Download - La Otra Documenta 12: contrapartidas pedagógicas

5/17/2018 La Otra Documenta 12: contrapartidas pedagógicas - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/la-otra-documenta-12-contrapartidas-pedagogicas 1/17

@g nq{g Anh|fldqg 7;= hndq{gpg{qeagx plagcøcehgx$

Mgzel{ [na{ecn Fndql{n$

7$ Edq{na|hheød g` `lhqn{= l` pn{ w|å al lxql nq{n zegml$

Alxal ighl qelfpn w|l `g Anh|fldqg al Bgxxl` lfl{cl hnfn p|dqg al` ehlkl{c w|l pg{lhl alfg{hg{ `gx qldaldhegx u fnzefeldqnx ld lxql xexqlfg h|`q|{g` w|l ilfnxaldnfedgan g{ql hndqlfpn{çdln$ L` nkmlqezn al lxql qlyqn lx gkn{ag{ `g Anh|fldqg alBgxxl` alxal x| p{nulhqn plagcøcehn, nj{lheldan hnd l``n |dg fe{gag g`ql{dgqezg g `gxdg{{gqezgx hndxq{|eagx g pg{qe{ al nq{gx gp{nyefghendlx w|l qnfgd hnfn nkmlqn allxq|aen `g h{æqehg al` g{ql n `g p{na|hheød al p{çhqehgx hnfexg{eg`lx ld l` xlhqn{ h|`q|{g`$L` p{npøxeqn lx xldhe``n= fl p`gdqln hnd lxql qlyqn gdgè}g{ w|å fg{hnx al q{gkgmn

plagcøcehnx xl igd ``lzgan g hgkn ld laehendlx gdql{en{lx, h|ç` lx `g aejl{ldheghndxqeq|qezg al lxqg laeheød u x| fg{hn al q{gkgmn ld plagcncæg, u pn{ l``n, w|å gpn{qg`g ‐Anh|fldqg 7;‖ g` f|dan h|`q|{g`, u xnk{lqnan ld w|å p|lal {gaehg{ x|

p`gdqlgfeldqn pn`æqehn$ Qnagx lxqgx p{lc|dqgx fl nkècgd g alxp`g}g{ fe nkmlqn al

lxq|aen al `g Anh|fldqg, g` hndhlke{`g fçx g``ç al |dg fl{g hn`lhheød al pel}gxaexp|lxqgx ld laejehenx, hnd aezl{xnx fndqgmlx, `|hlx, hn`n{lx, pýkèhnx f|u aezl{xnx u|dg nkxqedgag xgq|{gheød al nk{gx u hnd l``n jemg{fl ld nq{n gxplhqn fldnxzexekeè}gan$7 Zgugfnx pn{ pg{qlx$

\d p|dqn al pg{qeag aejl{ldql…

L` hndqlyqn al Bgxxl` lx g`cn w|l xelfp{l ig w|lagan al ql`ød al jndan al `gAnh|fldqg$ _g{g gw|l``nx w|l dnx edehegfnx hnd `gx gdagd}gx al` g{ql hndqlfpn{çdln,Bgxxl` l{g lxl lxpghen al `nx ‐fe` n`fnx‖ al Kl|ux, al `g \dezl{xeaga Edql{dghendg`, nlxl xeqen andal hgag hedhn g÷nx pg{lhæg fg{hg{xl `gx qldaldhegx ghq|g`lx al` g{qlhndqlfpn{çdln u andal |dg j{gdhlxg p{efl{n u alxp|åx |dg pl{xndg al Mnigddlxk|{cn,

pg{lhl, {lzn`|hendg{nd `nx pg{çflq{nx al d|lxq{g jn{fgheød l|{nhådq{ehg u al `n w|lhndxeal{çkgfnx hnfn fnal{deaga$ Ld dedcýd fnfldqn, hnfn nkxl{zgan{lx al x|x

p|kèhghendlx n hnfn zexeqgdqlx pg{lhæg p`gdqlg{xl `g p{lc|dqg al w|å ighl |d flcg&lzldqn hnfn lxql, hnd |dn al `nx fgun{lx p{lx|p|lxqnx al g{ql hndqlfpn{çdln, ld{l`gheød g lxqg he|aga$ @g p{lc|dqg h`gzl l{g zl{ `g {lhlpheød u ghqezgheød al `g he|aga$Xelfp{l xl lzealdhegkg xe {lg`fldql lyexqæg g`c|dg {l`gheød hnd lxql lxpghen fçx g``ç alx| fl{g ghnceag n ghqezeagalx p|dq|g`lx$ Galfçx igu w|l qldl{ ld h|ldqg l` hndqlyqn allxqg he|aga= Bgxxl` h|ldqg hnd |dg pnk`gheød gp{nyefgag al 7;?$??? igkeqgdqlx, w|laøqnqg`fldql alxq{|eag ld alxp|åx al `g EE C|l{{g F|daeg` u j|l hndxq{|eag al d|lzn$

Ghq|g`fldql `g he|aga qeldl fçx al 71 fl}w|eqgx, u |d g`qn ædaehl al pg{n, galfçx al|dg _EK pn{ alkgmn al `g flaeg g`lfgdg )al ilhin hndxqeq|ul `g }ndg |{kgdg fçx pnk{lal x| {lceød%$ Bgxxl` lx |dg he|aga hgèjehgag hnfn pnk{l$ H`g{n, lyhlpqn a|{gdql 7??aægx hgag hedhn g÷nx ld w|l hndhldq{g g |dg c{gd pg{ql al `g hnf|deaga g{qæxqehgedql{dghendg` u qnag |dg hnfp`lmg fgxg al q|{exfn h|`q|{g`, h{æqehg u hndx|fean{g alh|`q|{g$

Hnd l` pgxn al` qelfpn p|al alxh|k{e{ g q{gzåx al nq{gx p|kèhghendlx w|l l` hndqlyqnal `g la|hgheød g{qæxqehg ld G`lfgdg fe{gkg igheg Bgxxl`, u g zlhlx Bgxxl` {lxpndaæg uqnan$ Al lxql fnan l{g jghqek`l hnfp{nkg{ w|l lyexqægd p|kèhghendlx w|l q{gkgmgkgd l`

7 Ld qå{fednx lxqgaæxqehnx `g Anh|fldqg qeldl |d :? gp{nyefgdan al pýkèhnx w|l dn xnd lypl{qnx alg{ql$ J|ldql= \è{hi Xhiúqbl{ p{lxldqgheød al `g Anh|fldqg pn{ `nx hnn{aedgan{lx al` alpg{qgfldqnla|hgqezn$ iqqp=..sss$i{&ndèdl$al.slkxeql.xplheg`x.Anh|fldqg.edaly$mxp>{|k{eb6;<57?



qlfg la|hgqezn, w|l i|kn al ilhin |d lxh|l`g pg{g zexeqgdqlx j|dagag pn{ Kg}nd K{nhb ld `nx g÷nx :? u 3? )Fú{xhi, ;??3g% n w|l xl laeqø |dg c|æg aeaçhqehg al `g EZ Laeheødld jn{fgqn al èk{n edjgdqe`$ L` hgfpn al `g plagcncæg l{g q{gkgmgan fçx g``ç al |dgfl{g {l`gheød hnd l` zexeqgdql ug w|l lyexqægd {lgal{x edalpldaeldqlx w|l q{gkgmgd l`qlfg al `g la|hgheød g{qæxqehg ld Bgxxl` g pg{qe{ al alql{fedgagx pel}gx hnfn {lgal{x

lxplheg`lx )Kg`bldinj u Cln{cxan{j 7559, Kg`bldinj ,Cln{cxan{j u Fgxlq ;??8%$ G pg{ql al lxqgx {l`ghendlx qgfkeåd lx hndnheag qnag `g hndq{nzl{xeg w|l gpn{qg{nd p{nulhqnx edalpldaeldqlx hnfn l` _|kèyQilgq{lHg{gzgd , g` aexh|qe{ `gx j{ndql{gxfgql{eg`lx al `g fec{gheød ld |d hndqlyqn xefkøèhgfldql iepl{alxhndqlyq|gè}gan u

kgmn lxq{gqlcegx al nh|pgheød al` lxpghen pg{g `g lfl{cldheg al |d hgfpgfldqn dn& kn{al{ xed p{nfnheød ae{lhqg al `g Anh|fldqg )F|l`l{ ;??;%$ Qgfkeåd pna{ægfnxjemg{dnx ld l` hndq{nzl{qean q{gkgmn al Qinfgx Ie{xhiúd al edxqg`g{&xl ld |d kg{{en g`gx gj|l{gx al `g he|aga pg{g hndxq{|e{ ‐hn`lhqezgfldql‖; |dn al x|x ug jgfnxnxfnd|fldqnx, l` al Kgqge``l, p{nfnzean pn{ `g Anh|fldqg 77$ Hnfn l{g al lxpl{g{, `nxzexeqgdqlx al `g lypnxeheød pnaægd galfçx qnfg{ |d qgye c{gq|eqeqn pg{g zexeqg{ `gedql{zldheød `nhgè}gag ld `g pl{ejl{eg al Bgxxl`$ Lxqnx p{nulhqnx qgfkeåd, al g`cýd

fnan, {lj`lmgkgd l` fg{hn edxqeq|hendg` u `gx {l`ghendlx al pnal{ w|l xl hndxq{|ægd gèdxqg`g{ |dg fgh{n&lypnxeheød al g{ql ld |dg plw|l÷g he|aga, hndxq{|uldan |dalxlw|eèk{en hndqed|n ldq{l `n `nhg` u `n c`nkg`, u p{nfnzeldan p{çhqehgx al q{gkgmnhn`gkn{gqezn, ghqezexqg n hnf|deqg{egx ld |d fg{hn x|fgfldql edxqeq|hendgè}gan w|l

pnaægd fgx keld ̀ `lcg{ g dl|q{gè}g{ qnag h{eqehg edxqeq|hendg` w|l lfl{cl aldq{n al`fexfn xldn al `g edxqeq|heød )[g|dec ;??;% n gkxn{kl{ ld jn{fg al xl{zehen xnheg`h|g`w|el{ h{eqehg g|qødnfg w|l l` g{ql kgxgan ld hnf|deaga p|lag gpn{qg{ )Uýaehl;??:%$

