Download - Issues Trends & Challenges Facing the Food & Drink Industry

7/23/2019 Issues Trends & Challenges Facing the Food & Drink Industry

1/57

Gss}ms, xrmehs deh cjdllmefmsidcgef xjm iooh deh hrgea

geh}sxrw iormcdsxs xo 2>48

2>>7 mhgxgoe


2/57

^dfm g

2>>7 Dll coexmex co~wrgfjx Drot Lxh% Dll rgfjxs rmsmrymh%

Gss}ms, xrmehs deh cjdllmefms idcgef

xjm iooh deh hrgea geh}sxrw

iormcdsxs xo 2>48

Bw Jmlme Lmvgs

@drcj 2>>7

^}blgsjmh bw

Drot Lg`gxmh

Smemcd Jo}sm

B}exsiorh ^dra Rodh

Bro`sfroym

Vorcmsxmrsjgrm

B9> 3HZ

]egxmh Agefho`

Xml; !88 *>'4=26 =63 9>>Idz; !88 *>'4=26 =66 823

Vmb; vvv%k}sxiooh%co`

Rmfgsxmrmh ge Mefldeh eo; 83>6>9:


3/57

^dfm gg


Sgeflm}smr lgcmecm mhgxgoe

Xjgs rm~orx gs ~royghmh ior gehgygh}dl }sm oelw% Gi wo} vo}lh lgam xo sjdrm xjgs

rm~orx vgxj wo}r collmdf}ms, ~lmdsm orhmr dhhgxgoedl co~gms or sgfe }~ ior d

`}lxg}smr lgcmecm bw coexdcxgef;

Adxjrwe Vmhfb}rw

Rmsmdrcj `dedfmr, k}sxiooh%co`

Xml; !88 *>'4=26 =63 9>8

M`dgl; adxjrwe%vmhfb}rwNk}sxiooh%co`

Co~wrgfjx sxdxm`mex

2>>7 Dll coexmex co~wrgfjx Drot Lg`gxmh% Dll rgfjxs rmsmrymh%

Xjgs ~}blgcdxgoe, or dew ~drx oi gx, `dw eox bm co~gmh, rm~roh}cmh, sxormh ge d

rmxrgmydl swsxm`, or bm xrdes`gxxmh ge dew ior` bw dew `mdes mlmcxroegc,

`mcjdegcdl, ~joxoco~wgef, rmcorhgef or oxjmrvgsm vgxjo}x xjm ~rgor vrgxxme

~mr`gssgoe oi Drot Lg`gxmh% Xjgs rm~orx gs xjm ~roh}cx oi mzxmesgym rmsmdrcj

vora% Gx gs ~roxmcxmh bw co~wrgfjx }ehmr xjm Co~wrgfjx, Hmsgfes deh ^dxmexs Dcx

47::%

rdefm oi ~roimssgoedl deh dcdhm`gc hgscg~lgems% Xjm idcxs vgxjge xjgs rm~orx drm

bmlgmymh xo bm corrmcx dx xjm xg`m oi ~}blgcdxgoe b}x cdeeox bm f}drdexmmh% Dll

ro`

hmcgsgoes bdsmh oe xjgs rm~orx%

Gecrmhgblm ROG ior wo}r b}hfmx sgeflm deh `}lxg}smr lgcmecms

Vm }ehmrsxdeh xjm ~rmss}rm wo}r rmsmdrcj b}hfmx gs }ehmr deh ~rgcm o}r

igf}rm

~rgcm xdfs, b}x wo} vgll igeh xjdx xjmw `dam so`m oi xjm co`~mxgxgoe looa

mz~mesgym% Mdcj xgxlm gs dydgldblm xo wo} oe d sgeflm}smr bdsgs, s}~~lgmh oe xjm

sxrgcx }ehmrsxdehgef xjdx mdcj xgxlm gs eox xo bm co~gmh or sjdrmh% Dlxmredxgymlw,

xgxlms cde bm sjdrmh vgxjge hm~drx`mexs or mexgrm cor~ordxgoes ygd d cosx

miimcxgym `}lxg}smr lgcmecm% @}lxg}smr lgcmecms cde dlso sdym wo} `oemw bw

dyoghgef }eemcmssdrw orhmr h}~lgcdxgoe% Xo i}rxjmr dhh ydl}m, dll `}lxg}smr
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


4/57

^dfm ggg


co~gms drm josxmh oe d ~dssvorh ~roxmcxmh mzxrdemx ior wo}r hm~drx`mex or

co`~dew sdygef wo} xg`m, rmso}rcms deh miiorx vjme sjdrgef rmsmdrcj vgxj

wo}r collmdf}ms% Xo igeh o}x `orm dbo}x `}lxg}smr ~rgcgef, ~lmdsm coexdcx

Adxjrwe Vmhfb}rw%

k}sxiooh%co` `m`bmrsjg~

Iro` k}sx FB^77/]S(49>/M]R42>+ d wmdr wo} vgll fdge dccmss xo d frovgef

~orxiolgo oi mzcl}sgym `dedfm`mex brgmigef rm~orxs, deh dlso rmcmgym dll emv

brgmigefs ior mdcj wmdr wo} drm d `m`bmr% Ds vmll ds xjgs g`~rmssgym lgsx oi

exlw

}~hdxmh sxrmd` oi emvs, imdx}rm drxgclms deh dedlwsgs% Msxdblgsjmh ge 4777,

k}sxioohjds rd~ghlw myolymh gexo xjm ~rm`gmr so}rcm oi flobdl emvs, dedlwsgsdeh hdxd ior b}sw smegor mzmc}xgyms% Ior hmxdgls oi xjm c}rrmex s~mcgdl kogegef

oiimr ygsgx; vvv%k}sxiooh%co`/oiimr%ds~z

+^rgcms corrmcx dx xg`m oi ~}blgcdxgoe%
http://www.just-drinks.com/offer.aspxhttp://www.just-drinks.com/offer.aspx


5/57

^dfm gy Xdblm oi coexmexs


Xdblm oi coexmexs

Sgeflm}smr lgcmecm mhgxgoe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ggCo~wrgfjx sxdxm`mex %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ggGecrmhgblm ROG ior wo}r b}hfmx sgeflm deh `}lxg}smr lgcmecms %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ggk}sxiooh%co` `m bmrsjg~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ggg

Xdblm oi coexmexs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% gyLgsx oi igf}rms %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ygLgsx oi xdblms %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% yggCjd~xmr 4 Gexroh}cxgoe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4

Rm~orx gexroh}cxgoe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% 4Rm~orx `mxjoholofw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3Dg`s oi xjm rm~orx%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3Dbo}x xjm d}xjor %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%% 3

Cjd~xmr 2 Clg`dxm cjdefm *iooh glms, cdrboe ioox~rgexs, fogef locdl' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =Gss}m oymrygmv %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9Iooh `glms %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9Cdrboe ioox~rgexs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :Cdrboe ldbmllgef %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7Cjdllmefms ior xjm cdrboe ldbml %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% 44Brdeh lmdhmrs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 42G`~lgcdxgoes ior i}x}rm E^H %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 48Clg`dxm cjdefm deh wo}r `dramxgef sxrdxmfw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4:

Cjd~xmr 3 Xjm flobdl crmhgx cr}ecj %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2>Gexroh}cxgoe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2>Gss}m oymrygmv %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2>Ldca oi coes}`mr coeighmecm%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 24Rmfgoedl mcoeo`gc ~ros~mcxs ior 2>>7 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 22

Il}cx}dxgef rdv `dxmrgdl ~rgcms %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% 23Brdeh lmdhmrs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 28^rgydxm ldbml %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2=G`~lgcdxgoes ior i}x}rm E^H %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 29Vorlhvghm mcoeo`gc mz~mcxdxgoes ior 2>>7 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% 26

Dirgcd deh @ghhlm Mdsx %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% 26Dsgd ^dcgigc deh D}sxrdldsgd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%% 26Mdsxmre M}ro~m %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2:Ldxge D`mrgcd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2:Eorxj D`mrgcd%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2:Vmsxmre M}ro~m %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 27


6/57

^dfm y Xdblm oi coexmexs


Cjd~xmr 8 Obmsgxw deh hgmxrmldxmh gllemss %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3>Gexroh}cxgoe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3>Cjglhjooh obmsgxw; xjm xgcagef xg`m bo`b %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 34Gss}m oymrygmv %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 34

Foymre`mex gexmrymexgoe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 34

Idx xdz %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 33E}xrgxgoe ldbmllgef %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 38

Brdeh lmdhmrs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 36G`~lgcdxgoes ior i}x}rm E^H %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 36I}x}rm iormcdsxs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3:

Cjd~xmr = Iooh sdimxw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 37Gexroh}cxgoe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 37Gss}m oymrygmv %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 37^mde}x scdrm ge xjm ]S %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8>G`~lgcdxgoes ior i}x}rm E^H %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 82

Cjd~xmr 9 Myolygef coes}`mr hm`dehs; Ioc}s oe sg`~lgcgxw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%% 88Gexroh}cxgoe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 88Xrmeh oymrygmv %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 88

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8=

Xjm sg`~lgcgxw xrmeh ge iooh deh hrgea ~dcadfgef %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%% 8=Brdeh lmdhmrs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 89G`~lgcdxgoes ior i}x}rm E^H %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 86Myolygef coes}`mr hm`dehs deh wo}r dramxgef sxrdxmfw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% 86


7/57

^dfm yg Lgsx oi igf}rms


Lgsx oi igf}rms

Igf}rm 4; ^}hhgef Ldem ge D}sxrdlgd jds geymsxmh ge rmh}cgef gxs cdrboe ioox~rgex xo bmdx xjm iooh

`glms gss}m %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 49


8/57

^dfm ygg Lgsx oi xdblms


Lgsx oi xdblms

Xdblm 4; Hgmxrmldxmh iooh deh hrgea dramx ydl}m iormcdsxs, 2>>:2>48 *]S(be deh -' %%%%%%%%%%%%% 3:Xdblm 2; Hrgymrs oi brdeh sg`~lgcgxw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 88


9/57

^dfm 4 Cjd~xmr 4 Gexroh}cxgoe


Cjd~xmr 4 Gexroh}cxgoe

Rm~orx gexroh}cxgoe

Xjgs `dramx rmsmdrcj rm~orx mz~lorms xjm flobdl iooh deh hrgea `dramx ge

cjdllmefgef clg`dxm vgxj dedlwsgs oi xrmehs deh coehgxgoes mz~mcxmh xo

geil}mecm sdlms ydl}m deh yol}`m frovxj oymr xjm emzx igym wmdrs%

Gemygxdblw, xjm flobdl mcoeo`gc hovex}re xjdx `dhm de g`~dcx ge 2>>: gs

coymrmh ge xjm rm~orx% Xjm crmhgx cr}ecj/rmcmssgoe vgll coexge}m xo rdfm ge `dew

co}exrgms xjro}fjo}x 2>>7, deh gs mz~mcxmh xo geil}mecm coes}`mr ~}rcjdsgef

jdbgxs, iooh deh hrgea sdlms deh geeoydxgoe oymr xjm emzx 42 xo 4: òexjs dx

lmdsx%

Flobdl brdehgef ge xjm iooh deh hrgeas geh}sxrw jds emymr bmme òrm

cjdllmefgef xjde gx gs xohdw% @de}idcx}rmrs drm dcc}sxo`mh xo voragef ge d

idsxòygef coes}`mr foohs geh}sxrw b}x rmcmexlw xjm ~dcm oi cjdefm jds

dlxmrmh deh eov ydrgms vghmlw bmxvmme smcxors deh co}exrgms/rmfgoes%

Ge `dew msxdblgsjmh Vmsxmre iooh deh hrgea `dramxs, co`~mxgxgymemss jds

rgsme ge lgem vgxj idllgef `drfges *xjm ldxxmr bmgef d rms}lx oi `dramx sdx}rdxgoe

deh rgsgef rdv `dxmrgdl cosxs'%

Rmxdglmrs ~royghm gexmesm co`~mxgxgoe xo brdehs vgxj ~rgydxmldbml rdefms

oiimrgef xjm bmsx oi boxj vorlhs; iro` mcoeo`w rdefms xo ~rm`g}` ~roh}cxs%

D~~mdlgef xo t}dlgxw coecmres, xjm ~rm`g}` oiimrgefs co`~mxm hgrmcxlw vgxj

brdehs ge xmr`s oi ydl}m deh ildyo}r d~~mdl% Xjm mcoeo`w/hgsco}ex rdefms,

`mdevjglm, drm ~roygef geydl}dblm h}rgef xg`ms oi igedecgdl hgiigc}lxw *xjm rolm oi

~rgydxm ldbml gs coesghmrmh ge Cjd~xmr 3'%

B}sgemssms drm eov iorcmh xo rmcoesghmr xjmgr frovxj sxrdxmfgms ge xjm idcm oi

gexmredl deh mzxmredl idcxors xo hmlgymr oe coes}`mr mz~mcxdxgoes% Coes}`mr

hm`dehs drm myolygef *Cjd~xmr 6' deh `de}idcx}rmrs `}sx rmior`}ldxm

sxrdxmfgms xo hmlgymr oe xjmsm hm`dehs%

Oymr xjm emzx igym wmdrs, coes}`mrs vgll bmco`m òrm `dramxgefsdyyw, vgsm

xo, deh so`mxg`ms gecrmdsgeflw scm~xgcdl oi xjm brdehgef deh dhymrxgsgef

xmcjegt}ms m`~lowmh bw xjm iooh deh hrgea geh}sxrw *dloefsghm oxjmr I@CF


10/57



smcxors'% Coes}`mrs ~royghm gesxdex immhbdca oe d ~roh}cx xjmw ho eox lgam bw

eox ~}rcjdsgef dfdge, b}x xjmw cde dlso s~rmdh xjmgr hgslgam or hgsd~~ogex`mex

ygd xjm `wrgdh oelgem ior}`s deh vmbsgxms meco}rdfgef ~roh}cx rmygmvs%

Geeoydxgoe vgll xdam oe d hgiimrmex ~mrs~mcxgym oymr xjm emzx igym wmdrs, ds

co`~degms gegxgdllw scdlm bdca geymsx`mex ge lgem mzxmesgoes xo oelw ioc}s oe

amw ld}ecjms% Xjm sxdehdrh E^H sxrdxmfw vgll bmco`m d lox `orm smlmcxgym deh

lms

rmdhw xo ~gca }~ oe `dramx o~~orx}egxgms deh hmymlo~ xjm` xo xjmgr dhydexdfm%

Dccorhgef xo xjm Oziorh Rmsmdrcj Dfmecw, cdrm deh coesghmrdxgoe emmhs xo bm

xdame ge xjm E^H d~~rodcj d co`~dew iollovs% Gx sxdxms;

%

2>>7 vgll bm de mzcgxgef wmdr ior iooh deh hrgea, ds emv o~~orx}egxgms ior bmxxmr

