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GMAT IDIOM
EBOOK
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Table of Contents
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IntroductionHow important are idioms?What are idioms?What this ebook covers
133
Section 1: Idioms & Prepositions
Introduction
Prepositions & Idioms: FromPrepositions & Idioms: ToPrepositions & Idioms: WithPrepositions & Idioms: OfPrepositions & Idioms: ForPrepositions & Idioms: AgainstPrepositions & Idioms: OnPrepositions & Idioms: In & ByA Potpourri (4 more prepositions)Compound prepositionsBecause vs. Because ofIdioms involving asDo you know your prepositions?
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Section 2: Clauses & Organizations of a SentenceVerbs that take the infinitiveVerbs + that clausesIdioms involving soIdioms of cause & consequenceIdioms of comparisonThe: A quirky comparions idiomComparisons: More vs. Greater, Less vs. FewerAct like vs. Act asIdioms of whole and partsMeans of vs. Means toIdea words: Idioms of beliefs & ideasConsider this idiomCorrelative ConjunctionsIf vs. WhetherIdioms involving Whether
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Practice QuestionsEasy MediumVery Hard
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introduction
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how important are idioms for the GMAT sentence correction?
Idioms appear just as frequentlyas parallelism so... VERY IMPORTANT!
logical predication
agreement
diction
grammaticalconstruction
idiomsparallelism
rhetoricalconstruction
verb form
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introduction
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? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?
based on the OG, of the 13-14 Sentence Correction questions you see on the GMAT Verbal Section...
about 3-4 of them should test idioms
The chance that, of the 14 sentence correction questionson the real GMAT, you do not see an idiom question is about
1 in 100.
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introduction
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Ability to do X
Prevent from doing X
Scarcer than hens teeth
Raining cats and dogs
kinds of idioms on the GMAT
WHAT THIS EBOOK COVERSThe articles in this ebook cover idioms as well as a bit about diction
and a bit about rhetorical construction. Idioms are about unique com-binations of words, which words always belong together. Diction concerns the meaning of individual words, and whether this single
word is used properly in a sentence. Rhetorical construction concerns the overall flow of a sentence, how a sentence is put together for the most clarity and power, but no ambiguity. Discussion of idioms neces-
sarily reaches into these other two areas, so topics in diction and rhetorical construction will appear throughout the ebook.
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IDIOMS INVOLVINGPREPOSITIONS
SECTION ONE
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IDIOMS INVOLVINGPREPOSITIONS
GMAT
GMAT
GMAT
GMAT
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From
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
The word from is a preposition. This means, it must be followed by a noun or by some-thing playing the role of a noun. This latter category includes gerunds and substantive claus-es.
1) The SEC prohibits folks with inside information about a company from trading that com-panys stocks and options.
2) The state senator strove to distinguish his partys nuanced position on immigration from what the controversial fringe group advocates.
In sentence #1, the object of from is a gerund phrase, and in sentence #2, the object is a substantive clause. Incidentally, both of these are exemplary of idioms involving the word from.
Some verbs require the word from. Some of these verbs involve some kind of spatial separation, at least in their literal sense:
isolate from
separate from
descend from
For other verbs, the separation is not literal and spatial, but conceptual
differ from
prevent A from B
prohibit A from B
the preposition from
verbs + from
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From
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
The words to and from are used for approach and receding, from A to B, both literally and
5) Whereas a modern American feast is said to go from soup to nuts, an ancient Roman
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Notice, in that last sentence the idiom to range from A to B
idiom:
choose from
verbs + from
spacial relationships
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From
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
differenceAbove, I cited a verb idiom involving the preposition from: to differ from
The adjective form different also follows this form: different from
7) Few can say whether a chaconne is truly different from a passacaglia.
Sometimes a root word retains the same idiom as it changes from one grammatical form to
another.
Another idiom the verb differ follows is to differ in. Here, we are not describing the two
8) Representative Hostettler and Representative Frank differ in their position on gay mar-
riage.
The noun form difference shares this latter idiom with the verb and follows its own idioms:
difference in, difference between, and difference with respect to.
9) The president and prime minister have no difference in standing on the proposed trade
bill.
10) Ethicists ordinarily underscore the difference between white lies, designed to protect
the feelings of others, and lies of malice motivated by venal self-interest.