\d hgfedn gkel{qn pg{g l` zegml…

Xec|eldan hnd fe {l`gqn h{ndn`øcehn= C{ghegx g `g cldl{nxeaga al Lzg Xq|{f p|al `ll{ |d g{qeh|`n x|un qeq|`gan ‐B|dxqzl{feqq`|dc g`x Seal{xqgda‖ )‐La|hgheød g{qæxqehg hnfn{lxexqldheg‖% al` g÷n ;??8$ Ld lxql qlyqn xl edh`|æg |dg {ljl{ldheg g` q{gkgmn

pl{jn{fgqezn al |dg zexeqg c|egag al \è{hi Xhiúqbl{ )ghq|g` hnn{aedgan{ alàlpg{qgfldqn la|hgqezn ld `g Anh|fldqg 7;%$ @n edql{lxgdql al lxql qlyqn, galfçx alx|x hndhlpqnx qlø{ehnx w|l alxh{eke{å fçx gal`gdql, l{g `g jn{fg al {ljn{f|`g{ l` q{gkgmn

plagcøcehn g pg{qe{ al |dg zexeqg c|egag, u l` gpg{ldql fg{hn al èkl{qga ld l` xl fnzæg`g ghheød la|hgqezg w|l xl alxh{ekæg$ C{ghegx g |d hndqghqn hndqed|gan hnd l` q{gkgmn alLzg Xq|{f, _el{gdcl`n Fgxlq u Hg{fld Fú{xhi, p|al ldqndhlx gp{ldal{ `g efpn{qgdhegw|l `g Anh|fldqg cldl{gkg hnfn lxpghen al lypl{efldqgheød, u hnfn ehndn

hndqlfpn{çdln ld l` fg{hn al `g plagcncæg g`lfgdg$ U giæ lx andal ldq{g al d|lznHg{fld Fú{xhi, ug w|l j|l hndq{gqgag hnfn edzlxqecgan{g u hndxlml{g alàlpg{qgfldqn la|hgqezn al `g Anh|fldqg 7;$ X| fexeød l{g alxg{{n``g{ m|dqn hnd \è{hiXqnhbl{ qnag |dg xl{el al p{nulhqnx la|hgqeznx n al flaegheød g{qæxqehg$ G` fexfnqelfpn, hnfn p{njlxn{g ld `g \dezl{xeaga al Nàldk|{c, Hg{fld ``lzg{æg g hgkn |d

p{nulhqn al edzlxqecgheød xnk{l `gx {l`ghendlx u hndjèhqnx w|l `g flaegheød al` g{qlghg{{lg$ Kgmn lxqgx d|lzgx he{h|dxqgdhegx u alkean g |d ldh|ldq{n hnd Hg{fld Fú{xhild |dg qn{fldqnxg lxqgdheg ld @nda{lx fl p`gdqln |dgx zghghendlx hnd |d c{|pn algfecnx pg{g ``lzg{ g hgkn lxqg gp{nyefgheød g Bgxxl`, g helcgx, edalpldaeldqlfldql al

; Fçx keld un ae{æg pg{g edxq{|e{ høfn gpg{ldqg{ hndxq{|e{ hnd cldql ld |d lxpghen l`lcean u alxal |dgxqlfçqehgx u aexh|{xnx p{npenx efp|lxqnx ld l` hndqlyqn `nhg`$ Lxqg dnqg, ld xæ ag{æg `|cg{ xø`n ug g nq{ng{qeh|`n$



`gx h{eqehgx n {lhl`nx xnk{l `g lypnxeheød8, pl{n hnd `g lxpl{gd}g al zl{ w|å lx `n w|l xlhnhæg ld `nx jncndlx al` p{nulhqn plagcøcehn…

;$ L` hndhlpqn al hndq{gpg{qeag= |dg gfexqga h{æqehg hnd l` g{ql$

Gdqlx al ldq{g{ g alxh{eke{ hnd fçx alqg``l l` p{nulhqn la|hgqezn al `g Anh|fldqg flc|xqg{æg p{efl{gfldql p`gdqlg{ g`c|dnx fg{hnx al` q{gkgmn xnk{l `nx w|l xl kgxg `g p{çhqehg la|hgqezg al `g Anh|fldqg, u w|l al g`cýd fnan {lj`lmgd l` pnxehendgfeldqn pn`æqehn al` alpg{qgfldqn al la|hgheød g{qæxqehg, n qgfkeåd q{ga|hean ae{lhqgfldql al`g`lfçd hnfn ‐flaegheød g{qæxqehg‖ )B|dxqzl{feqq`|dc%$

_{efl{gfldql |dg gh`g{gheød ql{fedn`øcehg= L` qå{fedn ‐B|dxqzl{feqq`|dc‖ p|lal xl{ q{ga|hean hnfn +g{qFLH+ n ‐flaegheød, la|hgheød u hnf|dehgheød al` g{ql‖ xec|eldan`g q{ga|hheød al Hg{fld Fú{xhi g` edc`åx )Dnqg al Fú{xhi ld Xq|{f, ;??;g%$Lxqgaljedeheød ghq|g`fldql lxqç xeldan p|lxqg ld p{çhqehg hnfn |d hndhlpqn pg{gc|gx w|l{lýdl qgdqn p{çhqehgx al g{ql hnf|deqg{en, p{çhqehgx hn`gkn{gqezgx, q{gkgmn hnfexg{eg`

in{e}ndqg`, p{nulhqnx h|`q|{g`lx hnd znhgheød plagcøcehg n hn`lhqezg, n jedg`fldql l`hgfpn al `g la|hgheød g{qæxqehg1$ Ld qnan lxql fg{hn xelfp{l xl {lxg`qg `g aefldxeødg|qødnfg l edalpldaeldql al `g flaegheød g{qæxqehg, lx alhe{ `g fexfg flaegheød lx ldxæ |dg {l`gheød al flqgaexh|{xn= w|eld gpèhg flaegheød g{qæxqehg, hndxq{|ul qln{æg xnk{ll` g{ql, u h|lxqendg g` fexfn qelfpn l` xexqlfg al g{ql, m|lcg hnd u hndq{g l` g{ql$ Dnnkxqgdql, qg` hnfn {lh|l{ag Xq|{f ld |dg hndjl{ldheg< ld l` fg{hn al `g Anh|fldqg ‐l`g{ql dn lyexql xed flaegheød g{qæxqehg$‖ );??3%$

_g{qeldan ug al w|l l` qå{fedn hnd``lzg aejeh|`qgalx, `g flaegheød g{qæxqehg {lhnclf|higx p{çhqehgx aejl{ldqlx u dn hndxldx|gagx, pn{ `n w|l gw|æ |xg{lfnxedaexqedqgfldql l` qå{fedn al plagcncæg al` g{ql n al la|hgheød g{qæxqehg, qg` hnfnw|lag q{ga|hean g` edc`åx ld `g pçcedg Slk al `g Anh|fldqg 7;$ @g jn{f|`gheød al`

p{nulhqn la|hgqezn al `g Anh|fldqg kgmn lxqg aljedeheød q{gqg al x|pl{g{ alxal |d p{edhepen |d fnal`n kgxgan ld `g fl{g q{gdxfexeød al agqnx u hnf|dehgheød efp|lxqgigheg l` pýkèhn$ L` nkmlqezn lx q{gkgmg{ xnk{l `gx {l`ghendlx al pnal{, `nx x|k&qlyqnx u`gx jn{fgx aejl{ldqlx al {l`ghendg{xl hnd `g edxqeq|heød g{qæxqehg$ Qg` hnfn aljeldalHg{fld Fú{xhi ‐… |dg la|hgheød g{qæxqehg gxæ hnfp{ldaeag xl pnxehendg hnfn |dggfecg h{eqehg al `g edxqeq|heød u al` g{ql, u alxg{{n``g |d flqgaexh|{xn h{æqehn&hndxq{|hqezn‖ );??3k, ådjgxex g÷gaean%

8 \dg al `gx edehegqezgx w|l fgx a|agx u alkgqlx igd cldl{gan ig xean `g xl`lhheød al {lzexqgx al qnan l`f|dan pn{ pg{ql al |d hndxlmn laeqn{eg`, `n w|l ig `lzgdqgan h{eqehgx ae{lhqgx xnk{l `nx qnagzæg jn{fgqnxldancçfehnx al` g{ql hndqlfpn{çdln u x|x pn`æqehgx dlnèkl{g`lx )Slkl{, Fn{gslb ;??3% n {lghhendlx g`gx p{lc|dqgx w|l p`gdqlgkg `g Anh|fldqg hnfn `leqfnqez edqldqgdan {lhndxq{|e{ l` aexh|{xn hnfexg{eg`,qg` hnfn lzealdhegkg `g {lzexqg F|`qeq|alx )iqqp=..f|`qeq|alx&ehndlx$xgfe}agq$dlq%$ Xe xl w|el{l {lpgxg{ |dg {lghheød h{æqehg xl p|lal zl{ qgfkeåd `gx aezl{xgx ldq{lzexqgx {lgè}gagx g hnfexg{enx u lypl{qnx al`g{ql ld= iqqp=..sss$g&alxb$n{c.flaeg$pip$

1 Hg{fld Fú{xhi pn{ x| pg{ql dnx ag nq{g aljedeheød fçx kçxehg al` xecdejehgan al ‐B|dxqzl{feqq`|dc‖ld `g xec|eldql lypèhgheød= ‐X|cel{l |dg pl{xndg w|l èql{g`fldql ‐flaeg‖ `gx edql{ghhendlx ldq{lzexeqgdqlx, g{qexqgx, f|lxnx u l` galfçx l` g{ql ld xæ fexfn‖ );??3h=;;<%$

< _{lhexgfldql ld lxqg p{lxldqgheød Lzg Xq|{f m|dqn hnd Ileal{nxl Ieàlk{gda {lgè}g{nd ̀ g p{lxldqgheød

al `g {l&laeheød al` èk{n ‐_g`fldk|hi‖ )@ek{n al pg`fl{gx, %, w|l lxqgk`lhæg ug ighl 7: g÷nx `nx fg{hnxaeg`øcehnx u al q{gkgmn h{eqehn al `g flaegheød g{qæxqehg aldq{n al` hgfpn al la|hgheød ld f|xlnx$iqqp=..sss$Anh|fldqg7;$al.edaly$pip>ea67?99*@67$



Kgmn lxqg gje{fgheød {nq|dagfldql pn`æqehg xl lxhndal l` hndhlpqn al `g la|hgheødhnfn p{çhqehg hndjèhqezg u p{nk`lfgqe}gan{g:$ @g la|hgheød g{qæxqehg dn xl {la|hl g|dg p{çhqehg hnfp`lfldqg{eg al `g nk{g al g{ql, u fldnx g |dg p{çhqehg x|p`lfldqg{eg g`xl{zehen al `gx dlhlxeagalx al |dg lypnxeheød, u al `gx x|p|lxqgx aljeheldhegx al |dc{|pn, qg` hnfn ug edaehg{ç Xq|{f );??;k%, g` edqldqg{ {laljede{ l` n{ecld al `g

flaegheød g{qæxqehg hnfn p{ghqehg aejl{ldheg`$ Lxql q{gkgmn la|hgqezn p|lx dn x|pndl|dg p{çhqehg hnfpldxgqn{eg, xedn |dg hndqed|g f|`qepèhgheød al aejl{ldhegx, alhndq{gaehhendlx u pnxekeèagalx al gpl{q|{g al aexh|{xnx )Fgxlq 755<, Xq|{f u Fú{xhi;??3%$ Qg` hnfn lypndl Xq|{f ld x| g{qæh|`n al` ;??8, `g la|hgheød g{qexqg x|pndl |dq{gkgmn al {lxexqldheg$ _g{g lypèhg{ h|gdan lfl{cl lxql pnxehendgfeldqn Xq|{f qnfghnfn lml |dg flqçjn{g al Jn|hg|`q= `g zl{agal{g h{eqehg hnfn lxpghen al {lxexqldheglfl{cl hnfn `g fg`g iel{kg, xl lypgdal hnfn |dgx p`gdqgx xg`zgmlx w|l h{lhld ldq{l`nx i|lhnx al `nx mg{aedlx, u xl ighl pgxn ldq{l `nx i|lhnx al `gx pg{hl`gx u al `gxfghlqgx$ Hnd l``n `g p{çhqehg h{æqehg alxkn{ag `æfeqlx u aexhepèdgx, g` fexfn qelfpn w|lxl÷g`g `nx p|dqnx helcnx al `g edxqeq|heød$ Ld lxql çfkeqn al {lxexqldheg, `g plagcncæghnfn p{çhqehg pn`æqehg g{qeh|`g u p{na|hl w|elk{nx ld l` xexqlfg, q{gkgmg ae{lhqgfldql

