Download - Komal ib ppt
![Page 1: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF
NON-STEROIDAL COMPOUNDS &
PESTICIDESKOMAL VERMA
ROLL NO.3599
MDU-UIET
![Page 2: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WHAT ARE NON-STEROIDAL
COMPOUNDS?
• An organic compound that doesn’t contain steroid is non- steroid.
• For eg. Diethylstibesterol . Stilbesterol, DES –synthetic nonsteroid with the property of estrogen : formerly used to used to treat menstrual problems but found to associate with vaginal cancers in the daughters of woman so treated during pregnancy .
![Page 3: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Different types of Non-Steroidal
compounds :
• L-Ascorbic Acids
• Dihydroxyacetone
• Prostagladins
![Page 4: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is Microbial Transformation ??
• “Transformation” refers to a change in the heritable characteristics in bacteria that have been incubated with DNA and Other bacteria .
• Micro-organisms have the ability to chemically modify a wide variety of organic compound. Such changes are called Microbial Transformations.
![Page 5: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Microbial Transformation Reactions
1. Oxidation
2. Reduction
3. Hydrolysis
4. Condensation
5. Isomerization
Oxidoreductases
Hydrolases
Aldol Condensation
Isomerases
![Page 6: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
OXIDATION REACTION
• OXIDATION REACTION is a reaction in which a chemical looses electrons.
• The simplest type of oxidation reaction is dehydrogenation.
![Page 7: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
REDUCTION REACTION
• In which substrate gain electron. These reactions most likely occure with xenobiotics in which oxygen content is low.
• Eg. :- Azoreduction , dehalogenation.
![Page 8: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
HYDROLYTIC REACTION
• In which addition of water splits the toxic into fragments or smaller molecules eg. Larger chemicals such as esters , amines , hydrozine are made by this.
![Page 9: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ALDOL CONDENSATION REACTION
• An aldol condensation is an organic reaction in which an enol or an enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone, followed by a dehydration to give a conjugated enone
![Page 10: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ISOMERIZATION REACTION
• In chemistry isomerization (also isomerisation) is the process by which one molecule is transformed into another molecule which has exactly the same atoms, but the atoms are rearranged e.g. A-B-C → B-A-C (these related molecules are known as isomers [1]).
![Page 11: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ALKYLATION REACTION
• Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another. The alkyl group may be transferred as an alkyl carbocation, a free radical, a carbanion or a carbene (or their equivalents).
![Page 12: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
L-Ascorbic acid(Vitamin C)
• Reichstein-Grussner synthesis is the process for producing L-Ascorbic acid.
• In this process consists of several chemical steps and one microbial conversion.
• L-ascorbic acid used in vitamin preparation or as an antioxidant in food manufacture.
• Production is about 40,000 tons per year.
![Page 13: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
OXIDATION STAGE
• D-sorbitol to L-sorbose is carried out by Acetobacter suboxydans in a submerged process at 30-35 C .
• Sorbitol is added at an initial concentration of 20 % to a nutrient solution consisting of 0.5% yeast extract or corn steep liquor and CaCO3.
• After 24 hours quantitative conversion is completed.
![Page 14: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Microbial dehydration of
D-sorbitol to L- sorbitol in
the production of L-
ascorbic acid
1. D- Glucose
2. D- Sorbitol
3. L-sorbose
4. L-Ascorbic acid
5. Sodium Salt /EnolForm / 2-keto-L-gluconic acid
6. 2-Keto-Lgluconic acid
![Page 15: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Two step fermentation STEPS
• 1st step- OXIDATION of GLUCOSE by an Erwiniaspecies to 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid(2,5-DKG) via D-Gluconic acid and 2-keto-D-Gluconic acid.
• 2nd step-REDUCTION of 2,5-DKG to 2-keto-gulonic acid, is catalyzed by a Cornybacterium sp. And after 16 hours Cornybacterium is grown and fed with sterlized Erwinia culture.
• After 66 hours incubation,106 g of calcium 2-keto-L-gulonate is formed 92% and latter transformed into L-ascorbic acid.
![Page 16: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
DIHYDROXYACETONE FROM GLYCEROL
![Page 18: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Microbial conversation of glycerol to
Dihydroxyacetone :• Dihydroxyacetone is used in suntan lotions and
cosmetics.
• Various acetic acid bacteria convert 10% glycerol in a suitable nutrient solution (0.5% yeast extract ,0.5% KH2PO4, 2% CaCO3) at 28 C and at a pH below 6.0.