~roh}cxs deh ghmds ~rmsmex xjm`smlyms% Vgxj ~rmss}rm oe b}hfmxs, hgiimrmex

E^H sxrdxmfgms drm bmgef coesghmrmh%

Emv rmsmdrcj iro` xjm Oziorh Rmsmdrcj Dfmecw sjovs xjdx xjmrm drm `dew

rmdsoes ior idgl}rm iro` gexmredl gss}ms *cd~dcgxw rmsxrdgexs, so}rcgef gss}ms,

~dcadfgef gss}ms, ldca oi hgsxrgb}xgoe' xo mzxmredl gss}ms *co`~mxgxor rmdcxgoe,

~rgcm deh oveldbml rmdcxgoe hd`dfgef sdlms'%

yol}`m deh ydl}m ~rmhgcxmh, xmeh dlso xo bm xjm rgsagmr ld}ecjms vgxj lovmr

s}ccmss rdxms% Jgfjyol}`m o~~orx}egxgms, ms~mcgdllw ge emv cdxmforgms xo xjm

clgmex, jdym d frmdxmr xmehmecw xo idgl% Xjmw fmemrdllw emmh d lox oi s}~~orx,

coes}`mr mh}cdxgoe deh xrgdl, deh gi xjmsm ho eox c}x xjro}fj, xjm ~roh}cxs drm

rmygmvmh o}x oi sxorm t}gcalw% Ge so`m cdxmforgms, brdehs jdym lmss xjde sgz

vmmas xo `dam de g`~rmssgoe% Gx gs g`~orxdex, xjmrmiorm, xo bdldecm jgfjmr rgsa

E^H vgxj xjm s`dllmr b}x lovmr rgsa o~~orx}egxgms%

Xjgs rm~orx coesghmrs iooh deh hrgea E^H deh oxjmr ygxdl brdehgef, `dramxgef

deh sdlms sxrdxmfgms ge xjm coexmzx oi xjm iollovgef cjdllmefms, gss}ms deh

xrmehs mz~mcxmh xo geil}mecm oymr xjm emzx igym wmdrs;

4% Clg`dxm cjdefm

2% Flobdl mcoeo`gc hovex}re

3% Obmsgxw deh hgmxrmldxmh gllemssms

8% Iooh sdimxw deh coes}`mr xr}sx

=% Myolygef coes}`mr hm`dehs geil}mecgef E^H; xjm sg`~lgcgxw xrmeh


11/57



Rm~orx `mxjoholofw

rmsmdrcjgef, vrgxgef, deh dedlwsgef xrmehs deh hmymlo~`mexs ge xjm flobdl iooh

deh hrgeas `dramx% H}rgef xjgs xg`m, sjm jds hmymlo~mh de mzxmesgym coexdcxslgsx oi geh}sxrw mz~mrxs deh rmsmdrcjmrs% Jmlme coeh}cxmh d ~rofrd``m oi

smcoehdrw rmsmdrcj s~mcgigcdllw ior xjgs rm~orx, deh k}sxiooh jds dedlwsmh

e}`mro}s hdxd so}rcms, geh}sxrw rm~orxs, cor~ordxm dee}dl rm~orxs deh

co`~dew lgxmrdx}rm% Dlso, ~rg`drw rmsmdrcj vds coeh}cxmh ge xjm ior` oi oem

xooem xmlm~joem deh m`dgl gexmrygmvs vgxj ~roimssgoedls voragef vgxjge xjm

geh}sxrw% Xjmsm rmsmdrcj xmcjegt}ms vmrm co`bgemh xo medblm k}sxiooh xo

`dam geior`mh `dramx msxg`dxms, xrmeh ~rmhgcxgoes deh iormcdsxs xo 2>48%

Dg`s oi xjm rm~orx

Xjm ~rg`drw obkmcxgym oi xjgs rm~orx gs xo ~royghm d sed~sjox oi xjm c}rrmex

gss}ms, xrmehs deh cjdllmefms ge xjm flobdl iooh deh hrgea `dramx%

Geymsxgfdxgoe oi xjm c}rrmex `dramx lmdhs xo iormcdsxs deh ~rmhgcxgoes ior

xrmehs, cjdllmefms deh geil}mecms oe xjm jorg{oe xo 2>48 bdsmh oe ~rg`drw

deh smcoehdrw rmsmdrcj%

Xjm rm~orx dedlwsms frovxj sxrdxmfgms g`~lm`mexmh bw `}lxgedxgoedls deh

s`dllmr ~ldwmrs xjdx cde bm }smh ds d sxdrxgef ~ogex ior i}x}rm sxrdxmfw

hmymlo~`mex% E^H ge amw `dramxs gecl}hgef M}ro~m, Eorxj D`mrgcd deh Dsgd

gs geymsxgfdxmh xo ~royghm gesgfjx gexo co`~mxgxor dcxgygxw, bmsx~rdcxgcm frovxj

sxrdxmfgms deh ~oxmexgdl o~~orx}egxgms ior geeoydxgoe% k}sxioohjds dedlwsmh d

smlmcxgoe oi xjm `dkor cjdllmefms/gss}ms deh xrmehs ge orhmr xo bmxxmr

}ehmrsxdeh xjm i}x}rm hgrmcxgoe oi xjm iooh deh hrgea `dramx%

Dbo}x xjm d}xjor

Jmlme Lmvgs, d i}llw t}dlgigmh ko}redlgsx deh ^R, gs xjm d}xjor oi e}`mro}s k}sx

ioohdeh k}sxhrgeasrm~orxs deh brgmigefs ~}blgsjmh oymr xjm ~dsx igym wmdrs oe

s}bkmcxs gecl}hgef Brdehmh ioohs ge BRGC@ *Brd{gl, R}ssgd, Gehgd, Cjged,

@mzgco' iormcdsxs xo 2>43 deh Flobdlgsdxgoe oi xjm iooh rmxdgl geh}sxrw

iormcdsxs xo 2>43%

jmdh oi ~}blgsjgef dx Rm}xmrs B}sgemss Gesgfjx bmxvmme 2>>4 deh 2>>8% Ge

2>>=, Jmlme msxdblgsjmh iooh)hrgea xovmrs *vvv%ioohdehhrgeaxovmrs%co`',


12/57



de oelgem `mhgd rmso}rcm s~mcgdlgsgef ge xjm crmdxgoe oi d co``}egcdxgoes

emxvora ior iooh deh hrgea co`~degms, ko}redlgsxs deh ~}blgc rmldxgoes

s~mcgdlgsxs% Jmlme dlso voras ds d coes}lxdex oe E^H, `dramxgef deh ^R ior

iooh deh hrgea S@Ms, deh vrgxms ior d e}`bmr oi xrdhm ~}blgcdxgoes s}cj ds

Xjm Frocmrdeh @}lxg~lm B}wmr ) Rmxdglmr%


13/57

^dfm = Cjd~xmr 2 Clg`dxm cjdefm *iooh `glms, cdrboe ioox~rgexs, fogef locdl'


Cjd~xmr 2 Clg`dxm cjdefm *iooh

`glms, cdrboe ioox~rgexs, fogef

locdl'

Cdrboe ioox~rgex xjm xoxdl d`o}ex oi cdrboe hgozghm *CO 2' deh oxjmr

frmmejo}sm fdsms *FJFs' xjdx drm m`gxxmh oymr xjm i}ll lgim cwclm oi d ~roh}cx

or smrygcm% Cdrboe ioox~rgexs drm dxxrgb}xmh xo gehgygh}dl co`~degms, ~roh}cxs

deh smrygcms, deh dlso xo ~mo~lm% Gx gs xw~gcdllw mz~rmssmh ds frd`s oi CO 2

*oxjmr FJF drm dllocdxmh d CO2 mt}gydlmex'% Lgim cwclm dssmss`mex *LCD' gs

oem oi xjm msxdblgsjmh cdlc}ldxgoe `mxjohs, vjgcj jds bmme sxdehdrhgsmh bw

xjm Gexmredxgoedl Orfdegsdxgoe ior Sxdehdrhgsdxgoe%

Cdrboe em}xrdl mt}dxms xo {mro cdrboe m`gssgoes, g%m% d em}xrdl cdrboe

ioox~rgex% Xjgs gs dcjgmymh bw rmh}cgef/mlg`gedxgef cdrboe m`gssgoes, bdldecgef

xjm b}regef oi iossgl i}mls vgxj rmemvdblm memrfw, deh oiismxxgef }edyoghdblm

cdrboe m`gssgoes%

Cdrboe oiismxxgef xjmrm drm `dew vdws oi oiismxxgef FJF m`gssgoes, s}cj

ds cdrboe xrdhgef scjm`ms, vjgcj dllov co`~degms vgxj jgfjmr m`gssgoes xo

em}xrdl co`~degms% Lmfdl

bohgms rmf}ldxm xjmsm scjm`ms, dlxjo}fj so`m yol}exdrw, eoermf}ldxmh

cdrboeoiismxxgef scjm`ms drm m`mrfgef% ^ldexgef xrmms vds oem oi xjm igrsx

vdws oi oiismxxgef cdrboe m`gssgoes%

Clg`dxm cjdefm xjm xmr` rmimrs xo cjdefms ge xjm `ohmre clg`dxm, vjgcj

dccorhgef xo xjm Gexmrfoymre`mexdl ^deml oe Clg`dxm Cjdefm *G^CC' drm 7>

7=- lgamlw xo jdym bmme ge ~drx cd}smh bw j}`de dcxgygxw%

Iooh `glms xjm hgsxdecm xrdymllmh iro` xjm orgfge oi xjm iooh/hrgea xo xjm

gs d frovgef ioc}s oe jov xjm iooh jds xrdymllmh deh eox k}sx xjm hgsxdecm, g%m%

bw rodh, bw rdgl, bw smd or bw dgr% Vjglm xjgs jds bmme de g`~orxdex vdw or

rdgsgef coes}`mr dvdrmemss oi xjm meygroe`mexdl gss}m, xjm sjmlilgim oi xjgs

b}{{vorh jds drf}dblw mz~grmh% Xjmrm gs d frovgef }ehmrsxdehgef xjdx iooh


14/57

^dfm 9 Cjd~xmr 2 Clg`dxm cjdefm *iooh `glms, cdrboe ioox~rgexs, fogef locdl'


`glms drm k}sx ~drx oi xjm oymrdll gss}m% Cdrboe ioox~rgex gs gecrmdsgeflw

meygroe`mexdl g`~dcx%

S}sxdgedbglgxw iro` de meygroe`mexdl ~mrs~mcxgym xjgs rmimrs xo xjm ~oxmexgdl

loefmygxw oi j}`de mcolofgcdl swsxm`s s}cj ds xjm clg`dxm deh dfrgc}lx}rm%

S}sxdgedblm hmymlo~`mex xjm hmymlo~`mex oi mcoeo`gc swsxm`s xjdx co}lh

ldsx gehmigegxmlw%

Gss}m oymrygmv

Bw 2>=> xjm flobdl ~o~}ldxgoe co}lh rmdcj `orm xjde 7be co`~drmh xo xjm

Frmdxmr }sm oi iossgl i}mlbdsmh memrfw, gecrmdsmh vdsxm ior ldehiglls, deh

hm~lmxgef edx}rdl rmso}rcms vgll rms}lx iro` xjm gecrmdsmh e}`bmr oi ~mo~lm ~mr

`glm%

D 6>>~dfm rm~orx bw mcoeo`gsx Sgr Egcjolds Sxmre, ~}blgsjmh bw xjm ]A

foymre`mex ge 2>>9, sxdxmh;

clg`dxm cjdefm vgll bm mt}gydlmex xo losgef dx lmdsx =- oi flobdl FH^ mdcj

wmdr, eov deh iormymr% Gi d vghmr rdefm oi rgsas deh g`~dcxs gs xdame gexo

Xjm rm~orx dlso sxdxmh xjdx xdagef g``mhgdxm dcxgoe vo}lh cosx k}sx 4- oi

flobdl FH^% Xjm G^CC bdsmh ge Fmemyd bmlgmyms xjdx bw xjm `ghhlm oi xjm

emzx cmex}rw m`gssgoes vo}lh emmh xo bm rmh}cmh bw 9>:>- ge geh}sxrgdlgsmh

co}exrgms% Xjm Io}rxj Dssmss`mex Rm~orx *DR8' vds co`~lmxmh bw xjm G^CC

ge mdrlw 2>>6% Xjm dssmss`mex coecl}hmh xjdx vorlh xm`~mrdx}rms co}lh rgsm

bw 4%49%8 C *2%>44%= I' h}rgef xjm 24sx cmex}rw deh xjdx smd lmymls vgll

~robdblw rgsm bw 4:=7c` *6%>:23%22 gecjms'%

Iooh `glms

hrgea geh}sxrw xjrmm or

io}r wmdrs dfo, b}x ge 2>>7 coes}`mrs ~mrcmgym xjm meygroe`mex ds d `orm

idrrmdcjgef gss}m% Iooh `glms drm d ~drx oi, b}x eox xjm vjolm ~roblm`%


15/57



Xvo ge igym coes}`mrs ge xjm ]A bmlgmymh xjdx ~roh}cmrs deh s}~mr`dramxs

sjo}lh ~royghm òrm hmxdgls dbo}x iooh `glms oe xjm ~roh}cxs xjmw smll,

dccorhgef xo rmsmdrcj ~}blgsjmh bw @gexml ge K}em 2>>6% Xjm s}rymw dlso io}eh

xjdx oem ge igym Brgxoes *47-' dx xjm xg`m xrgmh xo dyogh ~roh}cxs vgxj jgfj iooh

`glms bw looagef dx vjmrm xjm ~roh}cxs vmrm frove% @orm xjde jdli *=8-' sdgh

xjmrm vds eox meo}fj locdllw~roh}cmh iooh dydgldblm ge xjm sxorm vjmrm xjmw

rmf}ldrlw sjo~, vjglm =3- bmlgmymh xjdx rmxdglmrs emmhmh xo ho òrm xo hmymlo~

deh ~roòxm ]A ~roh}cxgoe xo rmh}cm flobdl so}rcgef% D sg`gldr coes}`mr

xrmeh vds d~~drmex ge xjm ]S, vjmrm d [ofbw Gexmrdcxgym ~oll ~}blgsjmh ge mdrlw

2>>6 io}eh xjdx ::- oi D`mrgcdes vdexmh rmxdgl ioohs xo bm ldbmllmh vgxj

co}exrw oi orgfge hmxdgls%

Rmsmdrcj gexo xjm coexrgb}xgoe oi iooh `glms ge xjm oymrdll cdrboe ioox~rgex

mt}dxgoe gs oefogef deh gx gs ~roygef xo bm d jgfjlw co`~lmz gss}m% D sx}hw bw

xjm ]egymrsgxw oi Mzmxmr *]A' deh ~}blgsjmh ge xjm ko}redl Iooh ôlgcw4

jds

io}eh xjdx sjo~~gef locdllw `dw eox bm ds fooh ior xjm meygroe`mex ds jdygef

iooh hmlgymrmh% Xjm rmsmdrcj fro}~ co`~drmh xrg~s xo d locdl idr` sjo~ vgxj

hmlgymrgms `dhm bw co`~degms xjdx hgsxrgb}xm orfdegc ymfmxdblm bozms xo xjmgr

c}sxo`mrs% Gx dlso coesghmrmh xjm cdrboe m`gssgoes ~roh}cmh bw colh sxordfm,

~dcagef deh xjm xrdes~orxdxgoe o

cdlc}ldxmh xjm xoxdl cdrboe m`gssgoe deh io}eh xjdx gi xjm dymrdfm cdr ko}remw

`dhm xo d idr` sjo~ gs d ro}ehxrg~ oi òrm xjde 9%6a`, xjme jo`m hmlgymrw

vds d bmxxmr o~xgoe myme gi xjm co`~mxgef idr` sjo~ }smh eo lgfjxgef, jmdxgef

or cjgllgef% Vjglm d hmlgymrw yde vgll xrdyml }~ xo 39>a` xo hmlgymr de orfdegc

ymfmxdblm boz, xjgs xrg~ vgll coymr d ldrfm e}`bmr oi dhhrmssms so xjm cdrboe

m`gssgoes ~mr c}sxo`mr gs `}cj lovmr%

Hdygh Colmw iro` xjm Cmexrm ior Memrfw deh xjm Meygroe`mex dx xjm ]egymrsgxw

oi Mzmxmr, lmdh d}xjor oe xjm sx}hw, sdgh;

`mdes% Vm emmh xo looa òrm xjoro}fjlw dx xjm `dew idcxors xjdx lgm bmjgeh

~}xxgef iooh oe o}r xdblms, bmiorm vm cde sdw vjdx gs bmxxmr or vorsm ior xjm

meygroe`mex%

4Colmw mx dl% Locdl iooh, iooh `glms deh cdrboe m`gssgoes; D co`~drgsoe oi idr` sjo~ deh `dss

hgsxrgb}xgoe d~~rodcjms% Iooh ôlgcw, 2>>:1 HOG; 4>%4>49/k%iooh~ol%2>>:%44%>>4


16/57

^dfm : Cjd~xmr 2 Clg`dxm cjdefm *iooh `glms, cdrboe ioox~rgexs, fogef locdl'


cdrboe m`gssgoes bmjgeh mdcj iooh gxm`% Vjglm xjm coecm~x oi iooh `glms vds

}smi}l ge fmxxgef ~mo~lm xo xjgea dbo}x xjm gss}ms dro}eh cdrboe m`gssgoes deh

Cdrboe ioox~rgexs

Cdrboe ioox~rgexs rdxjmr xjde iooh `glms vgll bm xjm meygroe`mexdl

cdxcj~jrdsm vgxj xjm `osx geil}mecm oymr xjm iooh deh hrgea geh}sxrw oymr xjm

emzx igym wmdrs% @de}idcx}rmrs deh rmxdglmrs drm xdagef sxm~s xo dssmss xjmgr

cdrboe ioox~rgex, mgxjmr gexmredllw or bw o}xso}rcgef xjm rmsmdrcj xo co`~degms

oiimrgef `mxjoholofgms s}cj ds Lgimcwclm Dssmss`mex *LCD'% Xjm `dkor g`~dcx

drmds *~rocmssms xjdx coexrgb}xm xjm ldrfmsx yol}`m oi FJF m`gssgoes' vgll

Ior `dew co`~degms, xjm amw g`~dcx drmds drm }s}dllw h}rgef xjm

idr`gef/~roh}cxgoe sxdfm% Hgsxrgb}xgoe *g%m% lofgsxgcs, xrdes~orx }sm' deh

hgs~osdl bw xjm meh}smr cde dlso bm ldrfm g`~dcx drmds% Xjm cdrboe ioox~rgex

homs eox k}sx rmimr xo oem sxdfm vgxjge xjm ~roh}cxgoe ~rocmss1 ge orhmr xo fmx d

xo clg`dxm cjdefm, xjm mexgrm lgim cwclm

oi xjm ~roh}cx sjo}lh bm coesghmrmh iro` igmlh xo iora xo hgs~osdl%

ioox~rgex oi gxs Xro~gcded brdeh% Xjm co`~dew sdgh ge Kde}drw 2>>7 xjdx d 98

o}ecm cdrxoe oi Xro~gcded ^}rm ^rm`g}` Ordefm K}gcm gs rms~oesgblm ior de

dymrdfm 4%6af oi cdrboe m`gssgoes%

Emgl Cd`~bmll, ~rmsghmex oi Xro~gcded ge Eorxj D`mrgcd, sdgh;

}sm xjmsm igehgefs xo i}rxjmr ~rgorgxgsm o}r miiorxs xo rmh}cm o}r oymrdll cdrboe

ioox~rgex% Vm vgll b}glh oe o}r dlrmdhw rob}sx s}sxdgedbglgxw gegxgdxgyms xo i}rxjmr

meygroe`mexdl g`~dcx deh xjme rmh}cm m`gssgoes xjmrmbw rmh}cgef deh

mymex}dllw mlg`gedxgef xjm cdrboe ioox~rgex dlxofmxjmr% Jovmymr, xjmrm drm

crgxgcgs`s oi xjm swsxm` ds bgfb}hfmx co`~degms drm ~dwgef xo oiismx xjmgr

m`gssgoes rdxjmr xjde dcxgymlw lovmrgef xjm` xjro}fj cjdefms xo xjm

~roh}cxgoe ~rocmss/s}~~lw cjdge%


17/57



Oiismxxgef xjro}fj xjm ~ldexgef oi xrmms oe d bdsgc lmyml, or bw ~}rcjdsgef

cdrboe crmhgxs dx d òrm co`~lmz lmyml, cde jml~ xo `geg`gsm d

oi mdsgef xjm collmcxgym coescgmecm rdxjmr xjde coexrgb}xgef dew rmdl ydl}m%

Co`~degms s}cj ds D}rord, d ~rgydxmldbml orfdegc hdgrw co`~dew bdsmh ge

xjm ]S, drm ~roòxgef xjm idcx xjmw ~lde xo `mds}rm deh xjme rmh}cm xjmgr

cdrboe ioox~rgex *xjm sxorw `dams ior de mzcmllmex cor~ordxm socgdl

rms~oesgbglgxw `mhgd `mssdfm'% D}rord jds cjosme xo crmdxm gxs ove

`mds}rm`mex scjm`m deh coeh}cx xjm rmsmdrcj gejo}sm vgxjo}x rmlwgef oe

Vjglm xjgs gs }eho}bxmhlw d vorxjvjglm mzmrcgsm, xjm hgiimrmex ro}xms xo

cdlc}ldxgef cdrboe ioox~rgexs co}lh meh }~ cd}sgef òrm coei}sgoe ge xjm

geh}sxrw, ~drxgc}ldrlw gi xjmw ~royghm d vghm rdefm oi hgiimrmex rms}lxs ior xjm

sd`m ~roh}cx%

Xjm co`~dew jds hmymlo~mh gxs ove scjm`m ge coek}ecxgoe vgxj xjm ]egymrsgxw

oi @gcjgfde, deh i}ehmh bw xjm Colordhobdsmh D}rord Orfdegc Hdgrw

lgimcwclm deh s}sxdgedbglgxw rmsmdrcj dx D}rord Orfdegc

gecl}hgef gxs Jgfj ^ldges orfdegc hdgrw idr` ge Colordho deh gxs Colhvdxmr

orfdegc hdgrw idr` ge Xmzds%

Xjm rmsmdrcj gegxgdllw ioc}smh oe hmymlo~gef de memrfw deh cdrboe ioox~rgex

òhml ge Kde}drw 2>>7, crmdxgef d bdsmlgem dfdgesx vjgcj D}rord Orfdegc cde

`dam g`~roym`mexs ge gxs s}sxdgedbglgxw ~mrior`decm% Xjm sx}hw vgll ghmexgiw

xjosm ~rocmssms xjdx coexrgb}xm xjm frmdxmsx meygroe`mexdl g`~dcxs, ioc}smh

~rg`drglw oe xoxdl memrfw coes}`~xgoe deh cdrboe m`gssgoes%

Cdrboe ldbmllgef

Cdrboe ldbmllgef gs sxgll d egcjm coecm~x b}x gx gs d~~mdrgef oe d frdh}dllw rgsgef

e}`bmr oi iooh deh hrgea ~roh}cxs, ~drxgc}ldrlw ge xjm ]A, vjmrm xjm Cdrboe

Xr}sx gs sxor`gef djmdh vgxj gxs ldbmllgef swsxm`% Xjm dg` oi xjm cdrboe ldbml gs

xo meco}rdfm coes

~}sjgef xjm meygroe`mexdl gss}m i}rxjmr gexo xjm `dramxgef ho`dge%

O}xsghm oi xjm iooh deh hrgea geh}sxrw, idsjgoe gs dlso sjovgef de gexmrmsx ge

cdrboe ldbmllgef% Ge xjm ]S, ior mzd`~lm, Xg`bmrldeh dhhmh d cdrboe ldbml oe


18/57

^dfm 4> Cjd~xmr 2 Clg`dxm cjdefm *iooh `glms, cdrboe ioox~rgexs, fogef locdl'


xjm boxxo` oi xvo ~roh}cxs ge gxs iooxvmdr rdefm; d voollgemh lmdxjmr clof deh

d frmw idbrgc semdamr ge 2>>9% Xjm clof gs xjm òrm meygroe`mexdllwirgmehlw

o~xgoe oi xjm xvo m`gxxgef 99lbs oi FJF ior gxs ~roh}cxgoe ymrs}s ::lbs ior xjm

semdamr/xrdgemr% Xg`bmrldeh o~mrdxms d rdeagef swsxm` ior gxs sjoms iro` >

*lmss xjde =%=lbs oi FJF m`gxxmh' xo 4> *22>lbs or òrm m`gxxmh'% Xjm

geior`dxgoe gs hmxdglmh ge `dramxgef `dxmrgdls ge xjm sxorms, oe sjom xdfs, deh

ge xjm sjombozms% Xg`bmrldeh eov ~}xs ldbmls `mds}rgef mcoirgmehlgemss oe

xjm bozms ior dll oi gxs ~roh}cxs deh jds d soldr~ovmrmh hgsxrgb}xgoe cmexrm ge

Cdlgioregd%

Xjm ld}ecj oi xjm cdrboe rmh}cxgoe ldbml ge xjm ]A ge 2>>9 *hmymlo~mh bw xjm

Cdrboe Xr}sx deh xjm Mhgeb}rfj Cmexrm ior Cdrboe @dedfm`mex' sdv bgf

brdehs Geeocmex, Vdlamrs deh Booxs sgfegef }~ ior xjm xrgdl djmdh oi xjm

crovh% Rmsmdrcj bw xjm Cdrboe Xr}sx ge 2>>9 sjovmh xjdx xjmrm vds d

hm`deh ior òrm geior`dxgoe oe ~dcas; 99- oi ~mo~lm vdexmh xo aeov xjm

cdrboe ioox~rgex oi ~roh}cxs, deh xvo xjgrhs vmrm òrm lgamlw xo b}w iro` d

b}sgemss vgxj d lov cdrboe ioox~rgex%

Xjm lofo vds igrsx smme oe Vdlamrs Cjmmsm deh Oegoe crgs~s, vjgcj vds

`mdes xjdx gi xjmw idgl xo rmh}cm xjmgr cdrboe ioox~rgex oi xjm ~roh}cx cdrrwgef

xjm ldbml vgxjge xvo wmdrs, xjm ldbml vgll bm vgxjhrdve% Booxs gexroh}cmh ~ogex

oisdlm `dxmrgdl vgxj xjm ldbml xo dcco`~dew xjm ld}ecj oi Boxdegcs deh

Gefrmhgmexs rdefm sjd`~oos vgxj d rmh}cmh cdrboe ioox~rgex ge K}lw 2>>6%

Geeocmex hgs~ldws xjm lofo ior dll sòoxjgm rmcg~ms oe gxs vmbsgxm% Iro`

Kde}drw 2>>:, xjm sòoxjgm co`~dew sxdrxmh xo smll gxs mexgrm rdefm ge 4>>-

rmcwclmh ^MX ~dcadfgef%

Xr}sx mes}rms xjdx xjmw jdym xjm d~~ro~rgdxm `dedfm`mex swsxm`s ge ~ldcm soxjdx xjmw drm dblm xo `dam fooh oe xjmgr co``gx`mex% Xjgs gecl}hms xjm

`mds}rm`mex swsxm` xo t}dexgiw xjmgr frmmejo}sm fds m`gssgoes deh jdygef d

bodrh `m`bmr or smegor mzmc}xgym rms~oesgblm ior dcjgmygef xjm rmh}cxgoes%

Dccorhgef xo xjm Cdrboe Xr}sx, xjm ~rocmss oi cdlc}ldxgef d cdrboe ioox~rgex

cde xdam smymrdl òexjs ior xjm igrsx ~roh}cx or smrygcm, b}x gx gs idsxmr ior

s}bsmt}mex ~roh}cxs% Co`~degms jdym xo hgssmcx e}`mro}s idcxors s}cj ds

xjmgr mlmcxrgcgxw }sdfm, xjmgr xrdes~orx, jmdxgef, xjmgr }sm oi `dxmrgdls, deh dew

FJF m`gssgoes ~roh}cmh bw ~rocmssms ge xjmgr `de}idcx}rgef% Xjm cosx oi xjm


19/57



~rocmss ydrgms vghmlw iro` oem co`~dew xo deoxjmr, iro` smymrdl xjo}sdeh

~o}ehs xo FB^4>,>>> or òrm% Xjm Xr}sx msxg`dxms xjdx òsx co`~degms

co}lh xrg` dx lmdsx 2>- iro` xjmgr memrfw bglls vgxjo}x `dkor cjdefms iollovgef

xjm ghmexgigcdxgoe oi amw g`~dcx drmds%

Vjglm xjm Cdrboe Xr}sx gs ]Abdsmh, gxs geil}mecm gs sxdrxgef xo bm imlx ge oxjmr

~drxs oi xjm vorlh, ed`mlw xjm ]S% Bdsmh oe d Cdrboe Xr}sx dssmss`mex,

3%6=lbs oi CO2 drm m`gxxmh ior mdcj jdlifdlloe cdrxoe oi ordefm k}gcm, vjgcj gs,

gexmrmsxgeflw, 2>- jgfjmr xjde xjm ~rmygo}s gexmredl msxg`dxm bw ^m~sgCo% Xjm

hgscrm~decw ~rg`drglw sxm``mh iro` }ehmrmsxg`dxgef xjm bmfgeegef oi xjm

s}~~lw cjdge% Xjm Cdrboe Xr}sx io}eh xjdx frovgef xjm ordefms dcco}exmh ior

d ldrfmr sjdrm dbo}x oemxjgrh xjde ^m~sgCo jdh mz~mcxmh, h}m xo xjm

~roh}cxgoe deh d~~lgcdxgoe oi imrxglgsmr% ^m~sgCo rms~oehmh xo xjm jgfjmr

rms}lxs bw dfrmmgef xo vora vgxj frovmrs deh rmsmdrcjmrs dx xjm ]egymrsgxw oi

Ilorghd xo igeh vdws xo frov ordefms }sgef lmss cdrboe%

Xjm co`~dew jds dfrmmh *Kde}drw 2>>7' xo ~osx xjm rms}lxs oe gxs vmbsgxm b}x

gs wmx xo hmcghm vjmxjmr gx vgll gecl}hm xjm cdrboe ioox~rgex oe gxs ~dcadfgef% Gx

vo}lh bm oem oi xjm igrsx bmymrdfm brdehs xo ho so ge xjm ]S%

Cjdllmefms ior xjm cdrboe ldbml

Xjmrm drm d e}`bmr oi cjdllmefms xjm cdrboe ldbml `}sx idcm;