11) Since the Senators reelection, political commentators have remarked on subtle differ-
ences with respect to his portrayal of the tax reform.
The between idiom indicates the parties that differ, while the in or with respect to
the between idiom:
12) The difference in hitting technique between Babe Ruth and Ted Williams is the subject of
endless debate.
13) Between the original 1937 movie and the current remake, critics have noted differences
with respect to the murderers motivations.
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TO
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
The word to is a preposition. This means, it must be followed by a noun or by something playing the role of a noun. This latter category includes gerunds and substantive clauses.
2) He acknowledges no responsibility to whoever may use the room after him.
In #1, the object of to is a gerund phrase, and in #2, the object of to is a substantive clause. Both of these sentences follow idiomatic structures we will examine below.
prepositional phrase. This blog article is discussing preposition phrases involving to, including words and phrase that idiomatically demand this preposition. Theres a whole
The preposition to generally connote motion toward something, and many of its uses retain something of that connotation.
the preposition to
attribute to
conform to
contribute to
verbs + to
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to
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
When we attribute something (A) to someone (B), we are saying that we think person B has the quality or skill or talent of A; that something, A, can also be a real-world achievement or accomplishment. The credit for the talented or achievement, as it were, travels to the person to whom the attribution was made: this is why the preposition to is used.
3) Despite initial controversies, mathematicians now universally attribute the proof of Fermats Last Theorem to Andrew Wiles.
When we contribute something (A) to someone (B), we are giving (A) a gift or donation to B.
is assumed to be money. The gift or whatever is contributed moves toward the one who receives it.
4) Warren Buffet contributes substantially to philanthropic and charitable organizations.
5) In one of the remarkable collaborations of music history, Paul McCartney would contribute more complex and interesting harmonies to John Lennons songs, and in turn, Lennon would contribute mind-bending phrases to McCartneys lyrics.
The idiom involving the verb conform is a little more unusual. When I say I conform A to B, then A is usually something under my control (my behavior, my habits, etc.), and B is some kind of more universal standard or set of rules. The connotation is that B is based in some sort of authority, and A is something which should be governed by this authority.
6) Professor Higgins argued that status of the various races, with respect to the American legal system, still does not conform to the Fourteenth Amendments lofty idea of equal protection under the law.
7) The CFO estimated that Fomalhaut Corporation would have to spend more than $7 million in order to conform completely to the full panoply of EPA regulations.
verbs + to
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TO
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
Of course, the GMAT Sentence Correction loves comparisons. The following comparative forms use the preposition to
compare A to Bcompare tocompared to (or compared with)in contrast to A, B
Here are some exemplary sentences to demonstrate proper usage.
15) In The Crucible, Arthur Miller compared the activities of the HUAC to the Salem witch trials.
16) Warren G. Harding won one of the largest landslide victories in American presidential history, but in retrospect, his administration does not compare well to those of virtually all other presidents.
17) Compared to/with California, New Jersey has a relatively small coast.
18) Compared to/with other writers of the early 20th century, James Joyce may seem to have produced a limited output, if one judges purely by number of books.
19) In contrast to politics throughout Europe, politics in America are influenced much more heavily by religion.
20) In contrast to the numerous theorems of Geometry readily accessible to high school students, most of the theorems of Number Theory are so sophisticated that only those with advanced degrees in mathematics can understand them.
The GMAT does not like the words compared to or compared with combined with other comparative words:
Compared to A, B is taller. A has more money, compared to B. When compared to A, ...
Also, adding the word when before the word compared is always 100% wrong.
comparisons with to
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
Two adjectives that idiomatically take a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition are:
responsible to
subject to
The very idea of being responsible implies someone to whom one is accountable, the person to whom one is responding (the root meaning of responsible). That authoritative person is the object of the preposition to. This relationship with the proposition carries over to the noun form, responsibility.
8) The CEO of most corporations is responsible to the board that hired him.
9) The senior military leaders on the Joints Chiefs of Staff are responsible to the Secretary of Defense, and through this Secretary, to the President of the United States.
10) After the state intervened to save the city from bankruptcy, the mayor asked the state senators to clarify and delineate his responsibility to them.
The adjective subject implies being controlled by something else, either in a legal sense, or in the sense of a natural law, or experiences the consequences of something. A is subject to B if B is the controller or actor having influence on A.
