 CRI to 2700K 80 CRI expect a 20-25%

LPW loss, with roughly linear interpolation.

• (4000K 70 CRI would be ~10% LPW loss)

• Efficacy vs. CRI

– Example: from 2700K CCT, 80 CRI to 2700K CCT, 90 CRI

20% LPW loss

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Uses of a 250LPW LED Source:

1. Trade LPW for cost; save a ton

of money on luminaire first-cost2. Trade LPW for high CRI

3. Trade LPW for CCT ANY

CCT

4. Enable applications you

thought impossible. Really!

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


LED Standards Define Many Aspects of Quality

IES TM-21 Lumen

Maintenance Projections

UL 8750 LED Equipment for

use in Lighting Products (Safety)

IES LM-80-2008 LED Lumen Maintenance

IES LM-79-2008 SSL Photometry

ANSI C78.377-2008 (Chromaticity)

IES RP-16 SSL Definitions

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


TM-21 LED Luminous Stability Over Current, Temp, Time

LED

I

Data Set 7+ 8+ 9+

Tsp 55°C 85°C 105°C

Sample Size 11 21 14

Test Duration 11,088 hrs 12,096 hrs 8,568 hrs

α 1.182E-06 4.238E-06 6.627E-06

β 1.005E+00 9.999E-01 1.000E+00

Calculated Lifetime L70(11k) = 306,000 hours L70(12k) = 84,100 hours L70(9k) = 53,800 hours

Reported Lifetime L70(11k) > 61,000 hours L70(12k) > 72,600 hours L70(9k) > 47,100 hours

Reported L70

Calculated Lifetime

Reported Lifetime

XLamp XM-L White

2000 mA

TM-21 Lifetime Report

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

% L

um

ino

us

Flu

x

Time (hours)

55°C (LM-80)

85°C (LM-80)

105°C (LM-80)

55°C (TM-21)

85°C (TM-21)

105°C (TM-21)

LED

I

Data Set 15 16 16

Tsp 55°C 85°C 85°C

Sample Size 25 25 25

Test Duration 8,568 hrs 8,568 hrs 8,568 hrs

α 1.064E-06 2.174E-06 2.174E-06

β 9.913E-01 9.971E-01 9.971E-01

Calculated Lifetime L70(9k) = 327,000 hours L70(9k) = 163,000 hours L70(9k) = 163,000 hours

Reported Lifetime L70(9k) > 51,400 hours L70(9k) > 51,400 hours L70(9k) > 51,400 hours

Reported L70

Calculated Lifetime

Reported Lifetime

XLamp XP-G White

1500 mA

TM-21 Lifetime Report

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

% L

um

ino

us

Flu

x

Time (hours)

55°C (LM-80)

85°C (LM-80)

85°C (LM-80)

55°C (TM-21)

85°C (TM-21)

85°C (TM-21)

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Example High Power LED (LM-80) Data Set

Current Ta (ºC) Tsp (ºC) Tj (ºC)

1500 mA55 55 75

85 85 105

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000

% L

um

ino

us

Flu

x

Time (hours)

55°C (LM-80)

85°C (LM-80)

ENERGY STAR 35k

ENERGY STAR 25k

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Outstanding Chromatic Stability Over Current, Temp, Time

0.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000

Ch

rom

atic

ity

Shif

t (d

u'v

')

Time (hours)

XLamp XP-G White: If=1.500A, Tsp=85°C



© 2014 Cree, Inc.


What Does This Mean? This is Superior Color Stability.

0.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000

Ch

rom

atic

ity

Shif

t (d

u'v

')

Time (hours)




© 2014 Cree, Inc.


And Now For Something Completely Different

US Dept of Energy, 2013, Color Maintenance of LEDs in Laboratory and Field Applications, PNNL-22759

© 2014 Cree, Inc.


Recap: LEDs Are Restructuring A Lot of Things

• Applications

• Markets

• Livelihoods

• It’s Early Days

Lighting

Class LEDsFilament Fluorescent HID

Source Efficacy (lm/W) 130 -200 15-25 80-100 80-130

Optical Control +++++ +++ + +++

Lifetime (hrs) 104-5 103 103-4 104

Lumen Depreciation *

Chromatic Stability +++++* +++++ +++ ++

Dimmable, Controllable Superior Good Possible Not

Download - LEDs for Lighting Professionals

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