General

General

Introductory expressions:

The [graph/bar chart/chart] shows/illustrates/represent]

The [table] list

Summary:

In overall

It is immediately apparent that in.

There is a significant/considerable discrepancy/difference betweenand

On the contrary,

To sum up

In conclusion

Time periods

Fromto

Between.and

Over this/that/the same period

Over the course of a day/week/year

a/the period spanning years, fromto

Higher/lower (rates/price) larger/smaller (amounts/number) than the X-year period

Interestingly though, .

Names

Output

Turnover

Amount

Number

Demand

Consumption

Housing/estate prices

Revenue-income (revenue source)-turnoverExpenditure-outlets-OutgoesAdjectives

Total (demand/consumption) of

The least/most popular/favourite

SpectacularGraphsExpressions

The striking feature of the [graph]is thatVerbs:To increase/rise/go up/surge (slightly/rapidly/steadily/gradually/significantly/considerably)

To drop/fall/decline/decrease/go down/dip

by. To (a peak of/to a high of/To reach a peak at.

To reach a bottom

An upward/downward trend in the percentage of change/price/demand during the period shown

In almost all of (the cities/groups/categories) except for

To remain constant/level off/stable at/steady/stay constant at)/maintain the same) level

To experience/to be (there be) no change/a levelling out

It is evident from the charts that

Turning to/Changing the subject

The figures for were fairly similar

Names:

Cities/places/companies witnessed

Noun/groups/categories experienced/lived/

A (slight/sharp/steady/rapid/quick /spectacular/substantial) growth/rise/increase ofin

A Drop/fall/decrease/decline/dip/reduction/slump of in

the number of (countable)

the amount of (uncountable)

Bringing totalExpressions:

(to be used with groups/categories) and, respectively

Expressing the Movement of a Line

Verbs Nouns

Rise (to) a rise

Increase (to) an increase

Go up to

Grow (to) growth

Climb (to) a climb

Boom a boom

Peak (at) (reach) a peak (at)

Fall (to) a fall (of)

Decline (to) a decline (of)

Decrease (to) a decrease (of)

Dip (to) a dip (of)

Drop (to) a drop (of)

Go down (to)

Reduce (to) a reduction (of)

A slump

Level out a leveling out

No change no change

Remain stable (at)

Remain steady (at)

Stay (at)

Stay constant (at)

Maintain the same level

Adjectives Adverbs

Dramatic dramatically

Sharp sharply

Huge hugely

Enormous enormously

Steep steeply

Substantial substantially

Considerable considerably

Significant significantly

Marked markedly

Moderate moderately

Slight slightly

Small

Minimal minimallySpectacularDescribing the Speed of a Change

Adjectives Adverbs

Rapid rapidly

Quick quickly

Swift swiftly

Sudden suddenly

Steady steadily

Gradual gradually

Slow slowly

Bar ChartsMore___than__

To stand atPie Charts

MapsVerbs

To be located

To lie

south of the

To the south

Half way . And

Surrounded by

To the north

To the south-east

In the northern part

infrastructure featuresTask 1

Describing trendsRelated verbs and nouns Understanding dataTo fall steadily

To rise (rose/risen) gradually

To fluctuate wildly

To drop(dropped) slightly

To fall and then level(levelled) off

To rise(rose) gradually and then climb(ed) sharply

To decrease and then level off

To drop suddenly

To (sky)rocket

Relative to previous figures

To double

To halve

To treble

To experienced a (ten-fold) increase

Adverbs

Steadily

Gradually

Continuously

Rapidly

Dramatically

Sharply

Suddenly

SpectacularlyWildly (fluctuate) / erratically (change)Slightly

Moderately

Slowly

Noticeably

Nouns

There was/were

a steady fall in the consumption of chocolate

a wild fluctuation in spice exports all over the period

..a gradual fall in the number of new productsa significant drop in the purchases of tickets

a significant rise in the number of sites on the Internet

a slight fluctuation in the number of visitors.

a sudden decrease in the sale of mangos

a gradual decline in sugar imports

.a slow increase in the quality of food in supermarkets.a remarkable fluctuation in the number of air travellers

___ of ____

Chocolate consumption

Film production

Task 2Comparing informationAdverbs in comparisonsComparing and contrastingComparing

More/fewer (males) than (females)

The TV was more/less popular among (males) than (females)

The most/least popular/favourite form of communication was the Internet

As manyas

Not as many as

(Not) As many (females) as males chose the computer

Pasive

The bicycle was chosen/selected/named/picked by more/fewer (males) than (females)

The bicycle was more/less popular among (males) than (females)

ActiveMore/Fewer males than females chose/selected/named/picked/expressed their preference for the bicycle

The ___club/society attracted/appeal to more males than females.