`gx {l`ghendlx al pnal{ lxq{|hq|{g`lx al `gx edxqeq|hendlx, xl÷g`g x|x p|dqnx helcnx u{l`ghendg aexh|{xnx u aexhepèdgx al fgdl{g q{gdxzl{xg`$ Lxql fåqnan plagcøcehn{l`ghendg` x|pndl |d p{nhlxn edghgkgan, ug w|l xelfp{l efpèhg |dg f|`qepèhgheød ugkl{q|{g igheg `g aejl{ldheg$ Ld lxql xldqean aejl{ldheg` Fú{xhi aljedl `g la|hgheødg{qæxqehg, p{lhexgfldql ld x| edq{na|hheød g` hndhlpqn al la|hgheød ld `g Anh|fldqg, g

pg{qe{ al` hndhlpqn al q{ga|hheød h|`q|{g`3 ‐…hnfn |d p{nhlxn gkel{qn, ld l` w|l l`hndnhefeldqn al` zexeqgdql u l` hndnhefeldqn u `g lypl{eldheg al `nx la|hgan{lx al g{qlxl ldq{lh{|}gd u ldq{gd ld hndjèhqn ldq{l l``nx‖ )Fú{xhi ;??3h=;;:%$

Hnd `n p`gdqlgan igxqg lxql fnfldqn pnalfnx ag{dnx h|ldqg al` {elxcn al lxql p|dqnal pg{qeag= lxqg pnxeheød pg{lhl ldq{g{ ld hndjèhqn hnd l` q{gkgmn ld c{gdalx lzldqnxg{qæxqehnx n hnd `g ealg al` f|xln u `g p{çhqehg hnfexg{eg` hnfn aexh|{xnx ilclfødehnxal `g p{çhqehg hnd l` g{ql$ Gxæ `nx fgh{n&lzldqnx u `gx zexeqgx al f|xlnx xnd ld x|fgun{æg |d aexpnxeqezn hndzldhendg` al `lceqefgheød al` aexh|{xn al` xexqlfg g{ql, xlalxqedgd g` fl{hgan g{ql u x|x ghqn{lx iepl{p{na|hqn{lx, qgdqn hnfn p{njlxendg`lx hnfnhndx|fean{lx$ H|gdan lyexqld p{nc{gfgx la|hgqeznx xl lxqgk`lhld pg{g `g ̀ lceqefgheødal` dýfl{n ldq{gagx n pg{g xgàg{ `gx h|ldqgx al lzldqnx n f|xlnx aexl÷gdan p{nc{gfgx

pg{g `g hnf|deaga lxhn`g{, g fld|an alxg{{n``ganx hnd |d fnal`n al xl{zehenxlyql{dnx kgmn `g x|k&hndq{gqgheød u `g p{lhg{e}gheød, qgdqn lhndøfehg hnfn aexh|{xezgal` q{gkgmn$ Lxql qepn al ghhendlx la|hgqezgx, hnfn ghqezeagalx hnfpldxgqn{egx, xlhn{pn{le}gd hnd |dg nkxqedgag edzexekeèaga al `gx lxq{|hq|{gx al pnal{ u al `nx

aexh|{xnx hndxq{|eanx, xed |dg {l`gheød pn`æqehg hnd `g edxqeq|heød u xed fçx `lceqefgheødw|l l` aexh|{xn al `g iexqn{eg g{ql hndqlfpn{çdlg, `nx pg{çflq{nx aexh|{xeznx al`hnfexg{en u |d pnp|èxfn pgq{eg{hg` w|l ealdqejehg l` q{gkgmn hnd `g aejl{ldhegèaga al

pýkèhnx hnd `g xefpèjehgag jn{f|`g al ‐al pgd u he{hn‖$ @nx la|hgan{lx )x|k&{lp{lxldqganx hnfn ‐c|ægx‖ n ‐fndeqn{lx‖% xnd zexqnx hnfn j|ldqlx al edjn{fgheød, al{lhndnhefeldqn, u al hndqed|exfn anflxqehgan al `gx qlxex al `nx hnfexg{enx, hnfn |dg

klkeag ldl{cåqehg al |xg{ u qe{g{ n hnfn xefp`lx hndqldlan{lx al hndnhefeldqn galzn{g{ pn{ l` pýkèhn xed |d p{nulhqn la|hgqezn alq{çx$ Lxql gxplhqn h`g{gfldql {la|hl

: @g la|hgheød hnfn l`lfldqn p{nk`lfgqe}gan{ al` f|dan xl ldh|ldq{g ug ld `nx lxh{eqnx al _g|`n J{le{l)753;%, ld `nx fg{hnx al q{gkgmn al `g _lagcncæg H{æqehg, u `g plagcncæg w|l q{gkgmg g pg{qe{ al `gx

p{lfexgx al` pnxqlxq{|hq|{gèxfn ) _lql{x, L``xsn{qi n \`fl{, ldq{l nq{nx%$3 Lxql fg{hn xl ldh|ldq{g kgxgan g x| zl}, qg` hnfn {ljl{ldheg Fú{xhi ld l` g{qeh|`n al Ldhg{dg Mefådl}=



l` aeç`ncn, l` edql{hgfken u `gx pnxehendlx aezl{xgx andal l` hndnhefeldqn lx hndxq{|eanxnheg`fldql, galfçx dn g{qeh|`g `g fexfg p{çhqehg la|hgqezg hnfn |dg p{çhqehg pn`æqehgedxh{eqg ld |dgx {l`ghendlx al pnal{ alql{fedgagx, u fldnx g|d hndqlfp`g `g Edxqeq|heødG{ql hnfn ‐ |d hgfpn {l`ghendg` )$$% l` h|g` lxqg edql{hndlhqgan hnd f|`qejghåqehgx uhnfp`lmgx lxq{|hq|{gx xnheg`lx‖ )Fú{xhi ;??3k%$

@g la|hgheød hnfn p{nulhqn pn`æqehn g pg{qe{ al lxqgx {lj`lyendlx lx pn{ qgdqn |d flaenf|`qepèhgan{ pg{g jn{f|`g{ p{lc|dqgx, gk{e{ hgfednx, ighl{ lfl{cl{ nq{gx pnxehendlxaldq{n al` xexqlfg g{ql u hndxq{|e{ dlcnheghendlx hnfp`lmgx hnd aezl{xnx hn`lhqeznx$ Lx|dg hndq{gpg{qeag g `g fexfg Anh|fldqg, g` gk{e{ d|lznx hgfpnx pl{n q{gkgmg{ alxalaldq{n al `nx fg{hnx l``g9$ Ld qnanx l``nx `g plagcncæg xl ghqezg hnfn |d xexqlfghndqedýn al dlcnheghendlx, p{na|hean pg{g lypgdae{ u hndqgfedg{ l` xexqlfg g{ql u h{lg{ hngèhendlx alxal aldq{n igheg j|l{g= |dg gfexqga zl{agal{gfldql h{æqehg w|l

pgxg{lfnx gin{g g alxh{eke{$

1$ L` p{nulhqn al` ‐Kle{gq‖= l` q{gkgmn al dlcnhegheød `nhg`$

_g{g `g hndxq{|hheød al lxqg gfexqga h{æqehg `n p{efl{n w|l l` lw|epn hnfexg{eg` al `gAnh|fldqg xl p`gdqlø j|l lxqgk`lhl{ |dg xl{el al hndqghqnx hnd `gx {lalx ghqezgx al `ghe|aga al Bgxxl` alxal l` nqn÷n al` ;??<$ Lxqgx {l|dendlx edjn{fg`lx qldæg l` nkmlqeznal pnal{ hndxqeq|e{ |d c{|pn al q{gkgmn, w|l alxp|åx hndxqeq|e{æg l` ‐Kle{gq‖, lx alhe{ |dg hnfexeød gxlxn{g$ Lxqg hnfexeød j|l aldnfedgag hnfn l` ‐c{|pn al lypl{qnx`nhg`lx‖ `lceqefgdan hnd l``n w|l qnanx `nx ghqn{lx qldægd |d hndnhefeldqn al lypl{qnld {l`gheød g `nx lypl{qnx al `g Anh|fldqg )Selh}n{lb, ;??3%$ Hnd qg` aldnfedgheødxl edqldqg {lp{lxldqg{ |dg {l`gheød al hg{g g hg{g, hnd l` p{nulhqn h|`q|{g` al `gAnh|fldqg 7;$ @g pnxeheød al` lw|epn hnfexg{eg` {lxplhqn g lxqg dlcnhegheød pg{lhægh`g{g alxal l` p{edhepen= Gdqlx w|l almg{ al `gan l` hndqlyqn `nhg` u l` ldq{gfgan xnhegàndal `g lypnxeheød xl edh{|xqgkg, lyexqæg |dg gqldqg zn`|dqga al h{lg{ |d aeç`ncn ledql{hgfken hnd l` hnfeqå al lypl{qnx `nhg`lx, al fnan w|l xl p|aelxl h{lg{ |dg {la aldlcnheghendlx ldq{l Anh|fldqg u `g he|aga al Bgxxl`=

‐)@g Anh|fldqg 7;% Lxqç edql{lxgag ld l` hndnhefeldqn `nhg` u galfçx ld ighl{ w|l `glypnxeheød j|dhendl g dezl` `nhg` $hndxlh|ldqlfldql, k|xhg |d aeg`ncn hnd `g cldql alBgxxl` w|l lxqg edql{lxgag ld h|lxqendg{xl `g iexqn{eg u l` p{lxldql, ld p{lc|dqg{xl pn{ `gx qlfçqehgx u `nx p{nk`lfgx al `g he|aga u al x|x {lxealdqlx‖) _gcedg Slk, Anh|fldqg 7;, ;??3 %

L` p{efl{ pgxn j|l edzeqg{ g qnanx `nx c{|pnx pnxek`lx w|l q|zelxld |dg ghqezeaga `nhgàldq{n al` hgfpn xnhenh|`q|{g` al Bgxxl`$ Al lxqnx c{|pnx `nhg`lx x|{ceø hnfn p|dqnh`gzl l` hldq{n h|`q|{g` Xhi`ghiqinj 5, w|eld ghnceø `g edehegqezg u g` aej|daeø ldq{l `gx