11) Even the President is subject to the law of the land.
12) The former politician, no longer subject to vituperative attacks in the press, was consid-ering the possibility of a new campaign.
13) The New York City Subway System, simply because of its gargantuan scale, is subject to a relatively high rate of delays.
14) Since the electron is not composed of quarks, it is not subject to the laws of Quantum Chromodynamics.
adjectives + to
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WITH
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
The word with is a preposition. This means, it must be followed by a noun or by some-thing playing the role of a noun. This latter category includes gerunds and substantive clauses.
1) Despite an earlier attempt by Chancourois, historians of science general credit Dmitri Mendeleev with formulating the Periodic Table of the Elements.
2) The Federal Judge argued that his recent controversial ruling was consistent with what the framers of the US Constitution thought about a right to privacy.
In sentence #1, the object of with is a gerund phrase, and in sentence #2, the object is a substantive clause. Incidentally, both of these are exemplary of idioms involving the word with. The proposition with, as an ordinary preposition, can carry a variety of connotations:
The idioms below reflect this diversity of usages.
Some verbs require the word with. Heres a list of the most common verbs that require with.
agree with, collaborate with, comply with, credit A with B, enamored with, provide with, sympathize with
The idioms involving agree, collaborate, and sympathize are most like the accompani-ment use of with, in #5 above: in all three of these, the object of with is a person with
6) The Human Resources Director does not agree with the CFOs plans for redesigning the employee retirement options.
the preposition with
verbs + with
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WITH
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
7) Brahms collaborated with the famous violinist Joseph Joachim in composing his Violin Concerto.
8) Despite a lifetime of opposition, the nun sympathized with her gravely ill opponent.
Similar to these is the idiom involving enamored. To be enamored with someone or something is to really like it: it has a connotation of something like romantic infatuation or passionate enthusiasm.
9) For many years, Yeats was enamored with Maud Gonne, who rejected Yeats marriage proposals on four different occasions.
10) Although Jefferson was enamored with the idea of liberty and equal rights for all, the Southern delegates to the Continental Congress were successful in demanding that phrases condemning slavery be removed from the Declaration of Independence.
The idiom involving provide is most like the means example, #3 above.
Here, the object of the proposition with is a physical or metaphorical support given to someone.
11) The resupply station provided the hungry soldiers with much-needed food.
12) A young Reagan secretly provided the HUAC with damning information about his fellow actors.
13) Aquinas Summa Theologica provided Dante with a vast philosophical system within which to frame his famous drama.
The idiom involving both credit and comply is somewhat analogous to the manner exam-ple, #4 above, only insofar as the object of with is necessarily something abstract.
verbs + with
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WITH
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
In the idiom to credit A with B, A is the person who receives the credit, and B is the quality or accomplishment attributed to the person.
14) Even his political foes credit the prime minister with exceptional integrity.
-sally credit him with the discovery of genetics.
In the idiom to comply with X, the X is a law, a rule, or some other abstract authoritative principle.
verbs + with
comparisons
Here are three idioms that, in one way or another, are used in how we would compare or relate two things.
compare A with Bcontrast A with Bconsistent with
One of the many ways to construct a grammatically correct comparison is to use the verb compare with the preposition with.
16) Early in his career, Darryl Strawberrys swing was compared with Ted Williams.
17) Compared with most Old World wines, California wines are simpler and more fruit domi-nant.
This latter form, using the participle compared + with, is common on the GMAT Sentence Correction Compared with A, B and of course, A and B must be in parallel. For the word contrast, we need to be careful.
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
comparisons
If we are actively discussing a person who is performing the contrast, then we can say this
person contrasts A with B.
18) In the novel Puddnhead Wilson, Mark Twain contrasts the utter privilege enjoyed by the aristocracy in the antebellum South with arbitrary and dismal fate of slaves.
Many times, especially on GMAT Sentence Correction, the sentence forms a contrast and
who is doing the contrast is not important. By idiom and unlike with compare, we do not
use the participle form of the verb
Contrasted with A, B
That will always be wrong. The correct idiom is In contrast with A, B
19) In contrast with the single-book scriptures of each of the three great Western Religions,
the Pali Canon, the standard collection of the scriptures of Theravada Buddhism, easily would
Western counterparts.