The __club attracted a borader range of people.

In general, 25-year olds are more involved in societies.

The arts and crafts society has the greatest/smallest number of members of

Only 25 people from the younger age group are members of the historical society

Some (clubs/societies) are clearly more popular with one of the groups.

Adverbs in comparisonsSlightly more/fewer/lessthan

Fairly (quite) popular with

Significantly

Substantially

Considerably

Many/slightly more

Much/slightly more/less

e.g. Illiteracy is much less common than in previous generationsFar fewer/more

e.g. The exhibition attracted far fewer visitors than expected.

Almost (as manyas)

Approximately

Practically (as many as)

Equally (popular with)

Comparing and contrasting

Wherease.g. Some societies are clearly more popular with one of the age groups, whereas the arqueological society is equally popular with bothIn comparison with (noun phrase)e.g.___and__ clubs attract a broader attract a broader range of people, in comparison with the historical societyBut

e.g. The __ has the greatest number of 25-30 year-olds, but is one of the least popular with the older age group

Compared with (noun phrase)e.g. In general, the 20-30 year-olds are more actively involved in societies compared with the older age group.

While

e.g. Only 25 people from the younger age group are members of the historical society, while the figure for 45-65 year olds is about 50

Although

e.g. The __social club has slightly more members in the younger age bracket, although it is fairly popular with both age group.To change category.

For the (category), the pattern is reversed (the same for reinforcing trend)

Compared to

As opposed to

As againstTask 3The passivesequencing

Natural processes ( Active.

e.g. the river flows from its source, falls from the mountains, meanders through the plateau and merges with the sea at its mouth.

Manufacturing process(Passive

To reach (when the air flow reaches high ground and cools down, it condenses to form rain. As a result)

To condense

To form

The temperature rises

The sun shines

To occur

To begin

To dry out

To grow

To cool down

To openTo rise

To die/live

To drop

To turn

To perspire (planst)-transpirar

To power

To be manufactured/heated/extracted/dug up (from the ground at the mine)/constructed/built/added

Cooled (with blasts of cold air/heated (to a higher tempeture)

To be formed

To be opened

To be made

To be designed

To be produced

To be sent

To be obtained

To be cooled

To be heated

To be covered

To be trapped

To be mined

To be plantedTo be baked

To be tested

To passed on to

To be driven

To be piped

To be piped.

Line worker

Sequence

Firstly,

Then, after the factory, it is

After this

Afterwards,Following that,

Subsequently,

From this

After the ___is collected, it is sent and then__

Once___ the is____, it isWhen the cycle is completed and then

As soon as.

Later on,

As a result

And now is

Before__-+ing, the__ is____-.

Task 4General and specific statementscomparing informationdescribing proportionsSpecific statements-(See introductory expressions

General statement + data.

Data: the figures for were/are ___ and ___ respectively.

The average or all students in this category is a hefty

Transition

(complete different trend but not necessarily opposed to the previous ones)

Meanwhile, the pattern for appears to be slightly different.

Pie charts____

Number categories

Group

Most read six or more ___, out of this total 24% read__ and XX%, which is almost a third of the corresponding figure for___

It is clear that___ read more ___than either (category) or (category)Overall,

We can see that

___showed /followed similar trends.

The pattern for was___

Proportion equivalence:

Three quarters of75%three out of fourthe vast/overwhelming majority

Almost half the49%

Just under one half of/close to one half of/nearly half

Just over a quarter26%about one in four

One third of33%One in threeExactly one third

The vast/overwhelming majority

A tiny minority

A massive/impressive/overwhelming

A modest/mere 12 per cent

A hefty 85%A sizeable proportion (opposite of modes)

Percentage of/Proportion of

Task 5Describing changesDescribing locations

Describing changesIntroductory statements

The maps show/illustrate/compares the developments/changes that took place in____ between___and___(from___to___, over the period from __ to ___).