9 Al ilhin `g pgcedg slk al `g Anh|fldqg f|hig edjn{fgheød ghl{hg al qnanx `nx p{nulhqnx alla|hgheød kgmn `g xlhheød al ‐g{q la|hgqend‖, qgfkeåd lyexql l` k`nc {lgè}gan pg{g `g `gkn{ al` hnfeqågxlxn{ )iqqp=..sss$Anh|fldqg7;k`nc$al.%$ _{çhqehgfldql hgag aæg igu |dg p{lxldqgheød n hig{`g ld l`gpg{qgan aldnfedgan @|dhi Xl{elx, andal pg{qehepgd `g xlhheød al {lzexqgx, la|hgheød g{qæxqehg u l`hnfeqå `nhg` al` lw|epn al `g Anh|fldqg$ Lxqg xlhheød ``lzg pn{ qeq|`n ‐@|dhi `lhq|{l= _{na|hheød,flaegheød hndzl{xghendlx‖$Qnagx ̀ gx p{lxldqghendlx al ̀ gx ‐@|hi @lhq|{lx‖ p|lald xl{ lxh|higagx ndèdl c{ghegx g `g {gaen g`lfgdg I[;=

iqqp=..sss$i{ndèdl$al.slkxeql.xplheg`x.Anh|fldqg.edaly$mxp>{|k{eb6;<57?$

5 Zågxl efgcld d|f$ 7 u ;$



{lalx w|l q{gkgmg ld lxql hldq{n7?$ L` hnfeqå gxlxn{ lxqç jn{fgan pn{ la|hgan{lx,g{w|eqlhqnx, gxnheghendlx al f|ml{lx, gxnheghendlx {l`ghendgagx hnd l` f|dan lxhn`g{,c{|pnx |dezl{xeqg{enx, c{|pnx {lècenxnx, gxnheghendlx al edfec{gdqlx, l edh`|xn g`cýdc{|pn g|qødnfn edalpldaeldql$ Qnanx lxqnx ghqn{lx xnheg`lx l{gd hndxeal{ganx‐f|`qepèhgan{lx‖ u ‐kexgc{gx al hg{g g` q{gkgmn al `g Anh|fldqg‖ )Selh}n{lb, ;??3%$

Gxæ `nx gcldqlx w|l hnfpndld l` hnfeqå gxlxn{ dn hndxqeq|uld |d fnal`n {lp{lxldqgqeznal `g he|aga, xedn fçx keld xnd |d fnal`n pg{g hgqgè}g{ u dlcnheg{ `gx aejl{ldqlx p{np|lxqgx al `g Anh|fldqg 7;, g` fexfn qelfpn w|l ghqýgd hnfn kexgc{gx al `n `nhgù `n c`nkg`$ _l{feqld al lxql fnan |dg q{ga|hheød al eag u z|l`qg g `nx aexh|{xnx u `gx

p{np|lxqgx al `g Anh|fldqg ld l` çfkeqn al `g he|aga al Bgxxl`$

Alxal l` g÷n ;??: l` ‐Kle{gq‖ )ql{fedn g`lfçd pg{g alxecdg{ hnfeqå gxlxn{% xl {l|deø|dg zl} g` flx hnd l` lw|epn al `g Anh|fldqg, u ld hndh{lqn hnd l` lw|epn w|l q{gkgmng dezl` `nhg` ld `g A 7;, hnfp|lxqn pn{ Sgdag Selh}n{lb ) |dg p{njlxendg` al` hgfpnal lxq|aenx h|`q|{g`lx, hnd lypl{eldheg ld g` dlcnhegheød `nhg` ld nq{gx lypnxehendlx,w|l q{gkgmg hnfn gxexqldql al ae{lhheød ld l` w|epn al Anh|fldqg% u Guxl Cð`lã

)q{gkgmgan{g al` B|`q|{}ldq{|f Xhi`ghiqinj u hnn{aedgan{g m|dqn g Sgdag alàlxg{{n``n al` Hnfeqå gxlxn{ al A 7;%$ _g{qeldan al `gx p{lc|dqgx g{qeh|`gan{gx alÀnh|fldqg, l` hnfeqå al lypl{qnx alxg{{n``n x|x p{npegx p{np|lxqgx u {lxp|lxqg x dezl``nhg`, hnfn |d p|dqn al ‐h{exqgè}gheød‖ ld `gx {lalx `nhg`lx al `g he|aga )Cð`lã uSelh}n{lb ;??3=;;7%$ Al ilhin lxql q{gkgmn ig w|lagan pgqldql qgdqn ld `g pçcedg Slknjeheg` hnfn ld |dn al `nx {lgal{x al `g Anh|fldqg u ld l` slk`nc g`ql{dgqeznhnn{aedgan pn{ l` p{npen Kle{gq%77$

Gxæ l` hnfeqå ig alxg{{n``gan |dg q{ga|hheød ank`l ld l` p{nhlxn al Anh|fldqg=_n{ |dg `gan hnfn lxpghen al dlcnhegheød hnd g{qexqgx u x|x p{nulhqnx pg{g Bgxxl`, u

pn{ nq{n `gan hnfn lxpghen alxg{{n``n `nhg`$ Hnfn lxpghen al dlcnhegheød l` hnfeqåxl{zeg pg{g aeg`ncg{ hnd p{np|lxqgx al g{qexqgx n p{nulhqnx h|`q|{g`lx g {lgè}g{ ld `gAnh|fldqg, pg{g gxlc|{g{ |dg flmn{ g{qeh|`gheød u {l`gheød hnd `n `nhg`& Gxæ l` c{|pngxlxn{ p|an aexh|qe{ hnd p{np|lxqgx hnfn `g al [ehg{an Kg|xfgd, g `g gin{g al{lp{na|he{ u q{gkgmg{ hnd x|x pel}gx ld aezl{xnx hndqlyqnx al `g he|aga ld x| p{nulhqn=Sn|à un| èbl qn pg{qehepgql ed gd g{qexqeh lypl{eldhl>$7; Nq{n lmlfp`n al `nxflhgdexfnx al dlcnhegheød lx l` p{nulhqn L` An{gan, ``lzgan g hgkn pn{ Agdehg Açzeh$Al |d g÷n al a|{gheød, lxql p{nulhqn lx j{|qn al `g hn`gkn{gheød al` Kle{gq, ld {l`gheødg |d c{|pn al møzldlx, p{na|heådanxl 8 aejl{ldqlx jn{fgqnx= |dg pel}g al zealn hnd

møzldlx ld Bgxxl`, |dg edxqg`gheød xndn{g ld l` Qgpplqld F|xl|f hnd |dg gfpèghn`gkn{gheød al møzldlx edfec{gdqlx u |dg pl{jn{fgdhl edg|c|{g` al `g g{qexqg78$

Al lxqg fgdl{g gdqlx w|l lxqgk`lhl{xl |d fnal`n hnfexg{eg` al g{qexqgx hndhnf|deagalx, andal l` hnfexg{en q{gkgmg pg{g efp`lfldqg{ g{qexqgx ld aezl{xgxhnf|deagalx, l` hnfeqå ghq|gkg hnfn q{ga|hqn{ ae{lhqn, hnfn |d g`ql{dgan{, al hg{g g`

7? Lxql ldq{n lx |d lxpghen pg{g `g la|hgheød hndqed|g, j{|qn al `g hn{{eldql al la|hgheød xnhenh|`q|{g` alG`lfgdeg ld `nx g÷nx 3?$ Ldq{l x|x ghqezeagalx nj{lhl h|{xnx al eaenfgx pg{g edfec{gdqlx, h|{xnx al kýxw|lag al lfp`ln, fýxehg, hndhel{qnx n agd}g aldq{n al x| xlhheød al h|`q|{g m|zlde`, galfçx alghncl{ nq{n qepn al edehegqezgx {l`ghendgagx hnd `g ‐la|hgheød ld `g hg``l‖, `nx fnzefeldqnx jlfedexqgx n l`q{gkgmn hnd pl{xndgx xed qlhin$ _g{g fgx edjn{fgheød zågxl l` g{qæh|`n al [g`j _gxhi );??3% n `g pçcedgSlk al` hldq{n iqqp=..sss$xhi`ghiqinj&bgxxl`$al

77 Zågxl dnqg 9 g` {lxplhqn7; Zlgxl efgcld 8$78 Fçx edjn{fgheød ld `g `|dhi `lhq|{l d|f 37$ iqqp=..sss$Anh|fldqg7;k`nc$al



aexh|{xn al `nx g{qexqgx$ Aexh|qægd x| q{gkgmn u p{npndægd jn{fgx aejl{ldqlx al ``lzg{`n ghgkn ld l` hndqlyqn$ Ld lxql xldqean `g hnf|deaga dn xl {lp{lxldqgkg hnfn l` lxpghenal q{gkgmn aejl{ldql u l`lcean pn{ l` g{qexqg n l` p{nc{gfg hnfexg{eg`, xedn w|l xlhndxq{|æg |dg hnfp`lmg dlcnhegheød u flaegheød hnd `gx {lalx `nhg`lx ld |d q{gkgmnhn`gkn{gqezn$

Efgcld d|f$;= Jnqn edql{en{ al `g hg{pg al lzldqnx al` hldq{nh|`q|{g` hnd |dg xl{el al pg`gk{gx l efçcldlx {l`gqezgx g `gxghqezeagalx {lg`e}gagx ld l` hldq{n$

Efgcld d|f$7= @g ldq{gag g` hldq{n h|`q|{g` Xhi`ghiqinj, hnd `g hg{pg allzldqnx u hig{`gx ld l` hldq{n al` pgqen$



_n{ nq{n `gan l` q{gkgmn al alxg{{n``n `nhg` hnd l` hnfeqå p|lal alxh{eke{xl hnfn nq{nlxpghen al dlcnhegheød edalpldaeldql$ L` hnfeqå q{gkgmø hnd `gx p{lc|dqgx al `gAnh|fldqg hnfn p|dqn al pg{qeag, u alxal l``gx pg{qel{nd p{np|lxqg xl edehegqezgx

p{npegx pg{g q{gkgmg{ ld `gx {lalx$ Lxqnx p{nulhqnx `nx alxh{eke{å fgx gal`gdql kgmn `ghgqlcn{æg al p{nulhqnx alx`nhgè}ganx, pn{ x| xlfe&pl{flgkeèaga, lx alhe{ pn{ pnal{

d|q{e{xl al `g Anh|fldqg pl{n g` fexfn qelfpn hndxq{|e{ lxjl{gx g|qødnfgx al q{gkgmn$$ Lxqgx edehegqezgx igd pnaen jedg`fldql qldl{ |dg hnkl{q|{g lhndøfehg c{ghegx g `ggu|ag al` ‐K|dalx}ldq{g`l jð{ pnèqexhil Keà|dc‖, |dg gcldheg fedexql{eg` g`lfçd w|l

p{nf|lzl `g la|hgheød pn`æqehg ld aezl{xnx hgfpnx g pg{qe{ al {lh|{xnx, p|kèhghendlx, p{nc{gfgx la|hgqeznx u nq{n qepn al lzldqnx pg{g p{nfnzl{ `g he|agagdæg ghqezg u `g pg{qehepgheød pn`æqehg$ Lx ld lxql hgfpn lx andal l` hnfeqå gxlxn{ ig pnaen q{ga|he{ lefp`lfldqg{ |dg xl{el al ghqezeagalx lfl{cldqlx alxal `gx fexfgx {lalx u q{gkgmgagxld hndlyeød hnd `g Anh|fldqg$