The idiom involving the adjective consistent is similar, although discussion of consistency
differs from comparisons per se. When we say A is consistent with B, we generally mean
system.
20) In Brown vs. the Board of Education, the Supreme Court found that legally enforced segregation was not consistent with the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteen Amend-
ment.
postulates, although it cannot be deduced independently from them.
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OF
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
The word of is a preposition. This means, it must be followed by a noun or by something playing the role of a noun. This latter category includes gerunds and substantive clauses.
1) No amount of talking about issues facing the homeless will satisfy their most basic needs in the short term.
2) We are now absorbing the unfortunate consequences of what last years county adminis-
In sentence #1, the object of the preposition of is a gerund phrase, and in sentence #2, the object is a substantive clause. Incidentally, both of these are exemplary of idioms involving the word of.
There are three very different verb idioms involving of:
consist ofaccuse A of Bthink of A as B
material of which this product is composed. It can be used literally, for the actual physical material making up an object, or it can be used metaphorically for the content of something.
3) Atomic Theory states that all material objects consist of atoms and that the macroscopic properties of objects depend on the microscopic interactions of these atoms.
4) The candidate argued that his opponents New Horizons program consisted of no more than a revision of the former governors discredited ideas.
Notice that, idiomatically, we would use the present participle for this verb, consisting of, but the past participle for two verbs with the same meaning: made of and composed of.
the preposition of
verbs requiring of
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
Now, a totally different idiom. When someone accuses A of B, A is the person accused, and B is the crime or infraction.
5) Javert accused Valjean of various crimes.
suspect of heresy.
civilization.
consisting ofmade ofcomposed ofa collection ofa number ofan amount of
verbs requiring of
potpourri of idioms
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
---
chance ofprobability of
capable of
potpourri of idioms
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
Many prepositions consist of only one word, but in a few instances, two words together
function as a single preposition. Four of these involve of:
because ofinstead ofas ofout of
Here, when we say A is capable of B, A is the person and B is an action. Metaphorically, A
contains or is made of the capacity to do B. Often, this plain statement, A is capable of
B, can be rephrased more concisely using can. Nevertheless, this flexible idiom can appear
in a number of other guises:
15) The detective considered the culprit capable of cold-blooded murder.
16) The swan, capable of flying long distances, is much more frequently depicted on water
than in the air.
Two words follow a very different idiom with of
result ofconsequence of
Whether we say A is a result of B or A is a consequence of B, we are saying B is the cause
and A is the effect.
17) Skin cancer is often the result of many years of sunbathing.
18) Unemployment is often an unintended consequence of raising interest rates.
and a verb, we could no longer use the preposition of we would have to change around
the entire sentence.
potpourri of idioms
compounds
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!
Out of Africa
compounds
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
special combinationsFinally, here are three particular combinations of terms with prepositions that you need to know:
in danger ofin violation ofon account of
In the idiom in danger of A, A is some penalty or unfortunate consequence.25) The sophomore who hosted all the keg parties was in danger of failing all of his classes.
26) If the government of Greece defaults on its national loans, the country will be in danger of losing its Eurozone membership.
In the idiom in violation of A, A is the law or principle that the agent is violating.
27) Republicans have argued that the PPACA is in violation of the Commerce Clause.
28) The cultural critic pointed out that the behavior depicted on prime-time television is in violation of most of the Commandments.
29) In Euclidean Geometry, a triangle whose angles had a sum other than 180 would be in violation of the Parallel Postulate.
Finally, a very tricky case: the idiom on account of is roughly synonymous to the idiom because of. The latter is more natural in most cases, and usually lends itself to a more concise phrasing. The former is more pretentious and verbose, which makes it appropriate, say, for legal-ese, but not particularly appropriate for the GMAT.
30a) On account of the stock markets sudden and precipitous rise, the bond market has rallied over the past few days.30b) Because of the stock markets sudden and precipitous rise, the bond market has rallied over the past few days.
Technically, both versions of the previous sentence are correct. Nevertheless, I have never seen the idiom on account of part of a correct answer on the GMAT Sentence Correction. On the one hand, be suspicious if you see Sentence Correct answer choices involving on account of, but on the other hand, know that it is technically correct.
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FOR
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
The word for is a preposition. This means, it must be followed by a noun or by some-
thing playing the role of a noun. This latter category includes gerunds and substantive
clauses.