The (place) was a (much greener area) but during the ____(as a result of) it experienced a number of/various dramatic changes

The city/town underwent a profound transformation

The most noticeable/remarkable is that____, with (subject) being____ to make place for a _____

The most noticeable difference/change/development was___The city/town underwent a profound transformation

In___the town was a much (greener/isolated/remote) areabut during the next___years the town experienced a complete transformationPast verbsEither in active or passive form

The local council opened the social club

Build(built)

Constructed

Demolish

Knock(ed) down

Cut down

Chop down

To spring up (appeared suddenly)

To be located

To lie

To be relocated

To be reconstructed

To be nestling

To make way for a

To give way to

To be replaced by

To turn into

To be converted into

By ____ the____ had been____ to

Running north/south

Stretching north

Passive structures

The area/town/city/island experienced/witnessed/lived a (tremendous/profound) transformation, with the clearance of the tress____ and the construction of

The area/town/city/island experienced/witnessed/lived a number of changesThere were spectacular changes in the town centreThe town centre was changed spectacularly

The town centre experienced/witnessed/lived spectacular changes

The town centre changed completely

There was a complete transformation of the neighbourhoodThe neighbourhood was completely transformed

The neighbourhood experienced a complete transformation

There was a total reconstruction of the residential area

The residential area was totally reconstructed

The residential area witnessed a total reconstruction

There was a total redevelopment of the old factoriesThe old factories were totally redeveloped

The old factories lived a total redevelopment

There was a rebuilding of the old housesThe old houses were rebuilt

The old houses experienced a reconstruction

There was a complete modernisation of the entertainment district (fincial district)The entertainment district was completely modernised

The entertainment city witnessed a complete modernisation

There was a pedestrianisation of the city centre

The city centre was pedestrianised/converted into a pedestrian area, providing and immediate traffic-free environment

The central district was converted into a pedestrian zone, that now is reserved to only pedestrian use and provides a traffic free immediate environment.

By.By 2006, the town had undergone a profound transformation

By 2006, the row of terraced houses that lied along the coastline had been demolished to give way to a new stretch of the railway.

By 2006, the factory had been completely modernised.Cardinal direction

North/south/east of the river/stadium/lake

In the north of the town

PrepositionsIn the town

Surrounded by trees

Beside the railway line

Located in the north

A new railway was constructed which ran from the station directly north/from north to south.

By the sea

On the shores of the lake

The wind turbines were paced in the sea, just off the coastlineAdittion

Moreover

Furthermore.

Futher developments were the construction of a marina at the mouth of

What remained

Only a few (trees/houses) remained (south of the river/ in the northern part of the town/ in the north)

Further developments were the construction of (where) / a new stretch of the railway/highway (from ___running directly north)

Conclusion

Overall/All in all/In conclusion/, a comparison between the two (maps) reveals a change from (a largely rural) to a (mainly rural) landscape / the improvement of the infrastructures of the cityTask 6Concluding statementsconcession

Concluding statements

Surveys/opinion

It is clear that the overwhelming majority of (group) are in favour of school visits between countries

It is evident that about one half of both sexes favoured/were in favour of increased cultural events

Overall, just over half the people surveyed found ____ the most difficult/easy thing to adapt to, with a smaller number naming _____ and _____.

The three languages in question, __,__ and ___, were named as the most important languages after English by about equal numbers of people.

To conclude, only a small minority of people feel that

It is evident that opinions are split almost equally between the three options as regards the benefit of social cultural events

Just under half the people surveyed are of the opinion that____

About half of the holiday makers visited Italy because they were interested in___, wheras the food and the climated were named as the most important factors by approximately equal numbers of the remaining tourist.

To sum up,____

Revision: proportionNearly a third

Almost equal numbers

Opinions were split equally between

A tiny minority

Just under half __

Nearly two-thirds of ___The vast majority

To account for 63%/nearly two-thirds of

Introductory expression tables.

As can be seen from the table, the age profile of people on the two different types of holidays varies considerably.

As can be seen from the table, the pattern for those holiday makers on the two types of holiday is substantially different.The age profile of people on the two different types of holidays varies considerably

For example, ________% of those on___ belong to , but the same age group accounts for a small proportion of those on guided tours.

However, the pattern is reversed when it comes to/for the 41-50 year-olds.