• Conversion time is 72-96 hours and reduced to 33 hours with Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 by using O2-enriched air.
![Page 19: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
PROSTAGLANDINS
• Prostaglandins are unsaturated C20 fatty acids that function as tissue hormones, have increasing medical significance because of their varied physiological activities.
• Marketed are PGE2 as a contraceptive,for the alleviation of pain of childbirth, PEG1 for the treatment of congenital heart failure and PEG1 derivatives for the treatment of digestive diseases.
![Page 20: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• The Prostaglandins PGE1,PGE2,PGF1 and PGF2 can be produced from unsaturated fatty acids by microbial transformation with fungi.
![Page 21: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Biotransformation of arachidonic acid to prostagladins
![Page 22: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
WHAT IS A PESTICIDE ?
• A Pesticide is a chemical which are used to kill the unwanted microrganisms, pest and nematodes
• Pesticides contain active ingredients and inert ingredients.
• ACTIVE INGREDIENTS- The substances that perform the desired effect of the pesticides.
• INERT INGREDIENTS- The substances that are mixer with active ingredient to create the final product.
![Page 23: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
DIFFERENT KINDS OF PESTICIDES
• BIOPESTICIDES
• INSECTICIDES
• HERBICIDES
• ANTISEPTICS
• DISINFACTANTS
• SANITIZERS
![Page 24: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
NEED OF TRANSFORMATION OF
PESTICIDES• Pesticide transformations can be by both
chemical (such as hydrolysis and photolysis) and biological (primarily microbial metabolism).
• Degradation (or decomposition/breakdown) is the result of a change in molecular structure resulting in a lower molecular weight.
• Hazardous to the environment, occur mainly in soil and water.
![Page 25: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
MAIN PROCESSES OF MICROBIAL
TRANSFORMTION4 PROCESSES INVOLVED ARE:
• BIODEGRADATION
• COMETABOLISM
• CONJUGATION
• ACCUMULATION
![Page 26: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
BIODEGRADATION
• XENOBIOTICS serve as substrate for microbial growth and energy production.
• Complete breakdown of some substances to CO2 and H2O .
• The herbicide DALAPON, chlorinated fatty acid which is coverted by Arthrobacter sp. Into pyruvate after oxidative dehalogenation.
![Page 27: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
COMETABOLISM
• In this microrganisms don’t obtain energy from transformation reaction and require another substances for growth.
• It results in modification of molecules by either decreasing and increasing in toxicty.
• The pesticides is transformed by metabolic reactions but does not serve as an energy source.The rate of transformation does not increase with time or with further additions.
![Page 29: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
COMETABOLISM OF PESTICIDES
SUBTRATECONVERSION PRODUCT & MICRORGANISM
• Chlorobenzilate(ethyl-4,4’-dichlorobenzilate)
• Chloroneb(1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxy-benzene)
• DDT
• 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetate
• 3,5-Dichlorcatechol
• 4,4’-Dichlorobenzophenone
(Rhodotorula gracilis)
• 2,5-Dichlor-4-methoxyphenol(Fusarium sp.)
• p,p’-dichlordiphenylmethane(Aerobacter aerogenes)
• 3,5-Dichlorcatechol (Brevibacterium sp.)
• 3,5-Dichlor-2 hydroxymuconicacid semialdehyde(Achromobactersp.)
![Page 30: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
DEHALOGENATION REACTION
• Dehalogenation reaction or oxidative dehalogenation reactions are important cometabolism reactions which make pesticide molecules accessible for further breakdown.
• Some compounds like chlordecone, a hexachlorocyclopentadiene derivative with excellent insecticide effects as it has complicated structure and high degree of halogenation.
![Page 31: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DDT TDE
Reductive dehalogenation :
Dehydrodehalogenation :
DDT DDE
Transformation of the chlorinated hydrocarbon DDT
![Page 32: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
CONJUGATION REACTION
• Linkage of xenobiotics or decomposition with naturally occuring compounds such as amino acids or carbohydrates result in detoxification.
• The conversion of a dithiocarbamate fungicide into keto acid and aminobutyric acid.
![Page 33: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ACCUMULATION REACTION
• When microrganisms absorb xenobiotics,onlytemporary detoxification of the environment occurs.
• It is found that microrganisms and plankton absorb DDT and then it is stored in fat tissues,leading to an even greater concentration factor.
• The end result is an accumulation of the compound to high levels as it passes up the food chain.
![Page 34: Komal ib ppt](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012312/55af45231a28ab57208b46a5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
THANKYOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION.