Download - Introduction to Microbiology UNTAN

8/18/2019 Introduction to Microbiology UNTAN

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Introduction to

Microbiology


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Microbiology

• Study of microscopic (living ) things

• E.g.

viruses, bacteria, algae, protists, fungi


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History of Microbiology

• 159 ! "irst compound light microscope

#acharias $anssen


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History

• 1%&% !first observation of bacteria'animalcules

nton *on +eeuenhoe-


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History

• 1&9% ! "irst vaccine (smallpo)

Edard $enner

http://www.digitalcentury.com/ebcyclo/update/comp.html


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History

• 1/5& ! 0erm heory of 2isease+ouis 3asteur


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History

• 1/%& ntiseptic Surgery

$oseph +ister


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History

• 1//4 och6s 3ostulates of

2isease ransmission

7obert och


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8si postulat och adalah

• 1. :rganisme (parasit) harus ditemu-an

dalam hean yang sa-it, tida- pada yangsehat.

• ;. :rganisme harus diisolasi dari heansa-it dan dibia--an dalam -ultur murni.

•


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History

• 1//5 = *accine against

7abies, +ouis 3asteur


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History

• 19;9 2iscovery of 3enicillin (first antibiotic)

leander "leming

http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/microbes/media/penicil.jpg


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History

• 19


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History

195< Structure of 2? 7evealed

@atson A Bric-


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History

1954 3olio *accine

$onas Sal-

http://www.sandiegohistory.org/bio/salk/images/salk2.jpg


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Recent History

• 0enetic engineering

• Bloning

•Cuman 0enome 3roDect

• iotechnology

• @ho -nos hat is netF


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Sizes of Microbes

• *irus = 1 G1 nanometers H

• acteria = .1 G 5 micrometers HH (Cuman eye ) can see .1 mm (1 1 =


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Tools of Microbiology

• Bompound light >icroscope

= live specimens= 1, mag. or less

• Electron >icroscope

= non=living specimens

= I 1, J mag.

• 8ncubator ! -eep microbes

arm for groth


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Techniques of

Microbiology• Staining ! to better see structures• >icrobial Bulture•

Bontainer for microbe culture = usually 3etri dish• Bulture media

= "ood for the microbes

= E.g. gar ! (from red algae)= :thers such as nutrient broths


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Pure Culture Techniques

1. 8noculation

;. 8solation


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• >icroorganisms are organismsthat are too small to be seen ith

the unaided eye.

• '0erm refers to a rapidly groingcell.

>icrobes in :ur +ives


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WHY STUDY

MICR!I"#Y

• 3ublic Cealth pplications

• "ood pplications

• 8ndustrial pplications• iofuels pplications

• iopharmaceuticalapplications


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Microorg$nis%s

• 2ecompose organic aste

• re producers in the ecosystem by

photosynthesis

• 3roduce industrial chemicals such

as ethanol and acetone

• 3roduce fermented foods

such as vinegar, cheese,and bread


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Microorg$nis%s

"igure 1.1


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Microorg$nis%s

• 3roduce products used in

manufacturing (e.g., cellulase)

and treatment (e.g., insulin)

• fe are pathogenic,

disease=causing


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• +innaeus established the system of scientific

nomenclature.

• Each organism has to names the genusand specific epithet.

($%ing $nd Cl$ssifying

Microorg$nis%s


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Scientific ($%es

• re italiciLed or underlined. hegenus is capitaliLed and the specific

epithet is loer case.

• re '+atiniLed and used orldide.• >ay be descriptive or honor a

scientist.


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Scientific ($%es

• Staphylococcus aureus

! 2escribes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo=) and the

golden color of the colonies (aur =).


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Scientific ($%es

• Escherichia coli

! Conors the discoverer, heodor Escherich, and

describes the bacterium6s habitat!the large

intestine or colon.


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Scientific ($%es

• fter the first use, scientific names

may be abbreviated ith the first letter

of the genus and the specific epithet

! Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichiacoli are found in the human body. S.

aureus is on s-in and E. coli in the large

intestine.


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!$cteri$

• 3ro-aryotes

• 3eptidoglycan cell alls

• inary fission

• "or energy, use organic

chemicals, inorganic

chemicals, or

photosynthesis

"igure 1.1a


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)rch$e$

• 3ro-aryotic

• +ac- peptidoglycan

• +ive in etreme environments

• 8nclude

!>ethanogens

! Etreme halophiles

! Etreme thermophiles

"igure 4.5b


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*ungi• Eu-aryotes

• Bhitin cell alls

• Mse organic chemicals for

energy.• >olds and mushrooms are

multicellular consisting of

masses of mycelia, hich arecomposed of filaments called

hyphae.

• Neasts are unicellular. "igure 1.1b


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Protozo$

• Eu-aryotes

• bsorb or ingest

organic chemicals

• >ay be motile via

pseudopods, cilia,

or flagella

"igure 1.1c


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+iruses

• cellular • Bonsist of 2? or 7?

core

• Bore is surrounded bya protein coat.

• Boat may be enclosed

in a lipid envelope.

• *iruses are replicated

only hen they are in a

living host cell. "igure 1.1e


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"inn$eus,s Cl$ssific$tion

• Cierarchical system• inomial ?omenclature ncient 0ree-s


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Cl$ssific$tion ofMicroorg$nis%s

• hree domains ! acteria

! rchaea

! Eu-arya

• 3rotists

• "ungi

• 3lants

• nimals


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• ncestors of bacteria ere thefirst life on Earth.

• he first microbes ere observed

in 1%&


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The *irst bser-$tions

• 8n 1%%5, 7obert Coo-e reported that living

things ere composed of little boes or cells.

• 8n 1/5/, 7udolf *ircho said cells arise from

preeisting cells.

• Bell theory ll living things are composed of

cells and come from preeisting cells.


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"eeu'enhoe.

• Early :bservations


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The Deb$te -er

S/ont$neous #ener$tion• he hypothesis that living organisms arise

from nonliving matter is called spontaneous

generation. ccording to spontaneousgeneration, a 'vital force forms life.

• he alternative hypothesis, that the living

organisms arise from preeisting life, iscalled biogenesis.


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• 1&%5 +aLLaro SpallanLani boiled nutrient


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0-idence Pro $nd Con

1&%5 +aLLaro SpallanLani boiled nutrient

solutions in flas-s.

Bonditions 7esults

?utrient broth placed in flas-,

heated, then sealed

?o microbial groth

S pontaneous generation or biogenesis?


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0-idence Pro $nd Con

Bonditions 7esults


heated, not sealed

>icrobial groth


heated, then sealed

?o microbial groth

S pontaneous generation or biogenesis?

• 3asteur6s S=shaped flas- -ept microbes out


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The Theory of!iogenesis

3asteur s S shaped flas- -ept microbes out

but let air in.

"igure 1.<


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• 1/5&=1914

• eginning ith 3asteur6s or-,discoveries included the

relationship beteen microbesand disease, immunity, andantimicrobial drugs

The #olden )ge of Microbiology

*er%ent$tion $nd


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*er%ent$tion $nd

P$steuriz$tion

• 3asteur shoed that microbes are

responsible for fermentation.

• "ermentation is the conversion of sugar to

alcohol to ma-e beer and ine.

• >icrobial groth is also responsible for

spoilage of food.

• acteria that use alcohol and produce acetic

acid spoil ine by turning it to vinegar (acetic

acid).

*er%ent$tion $nd


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*er%ent$tion $nd

P$steuriz$tion• 3asteur demonstrated that

these spoilage bacteria

could be -illed by heat that

as not hot enough to

evaporate the alcohol inine.

• 3asteruiLation is the

application of a high heat for

a short time.

"igure 1.4 (1 of


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The #er% Theory of

Dise$se

• 1/


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P$steur

• Spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis

• 0erm heory

• "ather of aseptic techniKues

• 3asteuriLation

• "ermentation research

• *accination (rabies)


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&och

• och6s 3ostulates• 3ure Bulture Boncept

• uberculosis


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M$gic !ullets

• Bhemotherapy ith chemicals !

synthetic drugs and antibiotics

• Ehrlich and salversan

• Sulfonamides

• "leming and penicillin

• 2rug resistance issues today


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+$ccin$tion

• 1&9% Edard $enner inoculated a person ith copo virus.

he person

as then protected from smallpo.• *accination is derived from

vacca for co. he protection

is called immunity.


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The !irth of Modern

Che%other$/y

• reatment ith chemicals is chemotherapy.

• Bhemotherapeutic agents used to treat

infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or

antibiotics.• ntibiotics are chemicals produced by

bacteria and fungi that inhibit or -ill other

microbes.

The !irth of Modern


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The !irth of Modern

Che%other$/y• 19;/ leander "leming

discovered the first antibiotic.

• Ce observed that Penicillium

fungus made an antibiotic,penicillin, that -illed S.

aureus.

• 194s 3enicillin as tested

clinically and mass

produced.

"igure 1.5


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Modern De-elo/%ents

in Microbiology

• acteriology is the study of bacteria.

• >ycology is the study of fungi.

• 3arasitology is the study of protoLoa andparasitic orms.

• 7ecent advances in genomics, the study of

an organism6s genes, have provided ne

tools for classifying microorganisms.

Modern De-elo/%ents


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Modern De-elo/%ents

in Microbiology• 8mmunology is the study of

immunity. *accines and

interferons are being

investigated to prevent and

cure viral diseases.• he use of immunology to

identify some bacteria

according to serotypes(variants ithin a species)

as proposed by 7ebecca

+ancefield in 19


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Modern De-elo/%ents

in Microbiology• *irology is the study of viruses.

• 7ecombinant 2? is 2? made from to

different sources. 8n the 19%s, 3aul erginserted animal 2? into bacterial 2? and

the bacteria produced an animal protein.

• 7ecombinant 2? technology, or geneticengineering, involves microbial genetics and

molecular biology.


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Modern De-elo/%ents

in Microbiology• Msing microbes ! 0eorge eadle and Edard atum shoed that

genes encode a cell6s enLymes (194;).

! :sald very, Bolin >ac+eod, and >aclyn

>cBarty shoed that 2? as the hereditary

material (1944).

! "rancois $acob and $acKues >onod discoveredthe role of m7? in protein synthesis (19%1).

Mi b d H W lf


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• >icrobial ecology

• acteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and

phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals.

Microbes $nd Hu%$n Welf$re


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!iore%edi$tion

• acteria degrade

organic matter inseage.

• acteria degrade or

detoify pollutants such

as oil and mercury.

M? ;.1


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!iologic$l Insecticides

• >icrobes that are pathogenic to insects are

alternatives to chemical pesticides in

preventing insect damage to agricultural

crops and disease transmission.

• Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in

many insects but harmless to other animals,including humans, and to plants.

Modern !iotechnology $nd


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#enetic 0ngineering

• iotechnology, the use of microbes toproduce foods and chemicals, is centuries

old.

• 0enetic engineering is a ne techniKue forbiotechnology. hrough genetic engineering,

bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of

proteins including vaccines and enLymes.


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#enetic 0ngineering1continued2• >issing or defective genes in human cells

can be replaced in gene therapy.• 0enetically modified bacteria are used to

protect crops from insects and from freeLing.


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Microbes $nd Hu%$n

Dise$se

• acteria ere once classified as plants

giving rise to use of the term flora for

microbes.

• his term has been replaced by

microbiota.

• >icrobes normally present in and on thehuman body are called normal microbiota.


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(or%$l Microbiot$

• ?ormal microbiota prevent groth of pathogens.

• ?ormal microbiota produce groth factors such as

folic acid and vitamin .

• 7esistance is the ability of the body to ard offdisease.

• 7esistance factors include s-in, stomach acid, and

antimicrobial chemicals.

• iofilms are etremely important in microbial

ecology


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Infectious Dise$ses

• @hen a pathogen overcomes the host6s

resistance, disease results.

• Emerging infectious diseases (E82) ?e

diseases and diseases increasing in incidence.

I f ti Di


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Infectious Dise$se


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0%erging Infectious Dise$ses


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0%erging Infectious Dise$ses

• vian 8nfluenLa C5?1

• Severe acute respiratorysyndrome (S7S)

• @est ?ile encephalitis (@?E)

• ovine spongiform encephalitis(SE)

• BreutLfeld=$acob disease (B$2)• 15&C& E. coli

• "lesh eating bacteria

• Ebola

• >arburg

• Bryptosporidiosis• 82S

• C8* virus

0 i I f ti


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0%erging Infectious

Dise$ses

• ovine spongiform encephalopathy

! 3rion

! lso causes BreutLfeldt=$a-ob disease

(B$2)

! ?e variant B$2 in humans is related to

cattle fed sheep offal for protein


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0%erging InfectiousDise$ses

• Escherichia coli :5&C& ! oin=producing strain of E. coli

! "irst seen in 19/;

! +eading cause of diarrhea orldide


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0%erging InfectiousDise$ses

• 8nvasive group Streptococcus ! 7apidly groing bacteria that cause etensive

tissue damage

!8ncreased incidence since 1995


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0%erging Infectious

Dise$ses• Ebola hemorrhagic fever ! Ebola virus

! Bauses fever, hemorrhaging, andblood clotting

! "irst identified near Ebola 7iver, Bongo

! :utbrea-s every fe years

!IT0RRRISM


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!IT0RRRISM• ?C7J

• S>++3:J• M+7E>8

• 3+0ME

• :CE7 0E?S


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TH)(&YU

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