By contrast, the profiles for both ___include almost equal proportions from the () and () groups.Verbs

To belong to (group)

To account for __% of ___/to make up__%of___(category)

For / when it comes to (group)

(pattern/category) To include____(almost equal) proportions from (groups)

Concession

Clause (belonged to this group), although only___were aged between__and___Clause (belonged to this group). Nevertheless/However, only___were aged between__and___

Clause (belonged to this group), despite accounting for only____

Task 7 Arts and sciencesAdverbsusing adverbs to evaluate data

avoiding irrelevanceAdverbsSlightly

Marginally

(the figure for___ended the year marginally up)

Significantly

Considerably

Substantially

(the income for the arts centre was substantially down on the previous quarter)

Consistently

Continuously

Rapidly

Suddenly

Dramatically

WildlyErratically

Approximately

RoughlyAbove/below____the EU average/other trade member/other EU member statesConsiderably behind___(perform) well/badly (good/bad performance)

Marginally/considerably

Approximately/exactly

Constantly/erratically

Slowly/rapidly

Significantly/Slightly

Completely/partially

Using adverbs to evaluate data

Clearly,___It is clear that

Interestingly,___

It is interesting to note that

Probably, numbers will continue to fall over the period

It is probable that numbers will continue to fall

Numbers are likely to continue falling over the period

It is not surprising that there were skill shortages in the chemical industryNot surprisingly,Noticeably,

It is noticeable that

More importantly, the cost of___is set to fall

It is more important that

Nor surprisingly,__

It is not surprising that.

Clerarly, the trend for____ was downwardThe trend was clearly downward

Considerably, sales fell

Sales fell considerably

Evidently,

It is evident that,Task 8Making predictionsfactual accuracy

IntroductionThe charts provide forecasts for the annual deforestation rate in selected regions and worldwide together with the current opinion on /attitude towards concern for tree loss.

General statement

Generally, it is expected that ___willl grow until, though at varying grades.It is predicted/anticipated/projected/expect/forecast/estimated that the number/proportion of__will___

The prediction /forecast/estimation/projection is that the number/proportion/percentage of will ____

The number of____ is predicted/anticipated/projected/forecast/expected/set/estimated to

By 2015, it is expected/predicted/forecast/anticipated that

very few trees will remain in our cities.

many trees will be standing in our cities

many trees will have been cut down in/removed from our parks

By 2020, it is anticipated that many endangered species will have become extinct.

Ireland, with the lowest rate throughout the period, will experience the greater overall increase.

It is anticipated that the figure will rise from ___ in ___to____ in ____ and then rise more sharply Passive / active structures

AttitudesSomething will become important

More people are concerned about climate change

Task 9 Health

Varying vocabularyChecking spelling

Effect/impactUse occupancy

Cut/reduction

Tendency/trend

Considerably/significantly

Low/

Evident/clear

Increase/growth/rise

Decrease/fall

Dropping/falling

Information/details

Result/outcome

Saw/experienced

High point/peak

Sharp/dramatic

Dramatically/rapidly

To provide/give/show

To have an impact on/to have an effect on/affected

To reach a peak/reached its highest point/hit a peak

A similar pattern/trend/movement

The Chinese hospital, by comparison/by contrast/on the other hand, continued to see a riseThe number of beds rose from around/about/approximately___

There was a reduction in the budget (35 per cent compared to /as opposed to/as against ___The change in bed use is reflected/can be seen/can be viewed in the budget.Task 9Use of with

It is clear that the two groups were influenced by the various factors to different degrees, with ___and___being the most relevant.

As regards___(second category) and (second category) the relative importance of each factor was again the other way round:% and % respectively for the younger, and __% and __% for the older.

The only similarity was that____

The main reason for career choice is ambition, with a hefty 57 per cent choosing it.

Energy consumption rose, with the highest point being in January.

Introductory expressionThe graph provides information/details about the income trends of ____ over the last year

The chart provides information about how selected/different/number age groups participate in several clubs/societies at a centre for adults.(how categories- verb attend/participate/etc.)

The chart provides information about how many articles from academic journals are read weekly

The diagram illustrate the various stages involved in the production of __/ __production

The diagram shows the process by which ____forms over a period of million years

The diagram shows the butterfly life cycle

The diagram shows the various stages/steps in the production of clean energy from coal

The table provides information about

The table provides a breakdown by (select age group/income source/expenditure ) of holiday makers on backpacking and guided tours in ___The charts show how____viewed different ____ on a scale of easy to difficult

The bar chart shows the result of a___survey on

The bar chart provides information from a greek survey about the reasons for choosing a career among two age groups.

Clue:

Name complement

journal articles articles from academic journal

Frequency:

Per week/weekly

Per year/annually

Per day/daily

Time frame:

Over the period from _ to__

Between __ and___

Over the course of

During last ___

Graph/Chart introductory expressionsFrom the pie chart, it can be seen that [used to change from bar charts to pie charts]

Generally, it is expected that_____will grow until, though at varying grades.

There are (two) basic general trends: downward and upward. As regards/Regarding the first, .Important fact____ XXX seems to have had an effect on bed use

It is clear from the chart thatIt is evident from the chart thatIt is apparent from the chart that

We can see from the chart.

As can be seen

It is interesting to note

Noticeably,It is noticeable that

The most striking feature of the chart is that.

Table introductory expressions

As can be seen from the table, the age profile of people on the two different types of holidays varies considerably.

As can be seen from the table, the pattern for those holiday makers on the two types of holiday is substantially different.ContrastBy contrast

By way of contrast

____, however,____

However

(Category) followed the reverse pattern

However/Meanwhile, the pattern for (category) was the reverse/substantially different.SimilarityThe only similarity is that.

Similarly

___,similarly,___

(Category) follows/followed the same pattern

also ended the year up

Likewise, the trend for ___ was upward/downwardSimilarity with some differences

the trend was upward to varying degrees

However, the increase/fall was slightly less marked for___

___ , except that in___ Addition

Furthermore,Moreover,ConclusionThere is clear trend towards___+ing

UseAverage beds in use

Bed useMoneyIncome for (category)

Earnings for (category)

Wages

Revenue

Net / gross income

Allocate to

Spending on

Expenses on

Expenditure on

OutgoingsCharges

Fees

Investment

cost

Outlets

Shortages of (skills/funds/skilled workers) in the (industry)

Culture

Organized student exchanges

Language learning

International trade agreements

Similar climate and landscape

Joint cultural events

Transport linkis

Tourism

Shared scientific and technological know-how

Positive media images

Similarities in lifestyle and culture

To be in favour of / against

The overwhelming majorityArts and sciencesThe brain drain of skilled workers like scientist or technicians to rich countries is morally wrong.

Unstoppable

HealthTo take regular exercise

To monitor ones diet

Have a wide range of interests

To have a wide network of friends

To live in the countryside

Sleep at least seven hours a week.Surveys/Polls

Voting patterns for (category)

To selectTo name

To express the opinion that

To express the concern that

To pick

To chooseXX of people surveyed felt/hold the opinion/expressed that ___were preferable. (prefer)

Factor

Reason for ___choice/choosing a career

(factor ) influenced

It is clear that the two age groups were influenced by the various factors to different degrees.

Surveys/polls/ClubsCategory is more/less/the most/the least popular with groupCategory has XX members from the group

people from the group are more actively involved in category(club/society)

The (vast majority of the [group ]) feel that___

To belong to a group or a category. Structure

Verbs

To attract

To appeal

Membership of (category)stands at

To be more/less actively involved

To be more / less / as important than / as

To be the most important factor in / cause for

To be more likely to + verb

(group) under-represented in (category)

To have more fewer /members from

To be more popular with

To be rated

To enjoy (sth)

Group-focused structuresOnly XX from the (group) are members of the (category)

(Group) is more actively involved in the (category) compared with the (group)while the figure for (group) is about [after comparison]

Category-focused

The (category)has the greatest/smallest number of (group)

The (category) attracts a broader range of peopleSome (categories) are clearly more/less popular with one of the (groups)

The (category) have slightly more members in/of /from (in the younger age bracket/from the younger age group), although it is fairly popular with (both/all of them)

Whereas the average for this ___in this category was

Age groupsin younger/older age bracketof/for the X to Y age group

there are XX members from the 25-35 age group/aged between 25 and 35.

45-60 year-olds

Those below/over thirty/sixty

Proportion

Proportion of / percentage of

Those who___accounted for %

To be more /less likely

Maps

VocabularyGolf course

Skate park

Theatre

Railway station

Concert hall

Gallery

Stadium

Ice rink

Park

College

AirportIndustrial estateA bypass (una circunvalacin)

Peaceful / unspoilt

Trees/Woodland

The Woodland made way for___

Factory

Warehouse

Construction

TransformationDevelopments/Changes that took placed/occurred in____

The single dwellings

The single-family homes

The terraced houses