1) Someone who doesnt understand baseball well is likely to mistake running as part of a
hit-and-run play for stealing a base.
2) The teachers chaperoning the dance are not responsible for whatever may happen on the
way home afterwards.
In sentence #1, the object of the preposition for is a gerund phrase, and in sentence #2, the
object is a substantive clause. Incidentally, both of these are exemplary of idioms involving
the word for.
First of all, the word for can be used in an indirect object construction, and so one can do a
favor for someone, say a prayer for someone, bake a cake for someone, etc. This con-
struction tends to arise in either narrative or in informal day-to-day conversation, so it is
unlikely to appear in the academic and professional passages on the GMAT. Nevertheless,
this structure gives a hint to some of the core meanings of its uses. If one is for a cause,
then one supports that cause and is in favor of it. Many of the uses of for carry this sup-
porting or favorable connotation.
Two verbs with idioms that require a for prepositional phrase are
argue forallow for
the preposition for
uses of for
verbs requiring for
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
The structure argue for is very much in line with the for a cause idiom mentioned above. If I argue for X, that X is some position or perspective or opinion or point-of-view that I support.
3) The senator argued for naming the new veterans hospital in his state after Omar Bradley.
The opposite idiom if one person argues for X, then his opponent may argue against X. The prepositions for & against form a natural pair of opposites.
The structure allow for is far more complicated and subtle. One use is the structure P allows
these rules.
4) The First Amendment allows for free speech, even speech critical of the government.
5) The Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation allows for momentary violations of fundamental laws of Physics, such as Conservation of Energy.
A second use is to allow X for Y, where X is some resource (time, money, room, etc.) needed to accommodate Y.
6) The county budget does not allow any additional funds for unemployment services.
7) After beginning construction, the developer discovered that the states water allocation
8) Baseballs unique structure allows essentially unlimited time for the resolution of events at the end of a game.
A more abstract use of this idiom to allow for J -ing conditions, to give consideration to contingencies. In this construction, J is the quality or
9) Allowing for the young persons rash judgment, the police decided to drop all charges.
for his two long stints in the armed services during his prime.
verbs requiring for
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$$%("$#%)$#*+%&,#-%.%+$(%,&%#$/.($0%101,-+%12),/)123%4&,#5
!"#!$%$"$&()*+,-%!$./&()*+,VDFULdFH$IRU%
62%.//%("#$$7%8%1+%+,-$,2$%,#%+,-$("123%(".(%4(.9$+%("$%:/.;$5%,&%"$2%?$%+.@%?$%.#$%3,123%(,%+*+(1(($%8%&,#%$%+$%1(%?1("%("$%)$#@%+.-$%-$.2123%12%.2@%,2$%,&%.%2-*$#%,&%,("$#%;,2($A(+B
HHG%I2%("$%>,#/0%J$#1$+%#,+($#7%("$%-.2.3$#%+*+(1(($0%.%#,,91$%&,#%("$%12K#$0%)$($#.2=
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
-
verbs requiring for
responsibility forresponsible for
-
responsible/responsibility for
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
This idiom is unique. In a way, this is a grammatical idiom that derives from formal logic.
When we say For every A, B, we are saying that A is some category with multiple members,
member in this category, B is true. Sometimes it is used to express ratios in a population
League, more than 360 other high school baseball players never go so far.
theoretical physicists doubt that there truly is a positron for every electron.
-
bers prime factorization is unique.
for every A, B
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A preposition must be followed by a noun or by something playing the role of a noun. This latter category includes gerunds and substantive clauses.
1) Charles Lindbergh argued against entering World War II on the side of the Allies.
2) The CEO state he was prejudice against whoever thought his predecessors Seven-Point Plan was a sound way to run the corporation.
In sentence #1, the object of the preposition against is a gerund phrase, and in sentence #2, the object is a substantive clause. Incidentally, both of these are exemplary of idioms involv-ing these prepositions.
The preposition against has connotations of conflict and opposition. The most important idioms associated with against are:
prejudiced againstprotect from/againstargue with/againstdJKWZLWKDJDLQVWvictory over/against
Etymologically, the word prejudice simply means to pre-judge, and that pre-judging could be favorable or unfavorable, but in modern English, the word prejudice carries the connota-tion of having pre-judged in a way that is unfavorable. The most discussed kind of prejudice is racial prejudice, though of course one could be prejudice about many other issues. Because of the negative connotation, we use the preposition against with prejudice.
3) Prejudiced against short term securities, she only invested in options with more than a year before expiration.
the preposition against
prejudiced against
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:*$2"#$);J#72$)*$2"#$%(#%)-2)6$-$&$%#(-)6=$2"#6$2"#$+**#(#67#$;#21##6$.&(/0#$12"$K%#(-)6L3$
-$-2()6/#($2"&6$2"#($7)6*>72$MD$2"#$(#>&2)6-"%$-$)6/)6/=$&6+$2"#$7)6*>72$-$2#,%)(&(9$;9$7),%&(-)6$MD$2"#6$1#$1)0>+$0-#$.12"3$M$"0-;&6+$N$1*#$&(/0#$12"$)6#$&6)2"#(O$;()2"#($&(/0#-$12"$--2#(O$-20+#62$&(/0#-$12"$2#&7"#(5$$:6$/#6#(&>=$*$2"#$7)6*>72$-$2"#$#--#62&>$
"&4#$&69$(#>&2)6-"%$&2$&>>$12"$E$MD$2"#6$1#$1)0>+$0-#$.&/&6-253$$!"-$-$6)2$&$"&(+D&6+D*&-2$(0>#=$&6+$6$-),#$7)62#P2-=$#2"#($1)0>+$;#$7)((#725
QA$:6$2"#$*&,)0-$R7)%#$2(&>=$7)6-#(4&24#$I"(-2&6$S>>&,$T#666/-$E(9&6$&(/0#+$&/&6-2$%()/(#--4#$>;#(2&(&6$>&19#($I>&(#67#$U&(()15
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0-#$.&/&6-23$*)($&69$+#&$)($7&0-#$)($,)4#,#62$)6#$)%%)-#-5
VWA$!"#$%&($&)$*&+,- $+#%72-$X)>&6+Y-$#6#,#-$&-$Z0->,-=$;02$6$(#&>29=$&2$2"#$E&22>#$)*$X)67#4&0P$[&--=$X)>&6+$*)0/"2$&/&6-2$E&-F0#$I"(-2&6-5
argue with/against
fight with/against
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$(4#%2(1L&$?%#,&"#*%(-.0%@#%2(**#2&7
CJE%M1%&"#%N!"*,..)%,1%;)1,.)N?%(1%O2&(@#*%C?%CIGP?%;-")44)0%8O%)*A-#0%,&"%&"#%"#)0%(9%&"#%2(*5(*)&,(1U$%.#A).%)4%)@(-&%5(&,).%,45)2&%(9%&"#%1#%5(.,2/?%@-&%5-@.,2./?%&"#/%5*#$#1%)%-1,%9*(1&%(9%$-55(*&7
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!"#$%#&$(!)$*#!#&+,-#./$$01$!"#$(*#!#&+,-,-2/$,3$!"#$+4,-$145!$,-$4$3#-!#-5#6$!"#$789:$;)#&$!)$3##$,!$,-$!"#$45!,%#$%),5#$!"4-$,-$!"#$>433,%#$%),5#$?@$(8))-$>"&43#3$*#!#&+,-#$!,*#3/6$&4!"#&$!"4-$(:,*#3$4$*#!#&+,-#*$A$8))-$>"43#3./$$0!B3$!"#$-4!4!!#&-3$,-$#-5=)3#*$"4&)&36$3GSI$J#!#&+,-#*$3!&,5!=A$A$!"#$Q=45FEO5")=#3$+)*#=6$!"#$>&,5#$)1$4$3!)5F$)>!,)-$;,==$&,3#$
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!"#$%%&(%)*+,(,-.*(-/*(*."01&("2"-3(",,/)(*4)(5$,0"#$*"#6(",,/)(-5(*4)(7).8(9*-(5$,0"#$*):;((%/66)2("#*-(*4)(3-2"5&(5-.3/%$?(@>$,*(>$.*"0">%)A98&;@$0B*-.A:((!-.(*4",(7).8(*4",(",(*4)("2"-3(5$,0"#$*)2(8&:((C4",("2"-3(8&("*,)%5(",(#-*(,/.>.","#6:
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fascinated by & fascination with
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YB$V3.*$Z2&:#3.$-.0#88#70238$83.(6391,$5&6$O:-.&W3X1$4."#,5$0&$R#%0&.X1$$#),#6#(,$%##$6&(#8#($350#$0"#$->&&21$102702#$&5$Z278-(X1$47-8-).5 ;
model after
worry about
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prepositions
compound prepositions
41
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!"#$"%&()*+$",-.-"&,
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!
according to
as of
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-
!"#$"%&()*+$",-.-"&,
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
instead of
!"#$%&()&(#%$*+,%-.$/01$-,.$*+,$23-)#$/01$4#-,$#%%#,&+-335$&"#$%-4#$&"+,6$-,.$-#$+,7)"-,6#-83#9$$!"#/#&+)-335:$&"#$%&()&(#$*;$+,%-.$/0$$
-
!"#$"%&()*+$",-.-"&,
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
out of
!"#$%&()*#+",*-./,#%0-#"./*"/1"-$1*,2"&*3.4$3$/#*5%.3*,.3$#+"/6*$/-.,$1*.%*"/#$%".%*#.*&*7"1$%*$82&/,$*9:*;.0#*.5*&/(*.5*#+$,$*,#$3$/#,*&%$*#..*-..D0"&*&/1*-&,0&*5.%*#+$*E>
-
!"#$"%&()*+$",-.-"&,
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
prior to
!"#$%&(&$)($*+$),-.)-)*$/-0&1$2(30&)$,0+$&-.(,.-4$0+$0$5&)6(+($7-&8(&9-&$0.4$0.$0::(9;7?0#$@-8(&-$2-
-
!"#$%()*("#$%(+,-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&()*#%+#,-./#01234&5#$#&41-./$63%#2-67462%$-68##9+3%#/-%+3%#:36;###&41-./$63%#2(34&*#($?#36"#2(34&*#:4&%#+3@#3#2-:=(%#A6-46B#C#[email protected]#&%.42%4.#,$%+$6#$%*#($?#3#:$6$D&6%62E#$6#)32%*#$)#"-4#/.-=#%+#&41-.D/$63%#2-67462%$-6*#%+#.&%#-)#%+#&41-./$63%#2(34&+-4(/#1#31(#%-#&%36/#3(-6#3#&6%628##F4.%+.:-.*#%+#)32%#%+3%#%+$(34$&41-./$63%#G$88#/=6/6%H#:36%+.#:4&%#1#36-%+.#:3$6*#$6/=6/6%#2(34=.-@$/$6I#%+#:3%D36/D=-%3%--)#%+#&6%628
J+#I6.3(#-4%($6#-)#3#&6%62#$6@-(@$6I#%+#,-./#01234&5#:$I+%#1E
0!234&5#C#A&418#6-46B#C#A&418#@.1B*#A:3$6#6-46B#C#A:3$6#@.1B8
J+#A&418#6-46B#C#A&418#@.1B#=.-@$/#%+#&%.42%4.#-)#%+#&41-./$63%#2(34K#36/#2-4(/#&%36/#-6#%+$.#-,6#3#2-:=(%#&6%628##J+#&6%62#3#,+-(#/=6/-6#%+#A:3$6#6-46B#C#A:3$6#@.1B#3$%-.#&%.42%4.8##F-.#L3:=(*
MH#!234%63I..#$6&3%$31("#+46I."*#%+$.#=3.6%.#3(,3""$6I#)--/8
N-%$2#%+3%#%+#A6-46B#C#[email protected]#,$%+$6#%+#&41-./$63%#2(34&*#0%63I..#$6&3%$31("#+46I."5*#2-4(/#,-.?#3$%-,6#&6%62E#%+3%O#I.3%#%.$2?#%-#%&%#3#2(34-6#%+#PQ>J#R6%62#S-..2%$-68##N@.%+(&&*#$6#%+$-6%L%*#0%+$.#=3.6%&5#$%+#:3$6#&4172%#36/#03.#T#14"$6I5#$%+#:3$6#@.18
J+#,-./234-)5#$#=.=-&$%$-68###U.=-&$%$-6.#/&$I6/#%-#1#)-((-,/#1"#-6("#3#6-46#KD#01234-)#%+#.3$65*#01234-)#%+#=3.3/5*#01234-)#%+#2+$(/O%:=.#%36%.4:5*#%28###J+#-172%#-)#%+$-.#36"#=.=-&$%$-6#236#1#3#I.46/#-.#I.46/#=+.3KD#01234-)#,3$%$6I#)-.#%+#&63%-.5*#01234-)#($:$%/#=3.?$6I5*#01234-)#+3@$6I#3%6#-4%#@."#6$I+%#%+$,?5*#%28##J+3%#(3&%#L3:=(#$I%%$6I#%-#%+#($:$%#-)#+-,#:42+#32%$-6*#+-,#:42+#&%-."*#%+#PQ>J#($?%-#=32?#$6&$/#3#=.=-&$%$-63(#=+.3&8##
because
because of
46
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-
!"#$%()*("#$%(+,-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&"$&"()*++&($,*"-#$%./ 01#,2#34353"$67#*88*2&4#$*#$%*66*:,";#2$+B&+C?#(63
-
Idioms involving "as"
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
Four prominent idioms concern the way we think about or perceive something:
GHdQH$DV%UHJDUG$DV%WKLQNRI$DV%YLHZ$DV%
In all four of these, A is the object of contemplation, the literal reference, and B is the idea or view we attribute to it. The last three of these are, essentially, synonymous.