Jedg`fldql lx efpn{qgdql xl÷g`g{ gw|æ l` ilhin al pg{qe{ al p{lc|dqgx c`nkg`lx ledqlc{gan{gx ig ilhin pnxek`l hndxq{|e{ |dg {l`gheød +q{gdx`nhg`+ hnd `gx {lalx, u dn pn{

l``n hgl{ ld |d `nhgèxfn n pnp|èxfn fg{hgan pn{ |dg {l`gheød pgql{dgèxqg gdql `gx{lalx he|agagdgx, n ld |dg g|qldqeheaga agag pn{ `n `nhg` lyg{hlkgag$ _lèc{nx lxqnxw|l xelfp{l xl alxp{ldald al` q{gkgmn pg{qehepgqezn hnd `n `nhg` alxal `gx edxqeq|hendlx$Fçx keld alkl{ægfnx hndxeal{g{ l` q{gkgmn al` ‐Kle{gq‖ hnfn |dg hndqed|g dlcnhegheød

ldq{l lypl{qnx gkel{qg ld aezl{xnx hgfpnx$

Efgcld d|f$8= Alqg``l al `g edxqg`gheød al [ehg{an Kg|xfgd, andal xl f|lxq{g |dg xl{el

al ql`lzexn{lx hnd l` |xn q{gdx`nhg` al `gx lxq{|hq|{gx w|l p{na|hl l` g{qexqg$



<$ \dg kgql{æg al hndq{gpg{qeagx= `gx p{np|lxqgx al Anh|fldqg 7;

Alxp|åx al xeq|g{ l` hndqlyqn u l` fg{hn al q{gkgmn al` lw|epn la|hgqezn u al` hnfeqågxlxn{ al lypl{qnx `nhg`lx, gin{g pgxg{å g alxh{eke{ g`c|dgx al `gx p{np|lxqgx al q{gkgmn$@gx il alxc`nxgan ld anx hgqlcn{ægx pg{g |dg flmn{ gh`g{gheød2 `gx zexeqgx al `g

Anh|fldqg, hnfn ghhendlx la|hgqezgx aeg`øcehgx hnd l` xexqlfg al `g lypnxeheød, u `nx p{nulhqnx alx`nhgè}ganx, pn{ h|gdqn lfl{cld j|l{g al` hgfpn lypnxeqezn njeheg` al `gAnh|fldqg u xl `nhgè}gd ld nq{gx pg{qlx al` qlmean xnheg` al `g he|aga$

Xnk{l `gx zexeqgx… `g flaegheød aeg`øcehg al` g{ql

\dg la|hgan{g lfpel}g x| zexeqg= {lhncl g` c{|pn w|l hnda|he{ç pn{ `g Anh|fldqg ld lìg`` al` J{elal{ehegd|f$ Giæ lypèhg l` hndqlyqn al `g Anh|fldqg, l edq{na|hl g x|c{|pn w|l `g zexeqg al inu xl{ç lxplheg`$ Al {lpldql alxgpg{lhl {çpeagfldql al `g xg`g$Nq{g {lhncl g` c{|pn u `l c|æg g |dg }ndg andal lxqç `g la|hgan{g edeheg`$ Giæ `gla|hgan{g lypèhg `g anh|fldqgheød al `gx pl{jn{fgdhlx ld `g hg``l al Me{æ Bnzgdag

$Ld |dg al l``gx xl p{lxldqg `g ghheød al 7533, andal l` g{qexqg lxqç hnd |d c{|pn algfecnx ld |dg p`g}g u alxgpg{lhl xýkeqgfldql$

@gx zexeqgx g `g Anh|fldqg al Bgxxl` xl igd edqldqgan hg{ghql{e}g{ pn{ x| aedgfexfn ux| hg{çhql{ aeg`øcehn hnd l` pýkèhn$ Al` pgw|lql al zexeqgx w|l xl nj{lhld lx edql{lxgdqlalxqghg{ høfn lyexql |d c{|pn al flaegan{gx w|l q{gkgmgd fgdn g fgdn hnd Hg{fldFú{xhi anh|fldqgdan x|x lypl{eldhegx l edql{hgfkegdan x| xgkl{ p{çhqehn ld `gxlypnxehendlx g pg{qe{ al zexeqgx lypl{efldqg`lx, hnfn `g alxh{eqg gdql{en{fldql$ Al `gxzexeqgx |dn p|lal lxpl{g{ al qnan= plw|l÷gx pl{jn{fgdhlx n xeq|ghendlx al w|elk{n,edql{hgfken al {n`lx n q{gkgmn c{|pg`$ Lxqgx ghhendlx alxhndxq{|uld l` xexqlfg g{ql,{lw|el{ld al` lxplhqgan{ |dg {lghheød )n hndq{g&{lghheød% g `g ghheød al` flaegan{,hnfn |d hgfken al zlxqefldqg, |d aeç`ncn p{lzen gdqlx al `g hndzl{xgheød, n |dg xýkeqgalxgpg{eheød$ Ld l` lmlfp`n alxh{eqn gdql{en{fldql, lxqg zexeqg lypl{efldqg` lx ``lzgag ghgkn pn{ `g flaegan{g pg{g lypèhg{ x| pel}g jgzn{eqg al `g Anh|fldqg u fnqezg{ |daeç`ncn xnk{l `g pl{jn{fgdhl, x| {lhlpheød u `g anh|fldqgheød ld g{ql hndqlfpn{çdln,$_l{n g` fexfn x| ghheød pl{jn{fgqezg `l xe{zl pg{g edq{na|he{ `g flaegheød al` g{qlhnfn |d p{nhlxn al q{gkgmn aldq{n al` g{ql u x|x hndxlh|ldhegx efp`æheqgx $Zlfnx høfn

pg{qeldan al lxql fnal`n, l` p`gdqlgfeldqn edeheg` dn xl kgxg ld `gx pel}gx fexfgx, xednw|l edqldqg pg{qe{ al `g pnxeheød al` lxplhqgan{ g` almg{`l w|l lxhnmg w|å pel}g.x `ledql{lxgd, w|å lxpghenx `l pg{lhld `nx fçx edql{lxgdqlx, xl `l edzeqg g w|l qldcg lxpghenxal {lj`lyeød n al gkxn`|qn alxhndhel{qn, n edh`|xn g w|l |dg zexeqg c|egag xl hndzel{qg

ld |dg pl{jn{fgdhl w|l lypèhg l` hnfpn{qgfeldqn efp`æheqn al nq{g pl{jn{fgdhl$

G pg{ql al` c{|pn al q{gkgmn al `gx flaegan{gx, qgfkeåd xl nj{lhld nq{g xl{el al zexeqgxw|l edqldqgd al fgdl{g pl{jn{fgqezg )n ‐içpqehg‖ hnfn xl alxh{ekl ld `g Slk%edq{na|he{ nq{gx {l`ghendlx lxpgheg`lx aejl{ldqlx hnd `gx pel}gx pg{g pl{xndgx edzealdqlxn hnd p{nk`lfgx pg{heg`lx al zexeød, al fnan w|l lxqnx c{|pnx qeldld `g pnxekeèaga aledql{ghhendg{ hnd `gx nk{gx nuådan`gx n qnhçdan`gx$ Lxql lx l` fnqezn al q{gkgmn al `gzexeqg qeq|`gag ‐Qgxqld |da Iú{ld ‘ ael G|xxql``|dc ledfg` gdal{x l{jgi{ld‖ )‐Qnhg{ ulxh|hig{& Lypl{efldqg{ `g lypnxeheød al nq{g jn{fg‖% w|l dg{{g `gx pel}gx alxal x|edql{ghheød71$ Nq{g zexeqg, lxqg c{gq|eqg, ``lzg pn{ qæq|`n ‐ Ael Sl`q klsindld7<‖ )‐Igkeqg{ l` f|dan‖% p{npndl w|l |d c{|pn al 9? lxq|aegdqlx al aezl{xnx edxqeq|qnx al Bgxxl`

71 Zl{ edjn{fgheød ld iqqp=..sss$Anh|fldqg7;$al.kèdaldj|li{|dc$iqf`>*@67%7< Zl{ edjn{fgheød ld iqqp=..sss$Anh|fldqg7;$al.319$iqf`>*@67



c|æld al jn{fg aeg`øcehg `g lypnxeheød g `g cldql ga|`qg, nj{lheådan`lx x| pl{xplhqezg ux| {l`gheød hnd `nx qlfgx cldl{ganx pn{ `gx p{lc|dqgx al Bgxxl`$ Ld lxqg zexeqg xlhndxqeq|ul |d edql{hgfken edql{cldl{ghendg` andal xl q{gxqnhgd `nx pgpl`lx al`hndnhefeldqn, `g fe{gag lypl{qg u al` p{njlxn{&la|hgan{ g pg{qe{ al p{nj|dan p{nc{gfgal jn{fgheød, aeg`ncn u q{gkgmn hnd `nx lxq|aegdqlx alxal Dnzelfk{l al` ;??:7:$ Nq{n

fnal`n edql{lxgdql al {lxg`qg{ xnd `gx zexeqgx w|l p{npndld l` qlfg al `g hldx|{g ld `ghndxq{|hheød al `g m|zldq|a g pg{qe{ al `nx fnanx ld w|l xl p|lald gkn{ag{ jn{fgxh{æqehgx u gkel{qgx al {l`gqg{ u igk`g{ al `g xly|gèaga u `gx {l`ghendlx pl{xndg`lx, qg`hnfn l` g{ql `n q{gkgmg ld d|lxq{nx aægx$ Lxqg zexeqg, kgmn l` x|clxqezn qæq|`n al‐Xhif|q}ec |da xqedblda‖ )‐X|hen u gplxqnxn‖% p{lqldal anqg{ al |d lxpghen al aeç`ncngkel{qn g møzldlx ldq{l 7; u 7:, xed `g p{lxldheg edxqeq|hendg` al pga{lx n p{njlxn{lx, uhndxq{|uldan |d lxpghen ae{lhqn al aeg`ncn xnk{l `g hldx|{g, `g {lgèaga u `ghndxq{|hheød ealdqeqg{eg ld `gx jn{fgx ld w|l pldxgfnx u {lp{lxldqgfnx `g xly|gèagald d|lxq{nx aægx73$

Aldq{n al` {gdcn al zexeqgx ``lzgagx g hgkn hgkl alxqghg{ jedg`fldql l` p{nc{gfg‐G|xilhbld‖ )‐Q{gfgdan p`gdlx‖% |d p{nc{gfg lypl{efldqg` w|l pl{feql g c{|pnx al

møzldlx lyp`n{g{ u flaeg{ ldql l``nx `g Anh|fldqg, hndxq{|uldan x|x p{npegxdg{{ghendlx u zexendlx al `g lypnxeheød79 $Ld lxqnx qg``l{lx ldq{l nq{gx ghqezeagalx pn{ lmlfp`n xl pna{çd c{gkg{ plw|l÷nx je`flx u gdefghendlx, hnd kgdagx xndn{gx hnfn{lghheød l edql{p{lqgheød al `gx nk{gx al g{ql$ Lxqnx xnd jn{fgqnx al qg``l{lx hn{qnx, w|lxl alxg{{n``gd a|{gdql l` flx al Gcnxqn, ld hn`gkn{gheød hnd l` Bgdg` Bgxxl` )\dgql`lzexeød pýkèhg `nhg`%$ Qnagx `gx ghqezeagalx al lxql p{nc{gfg xl hndxq{|uld g pg{qe{ al |d lxpghen al lypl{efldqgheød {lxl{zgan g `g pg{ql la|hgqezg, ld flaen al |dg al `gxhg``lx al` mg{aæd kg{{nhn w|l igu g` `gan al` lxpghen lypnxeqezn G|l _gze`ènd$ Xnk{l `nx p{nulhqnx alx`nhgè}ganx… `g dlcnhegheød fý`qep`l g pg{qe{ al `n `nhg`$

G hndqed|gheød {l`gqg{å g`c|dnx al `nx p{nulhqnx alx`nhgè}ganx, w|l xl p{na|hld pg{qeldan al `nx `leqfnqez al `g Anh|fldqg, pl{n w|l xl ghqezgd pn{ `gx {lalx xnheg`lx ldlxpghenx gmldnx g ̀ g Anh|fldqg, hnfn lxpghenx xlfe&pl{flgk`lx75$

L` p{efl{n ‐ Ael |dxehiqkg{l Xqgaq & xehiqkg{ fghild‖)‐Zex|gè}g{ ̀ g he|aga edzexek`l‖%lx |d p{nulhqn la|hgqezn u |dg lypnxeheød w|l ig {l|dean g fgx al 73 c{|pnx aejl{ldqlxal q{gkgmn, hnd |dnx 8<? lxhn`g{lx efpèhganx , u anx c{|pnx al ghqezexqgxflaengfkeldqg`lx;?$ @g p{np|lxqg x|{ceø g ql{dn al aexh|qe{ l` `leqfnqez al `gAnh|fldqg xnk{l `g zeag gp|{g, n {lg`$ \d c{|pn al la|hgan{lx u lhn`ncexqgx alheael{nd

ldqndhlx edzlxqecg{ `nx {lh|{xnx u `g xnxqldekeèaga al `g he|aga al Bgxxl`, hnfn |dgjn{fg al q{ga|he{ `g p{lc|dqg g` hndqlyqn `nhg`, xnk{l l` |xn al ldl{cægx {lxplq|nxn ulw|eèk{gan, `n w|l ld xæ alkl{æg al hndxqeq|e{ |dg zeag p|{g$ Qldeldan ld h|ldqg qnan|d xexqlfg x|kql{{çdln al {lh|{xnx u {lalx ldl{cåqehgx w|l qeldl |dg he|aga fnal{dg

7: \dg alxh{epheød fgx alqg``gag xl p|lal ldhndq{g{ ld `g p{lxldqgheød aldq{n al `gx @|dhi @lhq|{lx alq{lx møzldlx lxq|aegdqlx ld iqqp=..sss$Anh|fldqg7;k`nc$al.>hgq6;*pgcla6;73 _g{g fgx edjn{fgheød p|lal `ll{xl `g edql{lxgdql aexh|xeød al `g p{lxldqgheød al` p{nulhqn ld `g pçcedgnjeheg` iqqp=..sss$Anh|fldqg7;$al.77<;$iqf`>*@6779 X|kzldhendgan pn{ l` K|dalx Fedexql{e|f j|{ Keà|dc |da Jn{xhi|dc )Fedexql{en Jlal{g` alLa|hgheød l Edzlxqecgheød%75 Qnanx lxqnx p{nulhqnx xnd alxh{eqnx ld `g pgcedg slk al `g Anh|fldqg ld `g xlhheød al` Hnfeqå gxlxn{ )‐Kle{gq‖ ld g`lfçd, n ‐Gazexn{u Kn{{ga‖ ld Edc`åx%;? Zågxl efçcldlx d|f$ 1, < u :$



hnfn Bgxxl` )L`lhq{eheaga, gc|g u cgx%, u xnk{lqnan al x| p{nc{lxezg p{ezgqe}gheød, l`hnfeqå gxlxn{ hndxqeq|uø |d p{nulhqn la|hgqezn a|{gdql xlex al flxlx al q{gkgmn

Hnd lxql fg{hn al edagcgheød xl p{np|xn |d q{gkgmn edql{aexhepèdg{ u q{gdxzl{xg`, lxalhe{ hnd aezl{xgx fgql{egx `lhqezgx;7$ @nx c{|pnx al q{gkgmn lxqgk`lhel{nd |d gdçèxex

al` gc|g, al `gx j|ldqlx al ldl{cæg, al `nx alpøxeqnx al gc|g u al `nx {ænx u gj`|uldqlxgdqec|nx al Bgxxl`, ld aljedeqezg al `nx ql{{eqn{enx al ldl{cæg u al `gx {l`ghendlx al pnal{ efp`æheqgx$ Jedg`fldql qnan l` fgql{eg` xl zexekeè}ø ld |dg lypnxeheød ld l`fexfn laejehen al `g hnfpg÷æg pýkèhg al ldl{cæg al Bgxxl`$

Nq{n al `nx p{nulhqnx alx`nhgè}ganx qeldl pn{ qæq|`n= ‐Fghiq ‘Sgx& Q{á|fl‖ )q{ga|hean hnfn +X|l÷nx p{nghqeznx‖%$ Åxql p{nulhqn xl ig lxqgk`lhean ld aezl{xnxlxpghenx pýkèhnx hndqgdan hnd zg{enx c{|pnx `nhg`lx efpèhganx$ G pg{qe{ al |d q{gkgmnal edzlxqecgheød |d c{|pn alfg{hg |dg }ndg ld alx|xn n i|lhn |{kgdn hnd fgal{gx{nmgx, aexh|qld xnk{l x| lfp`g}gfeldqn u {l`ghendlx hnd l` qlmean |{kgdn u p{npndld|dg xl{el al ghqezeagalx u ghhendlx pg{g |d |xn g`ql{dgqezn;;$ Lxql p{nulhqn al

edql{zldheød ld `nx edql{xqehenx |{kgdnx pg{ql al `g ealg al {lpg{g{ `nx i|lhnx n lxpghenxzghænx al `gx he|agalx w|l igd w|lagan hnfn ex`gx clnc{çjehgx u xnheg`lx, g qldn{ al `g{çpeag {ldnzgheød w|l x|j{eø g `g he|aga al Bgxxl` alxp|åx al ̀ g ;ª C$F , u j{|qn al|dg {llxq{|hq|{gheød |{kgdæxqehg ilhig g q{nfpehndlx$ L` c{|pn al q{gkgmn p{npndl hndl``n |dg {l`gheød hnd `gx {lalx `nhg`lx pg{g |dg pg{qehepgheød ae{lhqg al `g he|agagdæg ldhgag lxpghen;8$

Nq{g al `gx edehegqezgx p{np|lxqgx ig xean `gx ‐Lyh|{xendlx lypl{efldqg`lx‖$ \dhndm|dqn al zexeqgx g`ql{dgqezgx n al{ezgx pn{ `g he|aga, w|l pg{qld al` q{gkgmn al hgfpnal |d c{|pn al lxq|aegdqlx al `g |dezl{xeaga al clnc{gjæg pg{g zex|gè}g{ `gx lxjl{gx alghheød xnheg` pnqldheg`lx ld `g he|aga$ _g{g qg` p{npøxeqn l` c{|pn ig q{gkgmgan `gx q{lx

p{lc|dqgx al `g lypnxeheød, pl{n `gx ig hndq{gxqgan hnd l` lxpghen |{kgdn al `g he|aga,h{lgdan hnd l``n |d fg{hn aeg`øcehn w|l {lhncl `g zexekeè}gheød al `g lypnxeheød xnk{lx| fgpg |{kgdn, g` q{ga|he{ `gx qlfçqehgx al `g lypnxeheød w|l xnd edfgdldqlx ld l`qlmean |{kgdn al `g he|aga g pg{qe{ al lxqnx lxpghenx xnheg`lx$

Jedg`fldql aldq{n al `gx p{np|lxqgx gw|æ alxh{eqgx w|exel{g alxqghg{ qgfkeåd l` ‐Xg`ndalx [lj|xéx‖ )‐l` xg`ød al `nx {lhig}ganx‖% hnfn |dg g`|xeød ae{lhqg g `nxefp{lxendexqgx j{gdhlxlx;1$ Lxql xg`ød lx |d p{nulhqn al q{gkgmn hn`gkn{gqezn hndalxlfp`lganx u nq{nx hn`lhqeznx al `g he|aga al Bgxxl`$ Xeq|gan ld `g gdqec|g xlal al `ghnfexg{æg, lxqg edehegqezg qeldal, dn qgdqn g alxh{eke{ x| xeq|gheød, xedn g ghqezg{ jn{fgx

al q{gkgmn pg{g `g `|hig hndq{g `g p{lhg{e}gheød qgdqn `gkn{g` hnfn xnheg`, ld `g w|l xlldh|ldq{g inu ld aæg `gx xnhelagalx dlnèkl{g`lx$ Lxql xg`ød hnfn |d lxpghen al g|qn&la|hgheød xl hndxqeq|e{ç hnd ghhendlx u aexh|xendlx xnk{l `g zeag `gkn{g`, `g h{exex al `gxnhelaga fnal{dg ld ldqn{dn g` q{gkgmn {ld|fl{gan, u `gx lhndnfægx g`ql{dgqezgx$ Hndl``n, ec|g` w|l `nx g{qexqgx zgdc|g{aexqgx n `nx {lhig}ganx, lxqg p{np|lxqg p{lqldal pndl{ xnk{l `g flxg |dg {lgèaga aejl{ldql u hndq{nzl{qeag al `g he|aga al Bgxxl` hnfn lx làlxlfp`ln$

;7 Zågxl `g `|hi `lhq|{lx ;<$;; Zågxl `g pçcedg Slk =iqqp=..fghisgxq{gl|fl$sn{ap{lxx$hnf. ;8 \dg e`|xq{gheød fçx alqg``gag al` p{nulhqn p|lal zl{xl ld l` Jèhb al |dg al `gx edql{zldhendlx=

iqqp=..sss$jèhb{$hnf.pinqnx.99?<8?8OD?9.3:7?:<879.$ Lyexql |dg pçcedg slk w|l p{lxldqg `nx jèl{xu hg{plqgx al p{ldxg al` p{nulhqn= iqqp=..fghi&sgx&q{gl|fl$al.anb|fldql$iqf`;1 Zågxl efgcld 3$



Efgcld d|f$1= Alqg``l al lypnxeheød al `nx p{nulhqnx la|hgqeznx ld qn{dn g` p{nulhqn

‐Zex|g`e}g{ `g he|aga edzexek`l‖$ Ld lxqnx pnxql{x `nx g`|fdnx q{gkgmgd `gx xl÷g`lx alq{çjehn hnfn edzlxqecgheød al` q{gkgmn al |{kgdexfn ld {l`gheød g `g he|aga u x|xql{{eqn{enx$