R}eegef o}x oi roo` ior xjm mz~dehgef e}`bmr oi lofos deh ldbmls gs d

coecmre ior so`m co`~degms, dlxjo}fj oem xjdx clmdrlw emmhs xo bm

vmgfjmh }~ dfdgesx coes}`mr hm`deh deh xjm rmdl ~}r~osm bmjgeh

xjm hmbdxm ò}exgef clg`dxm cjdefm coecmres%

Deoxjmr coecmre gs xjm rmlgdecm oe dss}`mh hdxd, deh xjmrm drm imdrs

xjdx `mxjoholofgms deh `mdes oi ~rmsmexgef xjm igehgefs *g%m% cdrboe

ldbmllgef' vgll ydrw bmxvmme co`~degms, ds jds jd~~memh ge xjm

e}xrgxgoedl ldbmllgef drmed%

Mh}cdxgef coes}`mrs dbo}x vjdx xjm ldbml dcx}dllw `mdes vgll dlso bm

d ldborgo}s ~rocmss%

Fdgegef coes}`mr xr}sx, jovmymr, gs xjm òsx cjdllmefgef ds~mcx oi

xjm ldbml gegxgdxgym% Meco}rdfgef coes}`mrs xo coesghmr xjm cdrboe

ldbml dx xjm ~ogex oi sdlm *deh `dam co`~drgsoes vgxj oxjmr ~roh}cxs'

deh meco}rdfgef ~mo~lm xo xr}sx xjdx xjm ldbml gs bdsmh oe rmlgdblm deh

crmhgblm `mds}rm`mexs drm ygxdl%


20/57



Dvdrm oi xjgs emmh xo bm òrm ~}blgcdllw xrdes~drmex, xjm Cdrboe Xr}sx

rmlmdsmh gxs oiigcgdl sxdehdrhs ior mydl}dxgef cdrboe s}sxdgedbglgxw ge Ocxobmr

oelgem rmso}rcm o}xlgems cdrboe ioox~rgex rmh}cxgoe crgxmrgd deh m`gssgoes

sxdehdrhs xjdx `}sx bm `mx bw co`~degms xjdx rmcmgym Cdrboe Xr}sx

cmrxgigcdxgoe deh ldbmllgef rgfjxs%

Xjm ^DS 2>=> sxdehdrh gs bdsmh oe d 4>>wmdr lgimcwclm dssmss`mex oi

frmmejo}sm fds m`gssgoes ior ~roh}cxs% Gx vds crmdxmh bw xjm Brgxgsj

deh R}rdl Diidgrs *HMIRD' iollovgef rmsmdrcj oe 6= ~roh}cx cdxmforgms iro`

2> Brgxgsj co`~degms gecl}hgef Xmsco deh Booxs% Xjm Hm~drx`mex ior

Meygroe`mexdl, Iooh deh R}rdl Diidgrs *HMIRD' dlso xmsxmh xjm ^DS 2>=> oe

4>> iooh ~roh}cxs xo dssmss xjmgr g`~dcx, iro` ~roh}cxgoe xjro}fj hgsxrgb}xgoe%

Xjm Cdrboe Xr}sx jds dlso hmymlo~mh d Cohm oi Fooh ^rdcxgcms oe FJF

M`gssgoes deh Rmh}cxgoes Cldg`s% Xjm cohm gs òrm `dramxgefirgmehlw deh

dg`s xo sjov b}sgemssms jov xo co``}egcdxm xjmgr FJF m`gssgoes sdygefs%

Brdeh lmdhmrs

Xmsco gs xjm e}`bmr oem rmxdglmr ge xjm ]A deh xjm xjgrhbgffmsx rmxdglmr ge xjm

vorlh bw sdlms% Gx gs ~mrjd~s }es}r~rgsgef xjme xjdx xjm rmxdglmr jds hmcghmh xo

Sgecm xjm `gh477>s, Xmsco jds bmme geymsxgef ge emv `dramxs oymrsmds,

smmagef wmdroewmdr frovxj deh loefxmr` rmx}res ior gxs sjdrmjolhmrs% Xmsco

gs c}rrmexlw o~mrdxgef òrm xjde 3,62: sxorms ge 43 `dramxs *Cjged, xjm C{mcj

Rm~}blgc, J}efdrw, Grmldeh, Kd~de, @dldwsgd, ôldeh, Sloydagd, So}xj Aormd,

Xjdgldeh, X}ramw, xjm ]A deh xjm ]S' deh m`~lows òrm xjde 88>,>>> ~mo~lm%

J}efdrw% Xjm

sxrdv deh vool% Xjm igrsx memrfwsdygef Xmsco ge xjm C{mcj Rm~}blgc o~memh

ior b}sgemss ge 2>>6 deh rm~orxmhlw }sms 3>- lmss memrfw xjde oxjmr sxorms%

Xjmrm drm eov

gxs ageh o~memh ge xjm ]A ge @decjmsxmr ge Kde}drw 2>>7% Xjm sxorm crmdxmh

23> emv kobs *dccorhgef xo Xmsco xjm kobs vmex igrsx xo locdl ~mo~lm vjo jdh


21/57



bmme o}x oi vora or oe bmemigxs ior sgz òexjs or òrm' deh dx =2,>>>ix2 jds d

6>- s`dllmr cdrboe ioox~rgex xjde d sxdehdrh sxorm oi xjm sd`m sg{m%

Memrfwsdygef sxrdxmfgms gecl}hm xjm lgfjxgef swsxm`, vjgcj gs cd~dblm oi

hg``gef b}lbs vjme gx fmxs brgfjxmr o}xsghm% Gx dlso jds d cjmcao}x ~dcadfgef

drmd `dhm iro` rmcwcldblm ~ldsxgc% Edx}rdl cdrboe hgozghm fds gs }smh xo cool

irghfms rdxjmr xjde xrdhgxgoedl irghfm fdsms%

Ge D~rgl 2>>:, Xmsco ld}ecjmh d xrgdl cdrboe ldbmllgef scjm`m *sxgll ge ~ldcm dx

xjm xg`m oi vrgxgef ge Imbr}drw 2>>7' oe 2> ~roh}cxs gecl}hgef ~oxdxoms, ordefm

k}gcm, vdsjgef }~ lgt}gh deh lgfjx b}lbs% Xjm ldbmls gehgcdxm jov `dew frd`s oi

CO2 drm crmdxmh ge xjm ~roh}cxgoe, ~dcadfgef, hgsxrgb}xgoe deh hgs~osdl oi xjm

~roh}cxs%

Oxjmr rmxdglmrs drm amme xo lmdh xjm vdw ge xmr`s oi meygroe`mexdl dcxgoe,

~ldcgef ~rmss}rm oe s}~~lgmrs xo idll ge lgem vgxj xjm cor~ordxm sxdeh% Ge xjm

Cjdowdef hgsxrgcx oi Bmgkgef, Cjged, Vdl@drx o~memh de mco sxorm ge Ocxobmr

2>>:% Xjm 46,=26`2 o}xlmx bodsxs LMH deh mlmcxro`dfemxgc geh}cxgoe lgfjxs

xjro}fjo}x, xg`mrs, hg``mrs deh òxgoe smesors ior lovxrdiigc drmds, jgfj

miigcgmecw jmdxgef, ymexgldxgoe deh dgr coehgxgoegef *JYDC' swsxm`s, deh d

vdsxmvdxmr rmcld`dxgoe swsxm`%

Xjm òym bw xjm bgffmsx rmxdglmr ge xjm vorlh iollovmh ~rmss}rm iro` 23 EFOs

gecl}hgef Irgmehs oi xjm Mdrxj ge 2>>6, vjgcj cldg`mh ge d rm~orx mexgxlmh Vdl

xjdx Vdl@drx vds

iollovgef de b}sgemss òhml% @drx cde cjdefm

xo òrm miigcgmex

sdgh R}bme Fdrcgd oi xjm ~rmss}rm fro}~ Flobdl Mzcjdefm ge Eoym`bmr 2>>6

iollovgef Vdlms oi meygroe`mexdl sxrdxmfgms%

Ge Irdecm, Cdsgeo deeo}ecmh ge Ocxobmr 2>>6 xjdx gx vo}lh gexroh}cm cdrboe

ldbmllgef oe 3,>>> oi gxs ~rgydxmldbml iooh ~roh}cxs, vjgcj vds d igrsx dòef

Irmecj s}~mr`dramx cjdges% Xjm colo}r cohmh ldbmllgef scjm`m vds frdh}dllw

gexroh}cmh iro` xjm meh oi 2>>: sjovgef xjm dò}ex oi cdrboe hgozghm m`gxxmh

rmcwclmh, deh xjm dò}ex oi CO2 m`gxxmh ge xrdes~orxgef xjm ~roh}cx ge xmr`s oi

xr}ca aglo`mxrms%


22/57



Cdsgeo m`~lowmh coes}lxdecw co`~dew Bgo Gexmllgfmecm Smrygcm xo hmymlo~ d

`mxjoholofw xo cdlc}ldxm xjm cdrboe ioox~rgex oi mdcj ~roh}cx deh d imdsgbglgxw

sx}hw vds cdrrgmh o}x vgxj d ho{me s}~~lgmrs coymrgef 4= ymrw hgiimrmex iooh

~roh}cxs, gecl}hgef iro{me igsj, wofj}rx, ~rm~drmh sdldhs, ~g{{ds, k}gcms, so}~s

deh mffs%

Ge Kd~de, d e}`bmr oi rmxdglmrs drm rm~orxmhlw ~ldeegef xo gexroh}cm cdrboe

ioox~rgex ldbmllgef *igrsx rm~orxmh ge @dw 2>>: bw k}sxiooh%co`'% Xjm ghmd vds

xo xrgdl xjm yol}exdrw swsxm` oe cmrxdge ~roh}cxs bmiorm g`~lm`mexgef oe d

vghmr scdlm iro` 2>>7%

G`~lgcdxgoes ior i}x}rm E^HOymr xjm emzx igym wmdrs *deh bmwoeh' òrm co`~degms vgll bm bro}fjx }ehmr

xjm s~oxlgfjx deh meco}rdfmh xo coesghmr xjmgr meygroe`mexdl crmhmexgdls% Ge

xjm ]A,

rmh}cgef cdrboe m`gssgoes bw :>- bw 2>=>% Xjgs gs de d`bgxgo}s xdrfmx xjdx

vgll `mde òrm deh òrm co`~degms vgll bm desvmrdblm xo xjm rmh}cxgoe

co``gx`mex% Xjm m`gssgoes xrdhgef scjm`m vgll bm `dehdxorw ior ldrfm eoe

memrfw gexmesgym orfdegsdxgoes iro` D~rgl 2>4>% Gx d~~lgms xo orfdegsdxgoes xjdx

jdym de dee}dl mlmcxrgcgxw coes}`~xgoe oi òrm xjde 9,>>>`V/j, so gx vgll

g`~dcx rmxdgl cjdges deh ldrfm iooh `de}idcx}rmrs deh s}~~lgmrs% Xjm dg` gs xo

c}x cdrboe m`gssgoes bw 4%2` xoeems mdcj wmdr xo 2>2>% Igedecgdl gecmexgyms

drm ge ~ldcm xo meco}rdfm orfdegsdxgoes xo k}`~ oe xjm bdehvdfoe sooemr

rdxjmr xjde ldxmr%

Ds òrm deh òrm co`~degms drm rmt}grmh xo rmh}cm m`gssgoes, xjosm vjo idll

bmlov xjm dee}dl mlmcxrgcgxw coes}`~xgoe lmymls vgll dlso bm cdllmh xo dcxgoe%

Coes}`mrs vgll bmco`m òrm dvdrm oi xjm ~rodcxgym sxrdxmfgms bmgef

g`~lm`mexmh bw s}~mr`dramx cjdges *vjo vgll }eho}bxmhlw co``}egcdxm xjmgr

miiorxs deh dcjgmym`mexs xjro}fj dhymrxgsgef deh `dramxgef' deh t}msxgoe

vjdx oxjmr iooh deh hrgea co`~degms drm hogef%

@de}idcx}rmrs xjdx drm dlrmdhw bmgef ~rodcxgym ge msxdblgsjgef xjmgr

meygroe`mexdl crmhmexgdls xjro}fj d `mhg}` xo loefxmr` rmh}cxgoe sxrdxmfw

vgll bm vmll ~ldcmh xo `dramx xjmgr s}ccmss xo rmxdglmrs deh coes}`mrs%

Iorvdrhxjgeagef deh sxrdxmfgc ~roh}cmrs ge D}sxrdlgd deh Emv [mdldeh xjdx

mz~orx xo M}ro~m jdym bmme dvdrm oi xjm emmh xo g`~lm`mex d smrgms oi jdrh

jgxxgef rmh}cxgoe sxrdxmfgms xo rmh}cm/mlg`gedxm xjmgr cdrboe ioox~rgex% Xjmsm


23/57

^dfm 4= Cjd~xmr 2 Clg`dxm cjdefm *iooh `glms, cdrboe ioox~rgexs, fogef locdl'


~roh}cmrs `}sx igfjx dfdgesx xjm emfdxgym iooh `glms coecm~x xjdx co}lh jdym d

hmxrg`mexdl g`~dcx oe xjmgr mz~orx sdlms% Xjm flobdl mcoeo`gc hovex}re jds

meco}rdfmh òrm deh òrm coes}`mrs xo d`meh xjmgr `gehsmx rmfdrhgef xjm

ydl}m deh t}dlgxw oi ~roh}cxs *g%m% wo} fmx vjdx wo} ~dw ior'1 jovmymr, xjm

meygroe`mex coexge}ms xo ~ldw d rolm ge ~}rcjdsgef hmcgsgoes ior `dew ~mo~lm%

Ge D}sxrdlgd, ^}hhgef Ldem, vjgcj ~roh}cms jdeh`dhm ~}hhgefs ior

Cjrgsx`ds deh xjro}fjo}x xjm wmdr, jds rmcofegsmh xjm emmh xo geymsx ge

sxrdxmfgms xjdx vgll rmh}cm gxs cdrboe ioox~rgex deh ~osgxgoe xjm brdeh ds de

meygroe`mexdllwirgmehlw o~xgoe ior ho`msxgc deh mz~orx sdlms%

Ge @drcj 2>>7, d emv ~}hhgef agxcjme vgll o~me ge D}sxrdlgd xjdx jds bmme

s~mcgigcdllw hmsgfemh

ioox~rgex% Vjglm xrmblgef ~roh}cxgoe, xjm dò}ex oi edx}rdl fds }smh xo igrm xjm

co~~mr boglmrs vgll bm jdlymh ds sooe ds ~roh}cxgoe bmfges% Xjm emv agxcjme gs

dlòsx smyme xg`ms ldrfmr xjde xjm orgfgedl agxcjme, vjgcj vgll medblm ^}hhgef

Ldem xo `mmx frovgef coes}`mr hm`deh ior gxs t}dlgxw ~}hhgefs% @gcjdml

Kd`msoe, `dedfgef hgrmcxor dx ^}hhgef Ldem, xolh k}sxioohxjdx xjm co`~dew

vgll eox bm ~dssgef oe xjm mzxrd cosxs xo gxs c}sxo`mrs or òhmregsgef gxs

xrdhgxgoedl ~roh}cxgoe `mxjoh%

Xjm id`glwr}e co`~dew sjg~~mh òrm xjde mgfjx xoeems oi ~}hhgefs xo xjm ]A

ge 2>>: deh solh o}x bmiorm Cjrgsx`ds% Amyge Sx}bbs, cohgrmcxor oi ^}hhgef

Ldem, xolh k}sxiooh; ge 2>>6 ds

hm`deh sxdrxmh xo mzcmmh s}~~lw% Vm jdym b}glx xjm emv ~rm`gsms iro`

scrdxcj xo bm sxdcamh i}ll oi meygroe`mexdl `mds}rms, mes}rgef vm drm c}xxgef

ds `}cj cdrboe ioox~rgex ds ~ossgblm iro` o}r ~roh}cxgoe ~rocmss% Vm dlrmdhw

xooa meygroe`mexdl coecmres ymrw smrgo}slw deh xjgs emv agxcjme medblms }s xo

fo myme i}rxjmr% Ldsx wmdr, vm ~roh}cmh d~~rozg`dxmlw 6> xoeems oi ~}hhgefs


24/57



Igf}rm 4; ^}hhgef Ldem ge D}sxrdlgd jds geymsxmh ge rmh}cgef gxs cdrboe ioox~rgex xo bmdx xjm