Efgcld d|f$<= Alqg``l al `g fexfglypnxeheød$ Ld lxql pøxql{&hn``gcl|dg lxh|l`g g pg{qe{ al |dg hndq{g&

hg{qnc{gjæg fgplg l` ql{{eqn{en al `ghe|aga ld k|xhg al `gx j|ldqlx algc|g w|l hndjn{fgd `g {laiea{nc{çjehg dgq|{g` al `g he|aga$Ld l` fgpg xl edh`|uld{lp{lxldqghendlx al` ql{{eqn{en ulyp`ehgheød al` q{gkgmn aledzlxqecgheød$



Efgcld d|f$:= Nq{n alqg``l `g fexfg lypnxeheød$ Ld lxql pøxql{ f|lxq{g |dgldq{lzexqg g |d lypn{ql ld clnc{gjæg ld `g lxh|l`g u |dg fgw|lqg p{np|lxqg al aexl÷n

pgexgmæxqehn pg{g l` alxg{{n``n xnxqldek`l ld Bgxxl`$

Efgcld d|f$3= Ldq{gag g` ‐Xg`nd alx [lj|xéx ²



Xnk{l `g plagcncæg u `g edzlxqecgheød= `g `lceqefgheød u q{ga|hheød hndxqgdql$

Qnan lxqg kgql{æg al p{nulhqnx dnx ``lzg jedg`fldql g p`gdqlg{dnx w|å lx `n w|l w|lag{çu xl zexekeè}g{ç al` p{nulhqn la|hgqezn al Anh|fldqg, ug w|l qg` hnfn p|aefnxlypl{efldqg{ ld d|lxq{g zexeqg pn{ `g he|aga xl agkg f|u pnhg edjn{fgheød ld `g

lypnxeheød al `nx p{nulhqnx$ Galfçx `g fgun{æg lxqgkgd xø`n ld g`lfçd, u dn igkæg{ljl{ldhegx ae{lhqgx al `nx `|cg{lx n lxpghenx andal åxqnx qldægd `|cg{ al jn{fgalx`nhgè}gag$ Dn nkxqgdql, l` p{nulhqn al la|hgheød hnn{aedgan pn{ Xqnhbl{ u Fú{xhiqlda{ç |dg zexekeèaga f|u hndh{lqg ld |d lxq|aen j{|qn al |d q{gkgmn al ‐edzlxqecgheød &ghheød ld lw|epn‖ )Fn{xhi, ;??3g= 89%$ Lxqg edehegqezg hnn{aedgag pn{ Fú{xhi xl kgxg

pn{ |d `gan ld l` q{gkgmn al `g edzlxqecgheød&ghheød hnfn p{çhqehg hn`gkn{gqezg al`q{gkgmn edagcgqezn, u pn{ nq{n `gan ld qnan l` gkgdehn al `g edzlxqecgheød jlfedexqg u g`lqdnc{gjæg hnfn {l`gqn {lj`lyezn u pnèznhg`$

C{ghegx g lxql fg{hn al edzlxqecgheød `nx p{nulhqnx gw|æ alxh{eqnx u x|x fg{hnx alq{gkgmn xl fgql{egè}g{çd ld |dg p|kèhgheød w|l {lhncl ̀ nx aezl{xnx ghqn{lx u gcldagx

edzn`|h{ganx ld l` p{nhlxn$ Lxqg p|kèhgheød edqldqg{ç fnxq{g{ `gx aefldxendlx al `gdlcnhegheød u høfn lx pnxek`l ``lzg{ g hgkn lxq{gqlcegx al la|hgheød g{qæxqehg hnfnhndqed|g q{ga|hheød ldq{l aezl{xnx aexh|{xnx$ Edh`|e{ç |d gdçèxex al 73 p{nulhqnxla|hgqeznx, pgxgdan pn{ `nx hndjèhqnx u dlcnheghendlx hnd l` hnfeqå gxlxn{, p{nulhqnxla|hgqeznx alx`nhgè}ganx, `g {l`gheød hndjèhqezg al `gx zexeqgx lypl{efldqg`lx u nq{gxlypl{eldhegx al `g flaegheød al g{ql$ Qnan l``n pg{g hnfp{ldal{ `g la|hgheød g{qæxqehghnfn ‐|dg aexhepèdg h{eqehg l edalpldaeldql‖ )Fú{xhi a, ;??3%$

@g p|kèhgheød x|pnda{ç jedg`fldql |d l`lfldqn ae{lhqn al q{ga|hheød ae{lhqg$ Ald|lzn xl{ze{ç pg{g pnal{ ghncl{ u flaeg{ qnanx `nx hndnhefeldqnx hn`lhqeznx

p{na|heanx , u pnal{ p`gxfg{ al jn{fg pnèjødehg `gx aezl{xgx lypl{eldhegx al` p{nulhqnla|hgqezn ld |dg {l`gheød al ‐{e}nzn`hgèaga‖, qg` hnfn Fú{xhi lypndl ) ;??3g=85% g

pg{qe{ al` qlyqn xlfedg` al Gèheg U$ Mghbxnd );??8%$ Lxqg p{lxldqgheød {e}nfçqehgxl{ze{ç pn{ qgdqn pg{g lyqldal{ `g q{ga|hheød w|l `g p{çhqehg plagcøcehg ld `gAnh|fldqg x|pndl g nq{nx çfkeqnx u pnal{ `lceqefg{, flmn{g{ u aexh|qe{ l` q{gkgmnhndq{gaehqn{egfldql p{na|hqezn al `g la|hgheød g{qæxqehg ld l` xexqlfg al` g{ql$

:$ @nx ‐7?? aægx‖ u g`cn fçx= `g plagcncæg hnfn fnan al q{ga|hheød gkel{qg…

Zeldan `gx fý`qep`lx k{lhigx gkel{qgx ld l` q{gkgmn pn`æqehn al lxqg Anh|fldqg 7; alxall` p{nulhqn al flaegheød g{qæxqehg, h{ln w|l lx pnxek`l gj{ndqg{ u ``lzg{ g hgkn p{nulhqnx

h{æqehnx u {l`ghendg`lx alxal |d alpg{qgfldqn la|hgqezn ld {l`gheød hnd `gx aezl{xgxdlcnheghendlx w|l |dg hnfexeød n c{|pn al lypl{qnx `nhg` p|lagd fgdqldl{ hnd |dgedxqeq|heød h|`q|{g`$ Lxql fnal`n pna{æg pl{jlhqgfldql hndxq{|e{xl ld {l`gheød ug dn alnq{gx fgh{n&lypnxehendlx u lzldqnx )aæcgxl `gx hndqed|gx keldg`lx w|l lfl{cld ldd|lxq{n pgæx%, xedn xnk{lqnan efp`lfldqg{xl al fgdl{g p{çhqehg ld `nx f|xlnx u hldq{nxal g{ql pg{qeldan al `g kgxl al |dg alfnh{gheg {gaehg`$ \dg p{np|lxqg hnfn Anh|fldqgxelfp{l ig cldl{gan fg{hgx al q{gkgmn ld l` xexqlfg al` g{ql pg{g hnfexg{enx, lypl{qnx uqlø{ehnx al` hgfpn al `g h|`q|{g hndqlfpn{çdlg, gxæ w|l `gx xec|eldqlx p{lc|dqgx xndxldhe``gx al p`gdqlg{=¾_n{ w|å dn lxqg zl} w|l qgfkeåd cldl{å pg|qgx u fåqnanx al q{gkgmn pn`æqehn g pg{qe{

al x| p{nulhqn la|hgqezn> ¾_n{ w|å dn gp{ldal{ al `g dlcnhegheød u al `g edzlxqecgheød

gpèhgag &w|l xl p|kèhg{ç& pg{g flmn{g{ d|lxq{nx fnanx al q{gkgmn pn`æqehn> ¾_n{ w|å



dn ``gfg{ `g gqldheød xnk{l l` c{gan al p{njlxendgè}gheød u hgfpn al hndnhefeldqn al`g la|hgheød g{qæxqehg>

_|lal w|l `gx anx Anh|fldqgx gdql{en{lx j|lxld zg`n{gagx f|hin fçx pnxeqezgfldqlld l` hgfpn al `g h{æqehg al g{ql n, aehin al nq{g jn{fg, q|zelxld |dg xl{el al pel}gx

pl{hekeagx hnd |d fgun{ hnfp{nfexn pn`æqehn, al h{eqehg xnheg` n aexh|{xn {lj`lyezn, ugalfçx hndq{ek|ulxld hnd |d p{nc{gfg hnfexg{eg` eddnzgan{ ld `g xl`lhheød u q{gkgmn pn{ lw|epnx g |d aexh|{xn fçx hnil{ldql n al fgun{ hgèaga$ Lxqn dn `n pndcn ld a|ag,ug w|l al ilhin dn lx l` nkmlqn al fe gp{nyefgheød$ Dn nkxqgdql lxqgx laehendlx, plxl gx| {lqn{dn g `n pn`æqehn, dn hndxq{|ul{nd dedc|dg {la al q{gkgmn hnd `n `nhg` u, f|hinfldnx, ghqezg{nd `g lypnxeheød hnfn aexh|{xn pn`æqehn ld `n `nhg` g q{gzåx al `nla|hgqezn, ldqldaean hnfn |dg il{{gfeldqg al dlcnhegheød;<$ @g gp{nyefgheød w|l ilq{gqgan al hndxq{|e{ igheg `g Anh|fldqg 7; alkl{æg pn{ qgdqn ag{dnx g ldqldal{ nq{gfe{gag pn`æqehg g |d p{nulhqn lypnxeqezn, dn xø`n ld {l`gheød g `g hn`lhheød al pel}gx{l|deagx n `g hgèaga al aexh|{xn p{na|heag aldq{n al` xexqlfg al` g{ql& edxexqn& , xednxnk{lqnan ld `g {la u dlcnheghendlx fý`qep`lx ld w|l `g lypnxeheød xl edql{{l`ghendg ld

l` hndqlyqn `nhg`, fçx g``ç al x| fl{n {lhndnhefeldqn xefkøèhn ld l` fl{hgan al` g{qledql{dghendg`$ Ld lxql xldqean l` q{gkgmn la|hgqezn dnx gk{l `g pnxekeèaga al dlcnheg{ nq{nx jn{fgqnx al p{na|hheød u aexq{ek|heød al` g{ql, ld l` w|l `g plagcncæg nj{lhl |dghndq{gpg{qeag kgxqgdql hndxq{|hqezg a|{gdql x|x 7?? aægx al zexekeèaga;:$ _l{n lyexql nq{gh|lxqeød, u lx lxl ‐g`cn fçx‖…

Lxql ‐g`cn fçx‖ x|pndl `g hndqed|eaga u l` q{gkgmn j|q|{n$ Lx alhe{ gk{e{ al d|lzn `gq{ga|hheød g nq{g pl{xndgx, u ld nq{gx xeq|ghendlx, g nq{gx {lgp{npeghendlx u nq{gx jn{fgxd|lzgx al dlcnheg{ l` hndnhefeldqn h|`q|{g`;3$_n{ qgdqn, l` q{gkgmn pn`æqehn w|l p|lalnj{lhl{ l` p{nulhqn plagcøcehn al `g Anh|fldqg 7; )alxal l` ‐Kle{gq‖ u l` lw|epnla|hgqezn% qeldl l` {lqn al anqg{ al |dg hndqed|eaga g `nx p{nulhqnx fgx g``ç al `g fexfgAnh|fldqg, qg` hnfn gafeqld `nx hnn{aedgan{lx al lxql p{nulhqn la|hgqezn$ Lxql {lqnx|pnda{æg {lg`fldql pnal{ g{qeh|`g{ ld |d j|q|{n dn f|u `lmgdn `nx q{gkgmnx {lgè}ganxhnd ldqeagalx u {lalx `nhg`lx pg{g w|l `g q{ga|hheød al `n `nhg` u `n c`nkg` hndqedýl aljn{fg {lhæp{nhg u ld aezl{xgx aefldxendlx$ Lxqg q{ga|hheød hnd``lzg w|l l` hndhlpqn al

plagcncæg gpèhgan g` xexqlfg al` g{ql hndqlfpn{çdln dn xl q{gkgml xø`nxefkøèhgfldql, hnd c{|pnx al åèqlx )h|{gan{lx, g{qexqgx, n q{gkgmgan{lx h|`q|{g`lx%, n ld{l`gheød g hldq{nx n ghgalfegx w|l xl nqn{cgd l` p{eze`lcen al |dg la|hgheødlfgdhepgan{g, èk{l u g|qn&n{cgde}gag$ Fçx keld lxql q{gkgmn alkl{æg pg{qe{ al `ghnfp`lmeaga al lxq{gqnx xnheg`lx, c{|pnx al q{gkgmn u fg{hnx al ealdqeaga ld andal `g

plagcncæg hnfn p{nulhqn pn`æqehn& dn n`zealfnx& ig hndj`|ean ug ld l` pgxgan )@g

d|lzg lxh|l`g, `nx fnzefeldqnx al al{lhinx heze`lx u `g la|hgheød pnp|`g{,% u j`|e{çhndqed|gfldql al fgdl{g p{gcfçqehg hnfn q{ga|hheød gkel{qg$ Ld lxqg hndqed|g qldxeød,

;< H|{enxgfldql `g gdql{en{ laeheød al Anh|fldqg edh`|æg l` q{gkgmn pn`æqehn al hn`lhqeznx, u pn{ w|å dn,al plagcncæg h{eqehg, hnfn _g{bjebqend, I|e Jghlqqlx n l` Gfnx C{n|p$ _{np|lxqgx andal l` hnfpndldqlal la|hgheød pnp|`g{ u ghqezg hndxq{|æg fnanx al edql{zldheød g q{gzåx al p`gqgjn{fgx pn`æqehn& plagcøcehgx$ Lxql qepn al q{gkgmn xl lxqg edje`q{gdan u p{lxldqgdan ug ld c{gdalx lzldqnx gdql |d ‐ce{n g`n xnheg`‖ w|l `g h{æqehg al g{ql H`ge{l Kexinp );??:% pndl ld ql`g al m|ehen, alkean g `g a|anxg hgpgheagah{æqehg al f|hinx al lxqnx p{nulhqnx g|xpeheganx kgmn l` pg{gc|gx al `g edh`|xeød xnheg`, ld alq{efldqn algdçèxex lxq{|hq|{g`lx fçx gfpènx$;: Al ilhin ld Dnzelfk{l al` ;??:, xl {lgè}ø |dg hndjl{ldheg al p{ldxg al `g Anh|fldqglyh`|xezgfldql alaehgag g `g la|hgheød ld `g Dl|l Dgqendg`cg`l{el al Kl{`æd)Fú{xhi ;??3,g= 8<%$

;3 Lxql qepn al gp{nyefgheød xl {l`gqg alxal `g q{ga|hheød h|`q|{g` ld l` xldqean hndxq{|ean pn{ Kigkig ldx| èk{n ‐L` `|cg{ al `g h|`q|{g̀ ‖, andal dnx edzeqg gk{e{ l` j|q|{n alxal l̀ `gan al` p{lxldql$



ld `g kýxw|lag al |dg edalpldaldheg u |d q{gkgmn {l`ghendg` hnd `g lypnxeheød, lx andal`g plagcncæg qeldl f|hin w|l gpn{qg{$ Ld lxql xldqean lxqg gfexqga h{æqehg xl {gaehgè}gg` q{gdxjn{fg{xl ld `g ‐dnzeg h{eqehg‖ )Fú{xhi ;??3h% al` g{ql, ug w|l xl p{lxldqg hnfn|dg lxplhel al hnd Anh|fldqg.hndq{g Anh|fldqg$ Lxqg plagcncæg p|lxqg ld fg{higgk{l |dg hndqed|g dlcnhegheød, u lx giæ andal lxqg laeheød al `g Anh|fldqg nj{lhl |dg

hndq{gpg{qeag {lg`fldql edql{lxgdql u aejl{ldql$Jnqnc{gjægx= Mgzel{ [na{ecn u c{|pn lyh|{xeød Bgxxl` ?3$

Kekènc{gjæg=

Kg`bldinj, Kl{dgi{a u Cln{cxan{j, Iledl{ )la% )7559% Y fg` Anh|fldqg Y$ Ðkl{ B|dxq |da Bðdxq`l{ al{ Clcldsg{q$ Led Dghi`lxlk|hi }|{ 7?$Anh|fldqg$ Bgxxl` |dezl{xequ p{lxx$Bgxxl`$

Kg`bldinj ,Cln{cxan{j u Fgxlq, _el{gdcl`n )la% );??8% YYA77,Ðkl{ B|dxq |da Bðdxq`l{ al{ Clcldsg{qLed Dghi@lxlk|hi }|{ Anh|fldqg 77$Bgxxl` |dezl{xequ p{lxx$ Bgxxl`

Klgq Slkl{, Bgqe Fn{gslb );??3% Qil Anh|fldqg je`lx Lhndnfehx nj qil g{q xuxqlf= Qil lygfp`l nj

Anh|fldqg$ Ld iqqp=..q{gdxjn{f$lephp$dlq.hn{{lxpndaldhl.7798<<9:;:, hg{qg al` n1& n3&;??3 )Ý`qefgzexeqg {lgè}gag l` ?8 al Gcnxqn, ;??3%

Kexinp, H`ge{l );??:% ‐Qil Xnheg` Q|{d= Hn``gkn{gqend gda eqx Aexhndqldqx,‖ G{q jn{|f, Jlk{|g{u ;??:,Y@ZE d|fkl{ :, pp$ 739&798$

Cð`lã, Guxl u Selh}n{lb, Sgdag );??3% %$ ‐Qil gazexn{u kng{a‖$ Ld Xhiú`ìgffl{, Cln{c, K|l{cl`,[ncl{ F, u Dnghb, [|qi)la% Anh|fldqg$ [lgal{$ _g{q 8= La|hgqend$ Qgxhild= @nda{lx$ pp=;;&;;;

Mghbxnd, G`lheg Un|dck`nna );??8% [ie}nznhgèqu$$ Edql{dgqendg` Mn|{dg` nj W|gèqgqezl Xq|aelx ed La|hgqend$ Xlpqlfkl{&Nhqnkl{ , Zn`$ 7:, Dn <, :58&37?$

Fgxlq, _el{gdcl`n )755<% Áxqilqexhil Keà|dc al{ Aejjl{ld} & B|dxq |da _áancnceb ef qlhidexhild

]leqg`ql{$ [gae|x Xq|qqcg{q$

Fú{xhi, Hg{fld );??3g% ‐Cg``l{u la|hgqend gq Anh|fldqg 7;‖$ Ldcgcl Mn|{dg`, d|fkl{ ;?, ‐Xq{gqlcehEdql{p{lqgqend‖$ pp 81 ‘ 1?$@nda{lx$

Fú{xhi, Hg{fld );??3 h% G{q la|hgqend$ Ld Anh|fldqg [lgal{$ _g{q 8, La|hgqend$ Qgxild= ;;1&;;9$

Fú{xhi Hg{fld );??3 a % Hg{fld Edql{zels$iqqp=..sss$Anh|fldqg7;$al.edaly$pip>ea6777;*@67

Fú{xhi, Hg{fld u Xq|{f, Lzg$ );??3% ‐Qg``l{= Ghhendlx xlfepl{flgk`lx$ Aexh|xeød jedg`‖$ Ld [na{ecn,Mgzel{ )la% _{çhqehgx aeg`øcehgx= Edql{xlhhendlx ldq{l `g _lagcncæg H{eqehg u `g F|xln`ncæg h{æqehg$ F|xlnal G{ql Hndqlfpn{çdln Lx Kg`|g{a$ _g`fg al Fg``n{hg$ _p 7:5&731$

_gxhi, [g`j );??3%$ ‐Qil gazexn{u kng{a‖$ Ld Xhiú`ìgffl{, Cln{c, K|l{cl`, [ncl{ F, u Dnghb,[|qi)la% Anh|fldqg$ [lgal{$ _g{q 8= La|hgqend$ Qgxhild= @nda{lx$ pp=;;&;;;

Xq|{f, L );??;g% ‐ G{q&Flaegqend.La|hgqend.&Hnff|dehgqend gx alhndxq{|hqend$‖ Ld B|dxbnnp)Ke`gdbnz, G2 Knxhi,X2 Mn{lb, K2 @edg{lx, F2 @ðqi D, Fgx|hi, K2 Fú{xhi,H u Xq|qy, \$% ;??;$B|dxqbnnp ed al{ DCKB$ Dl|l Clxl``xijq jð{ keàldal Bðdqx$)DCKB% $Kl{`æd$ _çcx 798&75?

Xq|{f, Lzg );??;k% Snil{ bnffld ael B|dxqzl{feqq`l{Eddld> Zl{x|hi ledl{ _nxeqendxklxqeff|dc$ LdXq|{f, Lzg, [n`èc , Xql``g );??;%A|{jld ael agx>B|dqx g`x xn}eg`l{ [g|f$G{q.La|hgqend.H|`q|{g̀Sn{b.Hnff|deqelx$ F|xl|f }|f W|ga{gq 78$ Q|{egd Bgdq Zl{`gc$Seld$ _ 759&;77

Xq|{f, Lzg );??8% ‐B|dxqzl{feqq`|dc g`x Seal{xqgda,‖ ed Xhiúppedcl{ Jn{|f jð{ B|dxqzl{feqq`|dc )la$%,

Q{gdxjl{$ Kleq{ácl}|{ B|dxqzl{feqq`|dc ;, Xhiúppedcld$

Selh}n{lb );??3% Ldq{lzexqg pl{xndg`$ Bgxxl` ;3 Gcnxqn, ;??3$



@ehldheg

Lxqg nk{g lxqç kgmn |dg èhldheg [lhndnhefeldqn&Dn hnfl{heg`&Xed nk{gx al{ezgagx ;$<Lxpg÷g al H{lgqezl Hnffndx$ _g{g zl{ |dg hnpeg al lxqg èhldheg, zexeqliqqp=..h{lgqezlhnffndx$n{c.èhldxlx.ku&dh&da.;$<.lx. n ldzæl |dg hg{qg g H{lgqezl

Hnffndx, 737 Xlhnda Xq{llq, X|eql 8??, Xgd J{gdhexhn, Hgèjn{deg 517?<, \XG

Download - La Otra Documenta 12: contrapartidas pedagógicas

Top Related