iooh `glms gss}m

So}rcm; }hhgef Ldem

Oxjmr meygroe`mexdl `mds}rms gecl}hm; rmcwclgef vdxmr, ho}blgef xjm ges}ldxgoe

ge xjm emv coolgef roo` deh }sgef oelw memrfwmiigcgmex lgfjxgef% ^}hhgef

dcadfgef gs `dhm iro` 4>>- rmcwclmh `dxmrgdl deh cloxjs drm jdeh

sxgxcjmh bw d locdl D}sxrdlgde cjdrgxw fro}~ cdllmh Xjm Jo}sm vgxj Eo Sxm~s%

Xjm oelw hgs~osdblm ~drx oi xjm ~}hhgef`dagef ~rocmss gs d sjorx ~gmcm oi

coxxoe xvgem }smh xo xgm xjm ~}hhgef cloxj ior cooagef% ^}hhgef Ldem rmcwclms

4>>- oi dew cdrhbodrh deh ~d~mr ~dcadfgef *g%m% ilo}r bdfs, ir}gx deh mff

cdrxoes' crmdxmh ge `dagef xjm ~}hhgefs% Xjm co`~dew homs eox }sm dew

d}xo`dxmh ~rocmssms vjdxsomymr1 xjmrm drm eo ~roh}cxgoe lgems, eo mlmcxrgc

sxmd` oymes, eo ~ldsxgc bdsges, ~ldsxgc bovls or `o}lhs xo sjd~m xjm ~}hhgefs%

Xjm xmd` dlso s}~~orxs ds `dew locdl ~roh}cmrs/b}sgemssms ds gx cde s}cj ds

locdl bdamrgms *ior irmsj brmdhcr}`bs' deh irmm rdefm mff s}~~lgmrs%

Kd`msoe dhhmh; gs amme xo mz~deh xjm iooh `glm hmbdxm ge boxj

D}sxrdlgd deh xjm ]A, so ~mo~lm cde dlso coesghmr xjm meygroe`mexdl g`~dcx oi

xjm mexgrm ~roh}cx lgimcwclm iro` ~dhhoca xo ~ldxm, rdxjmr xjde ioc}sgef solmlw

oe iooh `glms% Iooh `glms drm, oi co}rsm, d `dkor gss}m b}x xjm `mxjoh oi


25/57



~roh}cxgoe deh orgfge oi gefrmhgmexs drm g`~mrdxgym idcxors xjdx `dew

s xdagef d ~roh}cx iro` rmfgoedl D}sxrdlgd deh co`~mxgef

s}ccmssi}llw ge de gecrmhgblw co`~mxgxgym deh sdx}rdxmh `dramx% Gx gs d ~goemmr

vjo jds rmdllw lgsxmemh xo vjdx xjm ]A `dramx vdexs deh ~royghmh d ~roh}cx

vgxj de }eblm`gsjmh deh t}dlgxw ~roymedecm% Gx gs de geeoydxor, dx xjm iormiroex

oi `geg`gsgef gxs cdrboe ioox~rgex, deh }sgef xjdx ds d `dramxgef ~ogex oi

`dew D}sxrdlgde b}sgemssms co}lh lmdre iro` deh vgxj xjm frovgef coecmre ge

b}sgemssms vdexgef xo co`~mxm xjmrm xo bm dblm xo drxgc}ldxm xjmgr s}sxdgedbglgxw

Vjmxjmr coes}`mrs vgll coexge}m xo bm ds coecmremh dbo}x meygroe`mexdl

*deh

t}msxgoe }~ ior hmbdxm ge xjm iooh deh hrgea geh}sxrw% De mcoeo`gc hovex}re

}s}dllw meco}rdfms ~mo~lm xo t}msxgoe xjm ydl}m deh t}dlgxw oi xjm ~roh}cxs

rhmdremh òemw oe% ^mo~lm cde bmco`m òrm

smlmcxgym deh i}ssw dbo}x iooh deh hrgea ~}rcjdsgef% ^rm`g}` brdehs cde sxgll

ilo}rgsj ge xg`ms oi d rmcmssgoe, dlxjo}fj irmt}mecw oi ~}rcjdsm `dw idll,

~mo~lm sxgll lgam xo xrmdx xjm`smlyms xo d lgxxlm geh}lfmecm iro` xg`m xo xg`m%

@dgexdgegef coexrol gs g`~orxdex ior coes}`mrs dx d xg`m vjme gx cde imml lgam

mymrwxjgef mlsm *}em`~low`mex lmymls, ~rgcm oi iooh, }xglgxw bglls mxc' gs o}x oi

xjmgr jdehs%

So, vjdx homs xjgs `mde ior mxjgcdl ~roh}cxs s}cj ds Idgrxrdhm deh orfdegc?

Xjm sgx}dxgoe ge 2>>7 d~~mdrs xo bm vdymrgef vgxj coes}`mrs vjo jdymdlrmdhw bo}fjx gexo xjm mxjgcdl coecm~x coexge}gef xo ~}rcjdsm orfdegc

~roh}cxs, dlbmgx lmss irmt}mexlw or ge s`dllmr yol}`ms xjde ~mrjd~s d wmdr dfo%

Ior xjosm vjo hg~~mh ge deh o}x oi xjm mxjgcdl iooh deh hrgea rdefm, or vjo

}s}dllw dhhmh xjm occdsgoedl gxm` xo xjmgr sjo~~gef bdsamx, drm òrm lgamlw xo

bm xrdhgef hove xo cjmd~mr ~roh}cxs

%

Xjm e}`bmr oi Brgxgsj sjo~~mrs vjo b}w mxjgcdl iooh gecl}hgef Idgrxrdhm deh

locdllwso}rcmh jds gecrmdsmh sgecm 2>>9 dccorhgef xo d s}rymw ge xjm

Sjo~~mr Xrmehs 2>>7 rm~orx ~}blgsjmh bw xjm Gesxgx}xm oi Frocmrw Hgsxrgb}xgoe


26/57

^dfm 4: Cjd~xmr 2 Clg`dxm cjdefm *iooh `glms, cdrboe ioox~rgexs, fogef locdl'


*GFH' ge Imbr}drw 2>>7% Jovmymr, xjm e}`bmr oi coes}`mrs o~xgef ior orfdegc

~roh}cxs jds idllme% Sjo~~mrs s}~~orxgef jgfj deg`dl vmlidrm sxdehdrhs jdh

dlso gecrmdsmh bmxvmme 2>>9 deh 2>>:% Dlòsx jdli oi xjm ~mo~lm s}rymwmh

`mexgoemh deg`dl lgygef coehgxgoes vjme dsamh dbo}x iooh ~roh}cxgoe

coecmres, co`~drmh vgxj 3>- ge 2>>9% Orfdegc ~roh}cxs vmrm xjm oelw mxjgcdl

iooh drmd vjmrm xjm e}`bmr oi sjo~~mrs jdh idllme% Xjm GFH bmlgmyms xjgs

svgef xovdrhs oxjmr mxjgcdl o~xgoes bw òrm cds}dl orfdegc sjo~~mrs jds jdh

d aeocaoe miimcx oe orfdegc sdlms% Xjm s}rymw coeigr`mh xjdx sjo~~mrs drm

eov òrm ~rgcmsmesgxgym b}x xjdx xjmw drm eox rmlget}gsjgef xjmgr mxjgcdl

coecmres%

Xjm Sogl Dssocgdxgoe gesgsxmh ge Imbr}drw 2>>7 xjdx dlxjo}fj xjm rmcmssgoe jdh

hmsxdbglgsmh orfdegc sdlms xjm g`~dcx jdh eox bmme cdxdsxro~jgc% Jovmymr, ge

D}f}sx 2>>:, Xjm F}drhgde~}blgsjmh de drxgclm sxdxgef xjdx orfdegc iooh sdlms

jdh idllme, iollovgef rmsmdrcj collmcxmh bw `dramx rmsmdrcj co`~dew XES oe

bmjdli oi xjm ]A edxgoedl emvs~d~mr% Xjm hdxd sjovmh xjdx xjm hmclgem vds

òsx ~roio}eh ge mffs, b}x vds dlso rm~orxmh hdgrw, ir}gx deh ymfmxdblms deh

cjgcame%

Xjm drxgclm sxdxmh xjdx so`m idr`mrs vmrm t}gxxgef orfdegc ~roh}cxgoe xo c}x

cosxs deh oxjmrs d~~mdrmh xo bm hmldwgef `mmxgef xjm sxdehdrhs emcmssdrw xo

mexmr xjm `dramx lmdhgef xo coecmres xjdx gx co}lh xdam loefmr xo b}glh }~

sdlms vjme hm`deh rmcoymrs%

Clg`dxm cjdefm deh wo}r `dramxgef sxrdxmfw

Amw `dramxgef `mssdfms g`~lm`mexmh bw iooh deh hrgea b}sgemssms gecl}hm;

bmgef frmme cde sdym òemw1

rmh}cm iooh vdsxm }sm lmixoymrs xo crmdxm emv hgsjms1

irmm{m deh sxorm }e}smh gefrmhgmexs1

sg`~lgcgxw gs amw1

mxjgcdl ~}rcjdsgef cde jmgfjxme xjm smesm oi co``}egxw xjdx gs

g`~orxdex ior `dew ~mo~lm h}rgef hgiigc}lx xg`ms1

b}wgef òrm mxjgcdl/meygroe`mexdl ~roh}cxs jml~s coes}`mrs xo xdam

bdca so`m coexrol deh rms~oesgbglgxw%

H}rgef }ecmrxdge xg`ms, co`~degms xjdx drm bolh, ~rodcxgym, t}gca xo rmdcx deh

amme xo geymsx ge frmme sxrdxmfgms vgll ~mrior` bmxxmr xjde xjosm vjo cjoosm xo

rmsx oe xjmgr ld}rmls deh rghm o}x xjm rmcmssgoe% Xjm xrgca gs xo ghmexgiw xjm fd~s


27/57



deh o~~orx}egxgms ge xjm `dramx xjdx xjm `orm rml}cxdex brdehs drm `gssgef%

g`dfm deh eox k}sx vgxj d `georgxw fro}~ oi coes}`mrs ds loef ds xjm

`mssdfms drm clmdr deh }ehmrsxdehdblm *vdiilm deh kdrfoe sjo}lh bm dyoghmh

dx dll cosxs$'% Xjm brdeh `}sx co``}egcdxm crmhgblm rmdsoes ds xo vjw d

sjo~~mr sjo}lh `dam xjm ~}rcjdsm bw dhhrmssgef `orm xjde k}sx ~rgcm/ydl}m%


28/57

^dfm 2> Cjd~xmr 3 Xjm flobdl crmhgx cr}ecj


Cjd~xmr 3 Xjm flobdl crmhgx cr}ecj

Gexroh}cxgoe

Xjm mcoeo`gc hovex}re jds dlrmdhw `dhm d idrrmdcjgef g`~dcx oe xjm flobdl

iooh deh hrgea geh}sxrw deh vgll coexge}m xo cjdefm xjm vdw coes}`mrs sjo~,

`de}idcx}rmrs geymsx deh rmxdglmrs ~roòxm oymr xjm emzx xvo xo xjrmm wmdrs%

Iorvdrhxjgeagef i}ecxgoedl co`~degms drm dlrmdhw ~ldeegef ior xjm rmcoymrw,

ds vmll ds jov xo hmdl vgxj xjm gemygxdblm hmcrmdsm ge irmt}mecw oi ~}rcjdsm oi

òrm ~rm`g}` ~roh}cxs h}rgef xjm rmcmssgoe% Coes}`mrs drm òrm lgamlw xo

coes}`m imvmr jgfjmr~rgcmh foohs bmiorm xrdhgef hove xo cjmd~mr ~roh}cxs

ge fmemrdl%

Gss}m oymrygmv

Eo xvo rmcmssgoes drm xjm sd`m so co`~degms xjdx drm rmygmvgef ~dsx dcxgygxw

deh `dagef hgrmcx co`~drgsoes, g%m% bmxvmme xjm 477>s deh eov, vgll igeh gx

hgiigc}lx xo `dam dss}`~xgoes% Xjm orfdegc iooh deh hrgea `dramx gs sxmdhidsx

ge gxs o~gegoe xjdx coes}`mrs xjdx jdym dlrmdhw bo}fjx gexo xjm coecm~x deh

vmrm ~rmygo}slw ~}rcjdsgef orfdegc ~roh}cm oe d rmf}ldr bdsgs vgll eox rmh}cm

mxjgcdl coes}`~xgoe bmcd}sm oi xjm rmcmssgoe *ior ds loef ds gx gs igedecgdllw

ygdblm ior xjm` ds d jo}smjolh/gehgygh}dl'%

H}rgef d rmcmssgoe, gx gs òrm g`~orxdex xjde mymr xo òegxor coes}`mr

bmjdygo}r deh ghmexgiw emv sxrdxmfgms *ge xmr`s oi coes}`~xgoe occdsgoes,

gefrmhgmexs mxc' xo }eloca o~~orx}egxgms% Brdehs xjdx drm m`~dxjmxgc xo xjm

sgx}dxgoe coes}`mrs igeh xjm`smlyms ge h}rgef d rmcmssgoe *vgxjo}x bmgef

~dxroegsgef$' vgll rmsoedxm vgxj mzgsxgef deh ~oxmexgdl c}sxo`mrs òrm xjde

xjosm xjdx coexge}m

So`m co`~degms drm smrgo}slw sxr}fflgef h}rgef xjm flobdl mcoeo`gc

hovex}re% Ge Sm~xm`bmr 2>>:, Emsxl ge xjm ]A vgxjhrmv gxs i}ecxgoedl

sòoxjgm rdefm, Boosxmh, k}sx io}r òexjs dixmr gxs ld}ecj% ôor sdlms deh d

ldca oi s}~mr`dramx lgsxgefs rm~orxmhlw iorcmh xjm hmcgsgoe% Xjm mcoeo`gc

hovex}re jds, dccorhgef xo Emsxl, smme xjm sòoxjgms cdxmforw òym gexo

hmclgem deh coes}`mrs drm svgxcjgef xo cjmd~mr o~xgoes s}cj ds cjgllmh k}gcm%

Dccorhgef xo Koe


29/57

^dfm 24 Cjd~xmr 3 Xjm flobdl crmhgx cr}ecj


`mhgd sxdxm`mex rmlmdsmh ge Sm~xm`bmr 2>>:', gx vds hgiigc}lx xo msxdblgsj

i}ecxgoedlgxw xjm amw ~ogex oi hgiimrmecm ge xjm `dramx%

Ldca oi coes}`mr coeighmecm

Xjm idll ge s~mehgef diimcxgef `dew mcoeo`gms orgfgedxms iro` jmgfjxmemh

}ecmrxdgexw% Jo}smjolhs drm hmimrrgef ~}rcjdsms deh co`~degms drm

~osx~oegef geymsx`mexs% Foymre`mexs drm bmgef cdllmh }~oe xo rmh}cm

}ecmrxdgexw bw ~}xxgef sxrdxmfgms ge ~ldcm xo boosx xjm mcoeo`w, b}x ~olgcw

cjdefms deh ~olgxgcdl hmbdxm drm jdygef lgxxlm ~osgxgym g`~dcx oe `dramxs s}cj

ds xjm ]A *dx xjm xg`m oi vrgxgef'%

Ge M}ro~m, coes}`mr coeighmecm d~~mdrs xo bm idgrlw b}owdex dccorhgef xo ds}rymw coeh}cxmh ge Hmcm`bmr 2>>:% Xjm s}rymw oi coes}`mrs ge 43

M}ro~mde co}exrgms s}ffmsxmh xjdx coeighmecm jgx d lov ge 2>>: vjme ogl

~rgcms vmrm jmdhgef ior xjm ~mda rmdcjmh ge K}lw% Xjm s}rymw, coeh}cxmh ior

xjm Irmecj coes}`mr crmhgx co`~dew Cmxmlm`, vds bdsmh oe geior`dxgoe iro`

4>,>>> ~mo~lm deh sjovmh d s`dll hro~ ge xjm ~mrcmexdfm oi ~mo~lm vjo

mz~mcx xo rdgsm xjmgr s~mehgef xjgs wmdr% Gxdlgde coes}`mr òrdlm rosm

}emz~mcxmhlw ge Kde}drw 2>>7, dixmr xjrmm coesmc}xgym idlls rmcorhmh ge

òexjlw s}rymws bw rmsmdrcj gesxgx}xm GSDM, vjgcj s}ffmsxmh xjdx xjm idll ge ogl

~rgcms vds xjm amw geil}mecm%

Gx smm`s gx dll rdxjmr hm~mehs oe vjgcj s}rymw/co`~dew wo} coes}lx% B}sgemss

deh coes}`mr coeighmecm ge boxj xjm M}ro~mde ]egoe deh xjm m}ro{oem imll xo

d emv lov ge Kde}drw, dccorhgef xo d òexjlw s}rymw bw xjm M}ro~mde

Co``gssgoe *27 Kde}drw 2>>7'% Gx imll bw 4%= ~ogexs ge xjm 49 edxgoes xjdx sjdrm

xjm m}ro xo 9:%7 deh bw 3%3 ~ogexs xo 98%7 dcross xjm mexgrm M]%

Coeighmecm hro~~mh sjdr~lw ge Fmr`dew, Brgxdge deh ôldeh dccorhgef xo xjm

rm~orx% S~dge vds xjm oelw M] co}exrw xo b}ca xjm xrmeh vgxj ~mo~lm bmco`gef

òrm o~xg`gsxgc dbo}x xjm mcoeo`w ge Kde}drw xjde ge xjm ~rmygo}s òexj% Xjm

smrygcms deh coesxr}cxgoe geh}sxrgms vmrm lmss jo~mi}l xjde xjm ~rmygo}s

òexj, vjglm rmxdgl coeighmecm iro{m%

Mlsmvjmrm, coes}`mr coeighmecm gs idllgef òexj oe òexj% ]S coes}`mr

coeighmecm imll xo d emv lov ge Kde}drw 2>>7% Xjm CdsmSjgllmr jo}sm ~rgcm

gehmz sjovmh ydl}dxgoes vmrm sxgll idllgef dx d rmcorh s~mmh dcross xjm co}exrw%

Deoxjmr rm~orx bw Xjm Coei


30/57



}em`~low`mex rdxm rgsgef ge dll => sxdxms, rmdcjgef 4>- ge xvo Hmxrogx deh

Rjohm Gsldeh%

Rmfgoedl mcoeo`gc ~ros~mcxs ior 2>>7

Xjm o}xlooa ior xjm flobdl mcoeo`w smm`s xo fmx floo`gmr vgxj mymrw òexj

xjdx ~dssms% Xjm colld~sm oi jo}sgef `dramxs, vjgcj bmfde vgxj xjm ]S s}b

~rg`m òrxfdfm smcxor ge 2>>6 deh h}lw s~rmdh xo oxjmr co}exrgms, vds idsxmr

deh òrm hd`dfgef xjde ~rmhgcxmh% Mt}gxw deh igedecgdl `dramxs vmrm sooe

sxdrxgef xo imml xjm ~gecj% Ge mdrlw 2>>7, hdglw emvs sxorgms oi co`~degms fogef

gexo dh`gegsxrdxgoe or `dagef rmh}ehdecgms `dhm hm~rmssgef rmdhgef%

Irmecj b}sgemss vmex gexo jgbmredxgoe oe 27 Kde}drw 2>>7, ds `gllgoes oivoramrs rm~orxmhlw sxdwmh dx jo`m xo dyogh d edxgoevghm ~}blgc smcxor sxrgam ge

Geh}sxrw losx `gllgoes oi m}ros xjdeas xo xjm }eoiigcgdl ~}blgc jolghdw% ]egoes

jdh ~ro`gsmh xo `dam xjm ^rmsghmex mdx jgs vorhs dixmr jm koamh ldsx s}``mr

xjdx %

Vgxj }em`~low`mex ge Irdecm rgsgef xo 2`, }egoes deh lmixvgef o~~osgxgoe

~drxgms drm }rfgef xjm ^rmsghmex xo boosx ~dw deh vmlidrm bmemigxs dixmr

~lmhfgef d M]R29be sxg`}l}s ~dcadfm dg`mh dx jml~gef geh}sxrw%

Xjm Gexmredxgoedl @oemxdrw I}eh *G@I' ~rmhgcxmh ge Kde}drw xjdx xjm flobdl

mcoeo`w vgll idll bw 2%:- ge 2>>7 vgxj xjm ]A mz~mrgmecgef d òrm hd`dfgef

hmclgem xjde xjm ]S, V

rmlgdecm oe xjm igedecgdl smcxor% Xjm ]S mcoeo`w gs ~rmhgcxmh xo idll bw 4%9-,

Irdecm bw 4%7- deh Fmr`dew bw 2%=- dccorhgef xo xjm G@I% Xjm dymrdfm

hro~ dòef dhydecmh mcoeo`gms vgll bm 2-%

coeo`gc O}xlooa, ~}blgsjmh dx xjm meh oi Kde}drw 2>>7,

sdgh xjm vorlh mcoeo`w vo}lh s}iimr gxs vorsx wmdr sgecm xjm Smcoeh Vorlh

Vdr, vgxj frovxj co`gef %

Xjm Gesxgx}xm oi Igscdl Sx}hgms dlso vdremh ge Kde}drw 2>>7 xjdx Brgxgsj

xdz~dwmrs vmrm idcgef d FB^2>be d wmdr bgll *xdz rgsms deh ~}blgc s~mehgef

FB^:>> ~mr jo}smjolh ~mr wmdr%


31/57



Il}cx}dxgef rdv `dxmrgdl ~rgcms

Idllgef ogl deh *cmrxdge' rdv `dxmrgdl ~rgcms drm mz~mcxmh xo jml~ mdsm xjm

~rmss}rms oe frocmrw ~rgcms oymr xjm emzx wmdr1 jovmymr, xjm xjrmdx iro`

hgsco}ex rmxdglgef, ~drxgc}ldrlw ge M}ro~m, vgll jdym d aeocaoe miimcx oe xjm`dgesxrmd` frocmrw smcxor% `dw vmll

bmco`m xjm mxjos ior rmxdglmrs oymr xjm emzx wmdr vgxj hgsco}exgef mz~mcxmh xo

`dam d j}fm g`~dcx%

Ogl ~rgcms jdym idllme bdca xo bmlov ]S(=> iollovgef d ~mda dx òrm xjde

]S(4=> k}sx d wmdr dfo% Gexmredxgoedl hdgrw ~rgcms coexge}mh xo idll ge Imbr}drw

2>>7 *dx xjm xg`m oi vrgxgef xjgs rm~orx', dlxjo}fj dx d slovmr ~dcm xjde

~rmygo}slw rmcorhmh%

Kde}drw xjdx xjm dymrdfm smllgef ~rgcm ior vjolm `gla ~ovhmr *V@^' vds

]S(2,>46 ~mr xoeem, hove 7%3- oe Hmcm`bmr 2>>:% ^rgcms rdefmh iro`

]S(4,72> ~mr xoeem xo ]S(2,48> ~mr xoeem% S~ox ~rgcms rosm 4%3- dboym

xjosm ior xjm Hmcm`bmr xrdhgef mymex% Xjm idll ge hdgrw ~rgcms jds bmme

dxxrgb}xmh xo;

xjm ldf bmxvmme s}~~lw deh hm`deh rms~oesms1

xjm flobdl igedecgdl crgsgs deh rmcmssgoe%

Sgecm K}lw 2>>:, V@^ ~rgcms jdym idllme =8-, vgxjge xjm rdefm oi hmclgem ior

oxjmr hdgrw co`òhgxgms% H}rgef xjm sd`m ~mrgoh, flobdllwxrdhmh cjmmsm,

b}xxmr deh cdsmge ~rgcms jdym dll idllme bw bmxvmme 8=- deh ==-%

Jovmymr, ge oxjmr cdxmforgms, co`~degms jdym dlrmdhw idllme io}l oi rgsgef rdv

`dxmrgdl cosxs; xjm hd`dfm jds dlrmdhw bmme hoem ior xjm lgams oi Dkgeoòxo,

LHC deh Leeme Xmjxddx;

Dkgeoòxo; Xjm Kd~demsm iooh co`~dew ~osxmh d emx loss oi

K^W8%:be *]S(8%:`', hove iro` K^W2:%=be ge xjm ~rmygo}s wmdr%

Rgsgef rdv `dxmrgdl cosxs vmrm bld`mh ior xjm j}fm idll, hms~gxm xjm

sxrmefxjme xjm b}sgemss sxr}cx}rm%

LHC; Xjm Irmecj ~o}lxrw co`~dew rm~orxmh d hro~ ge jdliwmdr ~roigxs

xo 34 D}f}sx 2>>: h}m xo idllgef ho`msxgc ~o}lxrw coes}`~xgoe deh

rgsgef rdv `dxmrgdl ~rgcms% Xjm co`~dew rm~orxmh emx geco`m oi

M]R49%:`, hove iro` M]R24%:` d wmdr mdrlgmr% Xjm co`~dew sdgh gx


32/57



mz~mcxmh rdv `dxmrgdl ~rgcms xo mdsm ge xjm smcoeh jdli oi gxs igscdl

wmdr%

Leeme Xmjxddx; Xjm Igeegsj iooh fro}~ gss}mh d ~roigx vdregef ge

Hmcm`bmr 2>>: h}m xo d hovex}re ge gxs igsj ~roh}cxs deh ymfmxdblm

ogl hgygsgoes% ^roigxs vmrm jgx ge Svmhme deh Eorvdw, h}m xo jgfjmr rdv

`dxmrgdl ~rgcms%

Brdeh lmdhmrs

Bgf brdehs s}cj ds Geeocmex Sòoxjgms jdym t}gcalw dho~xmh d e}`bmr oi

sxrdxmfgms *dx xjm meh oi 2>>: deh mdrlw ge 2>>7' xo rghm o}x xjm mcoeo`gc

hovex}re% S}cj s}ccmssi}l co`~degms drm ge d sxroef brdehgef, `dramxgef deh

igedecgdl ~osgxgoe xo co~m vgxj d hgiimrmex mcoeo`gc clg`dxm% S`dllmr deh sxdrx}~ co`~degms drm dblm xo amm~ ge xo}cj vgxj xjm frdssrooxs *vjolmsdlmrs,

coes}`mrs deh rmxdglmrs' b}x xjmw drm ge d vmdamr igedecgdl ~osgxgoe xo dho~x

emv sxrdxmfgms s}cj ds gecrmdsmh ~roòxgoedl dcxgygxw%

gexo rmcmssgoe% Geeocmex, vjgcj gs xjm `dramx lmdhmr, xolh k}sxhrgeas%co` ge

Sm~xm`bmr 2>>: xjdx lgamiorlgam sdlms jdh idllme bw dro}eh 2>- ge ydl}m

h}rgef xjm ~rmygo}s sgz òexjs%

D s~oams~mrsoe xolh k}sx

sòoxjgm `dramx sjdrm jdh bo}ecmh bdca xo dro}eh 6>-, xjm sd`m ds ge

@drcj 2>>:, dixmr imehgef oii gecrmdsmh co`~mxgxgoe%

mr 2>>:, `dragef d co`~lmxmlw

emv ymex}rm gexo xjm iooh smcxor, jdygef b}glx }~ d rm~}xdxgoe ds d soix hrgeas

brdeh% Xjm emv rdefm ld}ecjmh ge Sm~xm`bmr 2>>:, dx d xg`m vjme sòoxjgm

sdlms vmrm idcgef d hmclgem%

Mdcj ~ox coexdges ymfmxdblms, ~}lsms, vjolmfrdges deh sd}cm ~royghgef xjrmm

~orxgoes oi ymfmxdblms ge mdcj ~ox% Vgxj eo colo}rgefs, ildyo}rgefs or drxgigcgdl

dhhgxgyms, xjmrm drm igym ydrgdexs dydgldblm ge `dkor `}lxg~lms ge xjm ]A;

@oroccde St}dsj Xdfgem, X}scde Bmde Sxmv, ^md ) Broccolg Rgcm, Xjdg

Cocoe}x C}rrw, deh Svmmx ôxdxo Cjgllg%


33/57

^dfm 2= Cjd~xmr 3 Xjm flobdl crmhgx cr}ecj


^rgydxm ldbml

@orm coes}`mrs drm svgxcjgef iro` brdehmh foohs xo hgsco}ex ~rgydxmldbml

~roh}cxs, ~drxgc}ldrlw ge cmrxdge cdxmforgms, xo c}x bdca oe xjm vmmalw iooh

sjo~~gef bgll%

H}rgef xg`ms oi rmcmssgoe, coes}`mrs drm lgamlw xo sxgca xo xjm sd`m id`glgdr

brdehs deh ~roh}cxs, dccorhgef xo rmsmdrcj bw @gexml% Brdehs xjdx jdym

hmymlo~mh c}sxo`mr lowdlxw deh xr}sx vgll idrm bmxxmr ge xjm rmcmssgoe ds

coes}`mrs bmco`m vdrw oi }eid`glgdr ~roh}cxs%

^mo~lm vgll xrdhm hove xo b}hfmxirgmehlw ~roh}cxs xo sdym òemw, vjgcj vgll

boosx ~rgydxmldbml yol}`m sdlms oymr xjm emzx wmdr% Coes}`mrs vgll coexge}m

xo occdsgoedllw s~meh òrm oe diiorhdblm l}z}rgms ds xrmdxs deh rmvdrhs ior

eox fogef o}x xo rmsxd}rdexs deh bdrs ds `}cj ds xjmw ~rmygo}slw jdym hoem%

Xjgs `mdes gx vgll bm xjm `ghhlmfro}eh `dramx xjdx vgll imml xjm bgffmsx

st}mm{m oymr xjm emzx xvo wmdrs% Brdehs vgll gecrmdsgeflw cjoosm xo ~osgxgoe

xjm`smlyms ge oem oi xvo vdws; ds xjm b}hfmxirgmehlw o~xgoe, or ds xjm

diiorhdblm geh}lfmecm/dlxmredxgym xo fogef o}x%

Hm`deh ior ~rgydxmldbml ~roh}cxs jds ~royghmh d boosx xo brdeh ovemrs vjo

dlso cjoosm xo ~roh}cm rmxdglmr brdehs% Ge S~dge, ior mzd`~lm, cjocoldxm

`de}idcx}rmr Edxrd rm~orxmh mlmydxmh ~roigxs ge xjm igrsx egem òexjs oi 2>>: xo

M]R=%4`% Xjm co`~dew cgxmh frovgef hm`deh ior ~rgydxmldbml ~roh}cxs ds

xjm ~rg`drw hrgymr bmjgeh xjm 89%6- frovxj% Edxrd sdgh gxs b}sgemss oi

s}~~lwgef rmxdglmrbrdeh ~roh}cxs, s}ccmss ge ~dssgef xjro}fj rgsgef rdv

xrdhgxgoedllw smms sdlms rgsm ge d hovex}re, jdh dll boosxmh gxs cocod deh

cjocoldxm hgygsgoe% Oe d fro}~vghm bdsgs, Edxrd sdgh coesolghdxmh sdlms vmrm

}~ 2=%4- xo M]R339%4`%

Rmxdglmrs drm gecrmdsgef geymsx`mex ge ~rgydxm ldbml xo d~~mdl xo cosxcoescgo}s

coes}`mrs h}rgef xjm rmcmssgoe% Ge Emxjmrldehs, S}~mr hm Bomr, xjm smcoeh

bgffmsx rmxdglmr ge xjm co}exrw, coeigr`mh xjdx gx vgll coexge}m xo ioc}s oe ~rgcgef

deh ~roòxgoes ge 2>>7 gecl}hgef xjm mejdecm`mex oi gxs ~rgydxmldbml rdefm,

sxorm rmi}rbgsj`mexs deh xjm clos}rm oi loss`dagef o}xlmxs%

Ge xjm ]A, oelgem rmxdglmr Ocdho ld}ecjmh d 24sxroef ~rgydxm ldbml Mymrwhdw

rgcms xjde Vdgxrosm ~rgydxmldbml


34/57



mt}gydlmexs ge Hmcm`bmr 2>>:% Vdgxrosm deh Ocdho jdym b}glx }~ d rm~}xdxgoe

ds òrm ~rm`g}` dlxmredxgyms xo xjm `dkor `}lxg~lms s}cj ds Dshd deh Xmsco%

gef Xmsco

^rgcm @dxcj oe brdehmh foohs xo fgym gecrmdsgeflw cosxcoescgo}s sjo~~mrs

sdgh Kdsoe Fgssgef, coio}ehmr oi Ocdho%

rdefm g`~royms xjdx ydl}m i}rxjmr sxgll, ~royghgef c}sxo`mrs vgxj frmdxmr cjogcm

deh coexrol vjm

Hms~gxm xjm rmcmssgoe, xjm i}x}rm iormcdsx ior iooh gs eox dll hoo` deh floo`

oymr xjm emzx imv wmdrs% Iooh vgll bm oem oi xjm idsxmsxfrovgef rmxdgl smcxors

ge xjm ]A ge 2>>7, dccorhgef xo d s}rymw bw Ymrhgcx ge Kde}drw 2>>7%

Xjm iooh deh frocmrw smcxor vgll frov bw d ~rmhgcxmh 3%4- ge 2>>7, dfdgesx d

>%9- hmclgem dcross xjm rmxdgl `dramx ds d vjolm%

~rgcms, xjm idcx iooh gs de mssmexgdl ~}rcjdsm deh òrm coes}`mrs mdxgef dx

sdgh @dxxjmv ^gemr, de dedlwsx dx

Ymrhgcx%

coexge}m ~mr`gxxgef xjm`smlyms xjm occdsgoedl, òrm m

Dx xjm sxdrx oi 2>>7, d`ghsx xjm mehlmss sxorgms oi rmh}ehdecgms deh sxrgam

dcxgoe ge ]A geh}sxrw, xjm rmxdgl `dramx `dhm òrm ~osgxgym jmdhlgems% Dshd

deeo}ecmh ~ldes xo crmdxm dro}eh 6,>>> emv kobs bw xjm meh oi xjm wmdr%

vgll crmdxm d i}rxjmr 2,>>> kobs ge xjm emzx wmdr deh @orrgsoes gs xo

crmdxm =,>>> emv kobs, ds ~drx oi gxs xdrfmx oi gecrmdsgef smllgef s~dcm bw 4` ix2

oymr xjrmm wmdrs% Xmsco gs dlso ~ldeegef xo crmdxm }~ xo 4>,>>> ~osgxgoes%

G`~lgcdxgoes ior i}x}rm E^H

B}glhgef deh `dgexdgegef c}sxo`mr lowdlxw xr}sx vgll bm g`~mrdxgym xo brdeh

s}ccmss ge xjm rmcmssgoe% Amlloff ld}ecjmh gxs t}dlgxw cd`~dgfe ge Eoym`bmr

2>>: xo hgsco}rdfm coes}`mrs iro` xrdhgef hove xo ~rgydxmldbml ymrsgoes oi

gxs amw ~roh}cxs s}cj ds Core Ildams% Xjm dhymrxgsgef cd`~dgfe, ydl}mh dx

FB^44%8`, rde iro` `ghEoym`bmr xo Kde}drw 2>>7 deh ioc}smh oe xjm

t}dlgxw deh ydl}m oi gxs brdehmh Core Ildams% Xjm sgfedx}rm oi xjm cmrmdl

rd~lgem,

hgiimrmexgdxm xjm brdeh iro` gxs co`~mxgxors%


35/57



A jmdh oi sdlms, @gam Xdwlor%

dvdw iro` òrm mz~mesgym brmdaidsx dhhgxgoes lgam sòoxjgms%

rmdss}rdec

^roòxgoedl dcxgygxw vgll dlso bm ~rmydlmex oymr xjm emzx xvo wmdrs xo boosx

coes}`mr s~mehgef% ]A sjo~ ~rgcm geildxgoe rosm 4%4- ge Kde}drw 2>>7

dccorhgef xo xjm BRC Egmlsme Sjo~ ^rgcm Gehmz, }~ iro` >%=- ge Hmcm`bmr%

Iooh geildxgoe vds dlso }~ ge Kde}drw, rgsgef xo 6%=- co`~drmh xo 9%2- ge

Hmcm`bmr%

^roòxgoedl dcxgygxw bw rmxdglmrs ge Hmcm`bmr xm`~ordrglw rmymrsmh xjm xrmeh ior

hmcmlmrdxgef geildxgoe *vjgcj jdh bmme vgxemssmh sgecm xjm s}``mr 2>>:'%

BRC hgrmcxor fmemrdl Sxm~jme Robmrxsoe sdgh;

jd``mrgef ds xjmw jolh hove ~rgcms xo meco}rdfm jdrh}~ c}sxo`mrs% B}x xjm

miimcxs oi xjm vmda ~o}eh drm sxdrxgef xo iglxmr xjro}fj xo xjm cosxs oi g`~orxs,

coexrgb}xgef xo ~}sjgef }~ xjm ~rgcms oi so`m iooh ~roh}cxs% Ge ~drxgc}ldr xjm

idll ge sxmrlgef jds gecrmdsmh oymrsmds hm`deh ior ]A bmmi deh ~}sjmh }~ xjm

Vorlhvghm mcoeo`gc mz~mcxdxgoes ior 2>>7

Dirgcd deh @ghhlm Mdsx

Xjgs rmfgoe gs eox mz~mcxmh xo s}iimr iro` xjm flobdl mcoeo`gc

hovex}re ge xjm sd`m vdw ds M}ro~m deh Eorxj D`mrgcd% F}li sxdxms,

ior mzd`~lm, jdym `dedfmh xo dcc}`}ldxm j}fm b}hfmx s}r~l}sms

vjgcj vgll dllov xjm` xo dbsorb lossms ge 2>>7%

So}xj Dirgcd gs xjm co}exrw òsx lgamlw xo s}cc}`b xo xjm flobdl

mcoeo`gc crgsgs%

Dsgd ^dcgigc deh D}sxrdldsgd

gexo rmcmssgoe ge 2>>7 dlxjo}fj, oi co}rsm, xjmrm vgll bm de gemygxdblm

mcoeo`gc sl}`~ xjdeas xo flobdl `dramx coehgxgoes%


36/57

^dfm 2: Cjd~xmr 3 Xjm flobdl crmhgx cr}ecj


Xjm G@I iormcdsxs mcoeo`gc frovxj ge hmymlo~gef Dsgd vgll bm dro}eh

=- ge 2>>7%

Co}exrgms lgamlw xo bm jdrhmsx jgx bw xjm flobdl mcoeo`gc hovex}re drm

Gehgd, ^dagsxde deh Xdgvde%

Kd~de deh Emv [mdldeh mexmrmh rmcmssgoe ge 2>>:% D}sxrdlgd gs

mz~mcxmh xo vmdxjmr xjm sxor` bmxxmr xjde ge Emv [mdldeh h}rgef

2>>7%

@osx kob crmdxgoe ge 2>>: cd`m iro` So}xj Dsgd, So}xjmdsx Dsgd, deh

Mdsx Dsgd dccorhgef xo xjm GLO% Xjm xjrmm rmfgoes dcco}exmh ior òrm

xjde jdli xjm emv kobs *=6-' crmdxmh h}rgef 2>>:%

Mdsx Dsgd bodsxmh xjm lovmsx }em`~low`mex rdxm ge xjm vorlh dx 3%:-

ge 2>>:%

Mdsxmre M}ro~m

D sgfegigcdex mcoeo`gc slovhove jds bmme ~rmhgcxmh ge Cmexrdl deh

Mdsxmre M}ro~m h}rgef 2>>7%

Cmexrdl deh So}xjmdsx M}ro~m, ds vmll ds xjm ior`mr Soygmx ]egoe

co}exrgms, mehmh 2>>: vgxj d koblmss rdxm oi :%:- dccorhgef xo xjm

Gexmredxgoedl Ldbo}r Orfdegsdxgoe *GLO'%

Iollovgef òexjs oi hmegdl bw xjm ôlgsj foymre`mex ge 2>>:, ge ldxm

Kde}drw 2>>7, ^rg`m @gegsxmr Hoedlh X}sa dcaeovlmhfmh xjdx ôldeh

% Xjm ^rg`m

@gegsxmr deeo}ecmh d b}hfmxsdygef ~lde ior 2>>7 xo coymr d lgamlw

sjorxidll ge sxdxm rmyme}ms%

Ldxge D`mrgcd

Cor~ordxm deh foymre`mex borrovgef gs rgsgef deh geymsx`mex gs

slovgef%

mcoeo`gc frovxj ge 2>>7%

Xjm G@I ~rmhgcxs rmfgoedl FH^ xo rgsm bw 2%=- ge 2>>7 iro` 8%=- ge

2>>:%

Xjm idllgef ~rgcm oi ogl vgll jdym de dhymrsm g`~dcx oe co}exrgms s}cj

ds Brd{gl%

Eorxj D`mrgcd

Mcoeo`gsxs ~rmhgcx xjdx rmdl FH^ ge xjm ]S vgll hmclgem bw >%6- ge

2>>7% Cdedhd gs }elgamlw xo mscd~m rmcmssgoe vgxj dedlwsxs iormcdsxgef

d >%8- hmclgem ge xjm mcoeo`w ior 2>>7%


37/57



Xjm Cdedhgde mcoeo`w losx 64,>>> kobs ge Eoym`bmr 2>>:, vjgcj

vds xjm bgffmsx rmcorhmh idll ge 2= wmdrs% Xjm }em`~low`mex rdxm rosm

>%4- xo 9%3- ge xjm `oexj%

Vmsxmre M}ro~m

Xjm ]A deh Fmr`dew jdym bmme ~ge~ogexmh xo mz~mrgmecm so`m oi xjm

vorsx miimcxs oi xjm rmcmssgoe xjgs wmdr; xjm ]A bmcd}sm oi gxs rmlgdecm

oe xjm igedecgdl `dramx deh gxs jo}sgef hovex}re, deh Fmr`dew

lm xo xjm

hovex}re ge oxjmr co}exrgms%

xo ~royghm d hmfrmm oi hd`dfm lg`gxdxgoe ge 2>>7% Co}exrgms ge xjm M]

jdh xo vdgym mzgsxgef rmt}grm`mexs ior igscdl hgscg~lgem ge gxs sxdbglgxw

deh frovxj ~dcx }exgl xjm m`mrfmecw gs hmm`mh xo jdym ~dssmh% Xjm

~lde gs ydl}mh dx M]R2>>`%


38/57

^dfm 3> Cjd~xmr 8 Obmsgxw deh hgmxrmldxmh gllemss


Cjd~xmr 8 Obmsgxw deh hgmxrmldxmh

gllemss

Gexroh}cxgoe

Obmsgxw deh òrbgh obmsgxw drm `mds}rmh }sgef xjm bohw `dss gehmz *B@G'%

Obmsgxw hmigemh ds d ~mrsoe jdygef d B@G oi 3>37 deh òrbgh obmsgxw gs 8>

=>% Dlxjo}fj so`m obmsm ~mo~lm drm rmldxgymlw jmdlxjw vgxj eo `dkor

co`~lgcdxgoes s}cj ds hgdbmxms, òsx obmsm deh òrbghlw obmsm ~mo~lm dlso

mz~mrgmecm smrgo}s `mhgcdl coehgxgoes%

Xjm ]S òrbgh obmsgxw rdxm gs frovgef `}cj idsxmr xjde xjm obmsgxw rdxm

dccorhgef xo d sx}hw bw xjm eoe~roigx gesxgx}xgoe RDEH% Iro` 2>>> xo 2>>=,

RDEH mcoeo`gsx Roldeh Sx}r` io}eh xjdx xjm ]S obmsgxw rdxm gecrmdsmh bw

28-% Xjm e}`bmr oi ~mo~lm vgxj d B@G oymr 8> frmv xvgcm ds idsx% Xjm

e}`bmr oi ~mo~lm vgxj d B@G oymr => frmv xjrmm xg`ms ds idsx%

Vorlhvghm, xjm Vorlh Jmdlxj Orfdegsdxgoe *VJO' msxg`dxms xjdx xjmrm drm

c}rrmexlw 4%9be oymrvmgfjx dh}lxs, deh dx lmdsx 8>>` oi xjm` drm cldssgigmh ds

obmsm% Xjm VJO ~rmhgcxs xjdx bw 2>4=, d~~rozg`dxmlw 2%3be dh}lxs vgll bm

oymrvmgfjx vgxj òrm xjde 6>>` cldssmh ds obmsm%

Rdxms oi obmsgxw ydrw dòef hgiimrmex hmòfrd~jgc/mxjegc fro}~s deh oe d

co}exrwbwco}exrw bdsgs% Xjm VJO msxg`dxms xjdx xjm dymrdfm dh}lx B@G

lmymls ge Dirgcd deh Dsgd drm 2223, vjglm xjm dymrdfm gs 2=26 ge Eorxj

D`mrgcd, M}ro~m, ~drxs oi Ldxge D`mrgcd, Eorxj Dirgcd deh cmrxdge ^dcgigc

co}exrgms%

Xjm ]S jds ~rmygo}slw bmme aeove ds xjm òsx oymrvmgfjx edxgoe ge xjm

vorlh, b}x ge Ocxobmr 2>>:, d rm~orx io}eh xjdx gx jdh bmme o}xsxrg~~mh bw d

sjoca coexmehmr; D}sxrdlgd% Xjm co`~rmjmesgym obmsgxw sx}hw gehgcdxmh xjdx

29- oi dh}lx D}sxrdlgdes dlòsx 8` drm eov obmsm, 4` òrm xjde

~rmygo}slw ghmexgigmh ge xjm D}sHgdb sx}hw ge 4777% Xjm rm~orx, mexgxlmh

, vds ~}blgsjmh ge xg`m ior xjm Imhmrdl

cjmcas oi 48,>>> dh}lx D}sxrdlgdes edxgoevghm% Xjm rm~orx io}eh xjdx 7` dh}lxs

jdym d B@G oymr 2=, `dagef xjm` oymrvmgfjx or obmsm, de gecrmdsm iro` 6`%


39/57

^dfm 34 Cjd~xmr 8 Obmsgxw deh hgmxrmldxmh gllemss


8` drm obmsm, }~ iro` 3`% @ghhlmdfmh D}sxrdlgdes drm òsx lgamlw xo bm

obmsm vgxj smyme o}x oi xme `me deh sgz o}x oi xme vo`me dfmh 8= xo 98

wmdrsolh eov rmfgsxmrgef d B@G oi 2= or òrm% Xjm rm~orx cdllmh ior d edxgoedl

vmgfjx loss sxrdxmfw sg`gldr xo sòagef deh sage cdecmr cd`~dgfes, gecl}hgef

s}bsghgsgef fw` `m`bmrsjg~s deh ~mrsoedl xrdgegef smssgoes%

Cjglhjooh obmsgxw; xjm xgcagef xg`m bo`b

Cjglhjooh obmsgxw gs d j}fm ~roblm` vgxj oem xjgrh oi cjglhrme mz~mcxmh xo bm

obmsm bw 2>42 ge M}ro~m% So`m 3=- oi cjglhrme vgll idll gexo xjm obmsm

cdxmforw dccorhgef xo rmsmdrcj bw Hdxdòegxor ~}blgsjmh ge K}lw 2>>:% Dboym

dymrdfm coes}`~xgoe oi memrfwhmesm geh}lfmex iooh deh hrgeas drm bld`mh

ior xjgs rgsm, dloef vgxj d ldca oi mzmrcgsm deh de oymrrmlgdecm oe cdrs xo xrdymlxo o}xoixove lmgs}rm deh rmxdgl ~dras% Ge xjm ]A, gx gs msxg`dxmh xjdx 36%=- oi

igym xo 43wmdrolhs vgll bm oymrvmgfjx or obmsm, mt}dxgef xo 2%3` cjglhrme, bw

2>42% Ge Gxdlw deh S~dge, xjm @mhgxmrrdemde hgmx gs bmgef rm~ldcmh bw idsx

~rocmssmh iooh, ~ro`~xgef d rgsm xo 86%=- deh 8=%3- rms~mcxgymlw ge xjm

e}`bmr oi obmsm cjglhrme bw 2>42% Ge xjm ]S, òrm xjde 8>- oi cjglhrme dfmh

igym xo 43wmdrsolh vgll bm cldssgigmh ds oymrvmgfjx or obmsm%

Xjm iooh deh hrgea geh}sxrw gs rm~mdxmhlw cdllmh gexo t}msxgoe vjme xjm gss}m

oi obmsgxw drgsms% @de}idcx}rmrs jdym bmme meco}rdfmh xo rmior`}ldxm deh

rm~osgxgoe ~roh}cxs xjdx drm rmfdrhmh ds }ejmdlxjw% @dew co`~degms jdym

rms~oehmh xo xjm rgsgef obmsgxw lmymls bw rmh}cgef sdlx, s}fdr deh

sdx}rdxmh/xrdes idx coexmex% Xjgs cjd~xmr coesghmrs rmcmex òyms bw xjm iooh

deh hrgea geh}sxrw, foymre`mex gexmrymexgoes, deh geh}sxrwvghm sxrdxmfgms xjdx

drm lgamlw xo bmco`m òrm co`òe~ldcm oymr xjm emzx igym wmdrs ge rmldxgoe xo

hgmxrmldxmh gllemss deh obmsgxw%

Gss}m oymrygmv

Foymre`mex gexmrymexgoe

Flobdllw, foymre`mexs jdym geymsxmh ge ~}blgc cd`~dgfes vgxj xjm dg` oi

gecrmdsgef dvdrmemss deh }ehmrsxdehgef oi jmdlxjw mdxgef% Xjm cosx oi xjmsm

cd`~dgfes gs emflgfgblm co`~drmh xo xjm j}fm cosx oi obmsgxw deh hgmxrmldxmh

gllemss oe ~}blgc jmdlxj smrygcms% Xjm ]A jds ~goemmrmh d e}`bmr oi

cd`~dgfes ge rmcmex wmdrs1 xjm ldxmsx *Imbr}drw 2>>7' xdrfmxs sdx}rdxmh idx%

Xjm Iooh Sxdehdrhs Dfmecw ld}ecjmh d cd`~dgfe gecl}hgef xmlmygsgoe deh


40/57



~rgex dhymrxgsgef xo meco}rdfm coes}`mrs xo mdx lmss sdx}rdxmh idx vgxj xjm dg`

oi rmh}cgef xjm e}`bmr oi hmdxjs iro` jmdrx hgsmdsm deh sxroams%

Dccorhgef xo xjm ISD, ]A coes}`mrs mdx oe dymrdfm 2>- `orm sdx}rdxmh idx

xjde xjm rmco``mehmh `dzg`}` lmyml% Xjm ISD rmco``mehs mdxgef lmdemr

`mdx, lmss cjmmsm deh cjoosgef lovmridx `gla deh jmdlxjgmr sedcas, vjglm

c}xxgef hove oe cdams deh bgsc}gxs%

Xjm Iooh deh Hrgea Imhmrdxgoe vds, ds dlvdws, t}gca xo hmimeh xjm miiorxs oi

~roh}cmrs xo hdxm% D s~oams~mrsoe sdgh; loymh

Brgxgsj brdehs so xjdx xjmw drm lovmr ge sdx}rdxmh idx gs d co`~lmz xdsa, ds gx

emmhs xo bm hoem ge d vdw xjdx homs eox g`~dcx i}ecxgoedlgxw, t}dlgxw or ~rgcm%

B}x o}r `m`bmrs jdym bmme rgsgef xo xjgs ~drxgc}ldr cjdllmefm ior d e}`bmr oi

wmdrs deh drm eov lmdhgef xjm vorlh vjme gx co`ms xo xjm rmior`}ldxgoe oi

Dx xjm meh oi 2>>:, xjm ]A foymre`mex gexroh}cmh gxs Cjdefm8Lgim dexgobmsgxw

~rofrd``m, gecl}hgef d e}`bmr oi ~drxemrsjg~s deh gegxgdxgyms dg`mh dx

fmemrdllw rmh}cgef obmsgxw lmymls dcross xjm co}exrw% Iro` de geh}sxrw

~mrs~mcxgym, s}cj gegxgdxgyms ~royghm brdehs vgxj xjm cjdecm xo sjov oii xjmgr

jmdlxjgmr crmhmexgdls% Dixmr xjm j}fm geymsx`mex deh jdsslm oi rmior`}ldxgef d

~roh}cx, rmbrdehgef cde bm de dhhgxgoedl deh cosxlw mz~mesm xjdx cde bm

oymrlooamh% Coes}`mrs `dw dcx}dllw bm oblgygo}s xo xjm rmcg~m cjdefms xjdx

cd`~dgfes s}cj ds xjgs jml~ xo boosx fmemrdl dvdrmemss deh meco}rdfm

~mo~lm xo t}msxgoe xjm gefrmhgmexs oi xjmgr sxd~lm ~}rcjdsms%

Xjm Cjdefm8Lgim gegxgdxgym gs ioc}smh dro}eh d `}lxgsxrdehmh ~rofrd``m vgxj

b}sgemss geyolym`mex ygxdl xo gxs loefxmr` s}ccmss% Xjm Foymre`mex

rmcofegsms xjm emmh xo mefdfm vgxj b}sgemssms rdxjmr xjde fo gx dloem, ds jdsbmme xjm cdsm ior ~rmygo}s ~}blgc jmdlxj cd`~dgfes% Xjm B}sgemss8Lgim

codlgxgoe gs d amw ~drx oi xjm gegxgdxgym% Gx gs d fro}~ oi so`m 33 iooh co`~degms,

rmxdglmrs deh `mhgd igr`s bro}fjx xofmxjmr }ehmr xjm d}s~gcms oi xjm

Dhymrxgsgef Dssocgdxgoe% B}sgemss8Lgim vgll coexrgb}xm so`m FB^2>>` vorxj oi

dhymrxgsgef xo xjm cd`~dgfe% @mdevjglm, gehgygh}dl iooh co`~degms drm dlso

fmxxgef geyolymh% Amlloff gs s}~~orxgef xjm Brmdaidsx8Lgim ~}sj, vjglm ^m~sgCo

gs bdcagef ^ldw8Lgim% Xjm gegxgdxgym gs dlso lgeamh xo xjm coeymegmecm sxorm

smcxor vjmrm g`~}lsm ~}rcjdsms drm oixme jgfj ge cdlorgms, sdx}rdxmh idx deh


41/57



s}fdr ior t}gca deh mdsw memrfw rmi}mllgef xo gecrmdsm xjm e}`bmr oi csxorms

ge hm~rgymh drmds oiimrgef irmsj ir}gx deh ymfmxdblms%

Iooh deh hrgea brdehs vgll bm dblm xo }sm xjm Cjdefm8Lgim lofo deh k}`~ oe

xjm bdehvdfoe bw mefdfgef ge brdehgef rmldxgef xo xjm gegxgdxgym1 jovmymr, xjm

Hm~drx`mex oi Jmdlxj dssmrxs xjdx xjmrm drm sxrgcx mexrw rmt}grm`mexs deh xjdx

dcxgygxw vgll bm `oegxormh xo `dam s}rm gx homs eox bmco`m oymr}smh% Dll

co`~degms `}sx co``gx xo ~}blgclw s}~~orxgef xjm dg`s oi xjm cd`~dgfe1 xo

cdrrw `mssdfgef rmldxgef xo hgmx deh dcxgygxw1 xo coexrgb}xm xo bmjdygo}rdl

cjdefm1 xo }ehmrxdam gecrm`mexdl dcxgygxw1 deh xo }sm xjm Cjdefm8Lgim

brdehgef ge cmrxdge s~mcgigmh vdws%

Vjglm dcxgygxgms drm occ}rrgef oe d co}exrwbwco}exrw bdsgs, M}ro~mvghm dexg

obmsgxw ~rofrd``ms drm dlso bmgef hmymlo~mh% Xjm M}ro~mde ^drlgd`mex

coeigr`mh s}~~orx ge Sm~xm`bmr 2>>: ior d co`~rmjmesgym ~lde xo xdcalm

cjglhjooh obmsgxw ge ~drxgc}ldr% Xjm ^drlgd`mex bdcamh xjm gexroh}cxgoe oi de

M] ldv xjdx vgll gesgsx }~oe mdsglw}ehmrsxooh iroexoi~dca e}xrgxgoedl ldbmllgef,

jml~gef cjglhrme *deh ~drmexs/fdxmamm~mrs' xo `dam vgsm hgmxdrw cjogcms%

@M^s dlso s}~~orxmh ird`gef de M] rmf}ldxgoe xjdx vo}lh gexroh}cm

rmsxrgcxgoes oe co``mrcgdls ior }ejmdlxjw iooh xjdx s~mcgigcdllw xdrfmx cjglhrme%

Xjm ~drlgd`mex dlso dfrmmh xo de M]vghm bde oe drxgigcgdl xrdesidxxw dcghs,

deh cdllmh ior d lovmrgef oi M}ro~mde YDX rdxms oe ir}gx deh ymfmxdblms%

Ge K}lw 2>>:, xjm M}ro~mde Co``gssgoe ~ro~osmh d yol}exdrw M]vghm

scjm`m xo ~royghm irmm ir}gx, `gla deh ymfmxdblms xo scjool cjglhrme; xjm

~ro~osdl jds sgecm bmme d~~roymh *ge Eoym`bmr 2>>:'% Sxdrxgef ge xjm

2>>7/2>4> scjool wmdr, xjm irmm hgsxrgb}xgoe scjm`m ior cjglhrme dfmh sgz xo

xmewmdrsolh vgll xoxdl M]R7>` oi M] i}ehgef dee}dllw% Xjgs `oemw vgll bm

`dxcjmh bw edxgoedl deh ~rgydxm i}ehs ge xjm `m`bmr sxdxms cjoosgef xo dho~x

xjm ~rofrd``m%

Idx xdz

e `dew co}exrgms dro}eh xjm

vorlh ior wmdrs b}x, }es}r~rgsgeflw, emymr `dedfms xo `dam gx gexo xjm

~olm`gc deh co`~lmz%

Ge 2>>8, xjm ]A foymre`mex vds }rfmh oecm dfdge xo coesghmr d xdz oe ioohs

s}cj ds cdams deh bgsc}gxs% Dccorhgef xo de drxgclm ge Xjm Xg`msemvs~d~mr ge


42/57



Imbr}drw 2>>8, xjm vds emcmssdrw iollovgef e}`bmrs

~ogexgef xo d sjdr~ rgsm ge xjm e}`bmr oi obmsm Brgxs ge xjm ~rmygo}s 2> wmdrs%

Jovmymr, xjm foymre`mex jds emymr co``gxxmh xo s}cj d xdz%

gx vo}lh jgx lovmr geco`m id`glgms vjo drm aeove xo s~meh d jgfjmr

~ro~orxgoe oi xjmgr jo}smjolh geco`m oe iooh deh hrgea1

foymre`mex vo}lh bm smme ds ~dxroegsgef deh hgcxdxgef xo xjm ~}blgc1

socgmxw1

xjm coecm~x ldcas dew ageh oi cojmrmecm or sxr}cx}rm deh vo}lh bm

gecrmhgblw hgiigc}lx xo g`~lm`mex deh `oegxor%

@orm rmcmexlw, xjm

Irdecm deh xjm ]S% Ge Ocxobmr 2>>:, Irmecj Jmdlxj @gegsxmr Rosmlwem

Bdcjmlox sdgh xjm foymre`mex vo}lh eox ydrw xjm rdxm oi ydl}mdhhmh xdz

*YDX' oe ioohs bdsmh oe xjmgr e}xrgxgoedl t}dlgxw% Ds oem oi :> `mds}rms

coesghmrmh ge d ~drlgd`mexdrw rm~orx oe obmsgxw, xjm sxm~ vds rmkmcxmh b}x xjm

ghmd oi rmh}cgef YDX oe ir}gx deh ymfmxdblms iro` =%=- xo 2%2- vds smme ds d

`orm ~osgxgym ghmd b}x oem xjdx vds eox bmgef c}rrmexlw coesghmrmh%

Ge xjm ]S, Emv Woramrs o~~osmh d ~lde ~}x iorvdrh bw Foymreor Hdygh

bw T}geeg~gdc ]egymrsgxw ~}blgsjmh ge Kde}drw 2>>7 io}eh xjdx 98- hgsdfrmmh

vgxj xjm xdz ymrs}s 32- oi s}~~orxmrs% ^dxmrsoe bmlgmyms xjdx brdehs s}cj ds

CocdCold deh ^m~sg vo}lh bm jgx bw de 4:- sdlms xdz gi xjm ~ro~osdl vds

dfrmmh% Jm dhhmh xjdx d xdz co}lh sdym xjm jmdlxj smrygcm ]S(=37` dee}dllw

bw 2>4>2>44%

E}xrgxgoe ldbmllgefE}xrgxgoe ldbmllgef gs wmx deoxjmr coexroymrsgdl s}bkmcx deh oem xjdx hgyghms

xjm geh}sxrw, foymre`mexs deh coes}`mrs oe d rmfgoedl bdsgs% E}xrgxgoedl

ldbmllgef gs eov eox oelw de gss}m ior hgsc}ssgoe vgxjge xjm rmxdgl `dramx b}x

dlso xjm ioohsmrygcm geh}sxrw% Sxdxms, cgxgms, deh co}exgms ge xjm ]S drm

Download - Issues Trends & Challenges Facing the Food & Drink Industry

Top Related