1) The Devils Dictionary
2) Vladimir Horowitz regarded Sviatoslav Richter as the greatest of the Russian pianists.
3) Muhammad Ali thought of heavyweight champion Jack Johnson as the predecessor with whom he had the most in common.
4) Military historians view Nathanael Greene as one of greatest American generals, and yet the public knows next to nothing about him.
an object.
DSSUHQWLFHVKLSDVZRUNDVXVHDVHPSOR\DV
tence!)
cognitive idioms
idioms of role
48
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Idioms involving "as"
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
5) A 17-year-old Benjamin Franklin ran away from Boston, and went to Philadelphia, looking for work as a printers aide.
6) Would a free weight work well as a hammer?
7) Einsteins revolutionary insight was to use the equivalence of inertial frames as the basis of his new paradigm.
8) The senator agreed with the courts basic ruling, but objected to its use as a political criticism of the current administration.
9) In 1723, the city of Leipzig employed Johann Sebastian Bach as Cantor, or music master, of the citys school and churches, a position he held until his death in 1750.
10) Did you know you can employ a substantive clause as the object of a prepositional phrase?
The word as is used extensively in comparisons. One particular construction merits spe-cial mention.
!"#$%&%(%"!%&%)
11) While other mammals lack the cognitive capabilities associated with the human cerebral cortex, all mammals have a limbic system; therefore fundamental emotions are the same to other mammals as to humans.
The idiom so as to is roughly a synonym of so that both are used to discuss the purpose of an action.
12) Like Hannibal and Charlemagne before him, Napoleon crossed the Alps so as to invade Italy by land from the north.
idioms of role
a comparisons idiom
49
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-
!"#$%(%)(*)#+,-,#"+
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&"$("#)$*+*",-.$)*/012$!"#345$-1#+*5+$6$7*-18*&+55+$("#345$45)*1697($:")5+$"45)$*1$;&"1$:")5+$10)"#/0$*16&$+*-1*&/#*-0.$*10$105$#&5))*&/$5(5$"?$6$-56-"&5+$/)6,,6)*6&.$105$&>5-$"?$;")$6-$1061$*&2=$*+*",$#-6/5@$A05&.$*&$105$,*+-1$"?$6$B#5-1*"&$6&+$6$?7#))($"?$")+-.$("#$976&%$"#1@
C1$*-$061$C$>677$7*-1$7#778105$15&+5&>($?")$("#)$9)6*&$1"$95$7#775+$1"$-755:$9($6&$-55,*&/7($5&+75--$-5)*5-$"?$")+-$?"77"5+$;")$&"1$?"77"5+=$9($6$:)5:"-*1*"&.$6&+$?")$("#$1"$95$7#775+$9($105$?67-5$>",:76>5&>($1061$("#$0645$756)&5+$105$:)":5)$*+*",61*>$>"&-1)#>1*"&@$D")$05&$("#$
!"#$%&$"&&%()&*+$&,$,$"&&%()&*+$%-2$;C13-$105$76115)=@
A"$-55$*?$("#$1)#7($%&"$("#)$*+*",-.$C345$>"&>">15+$6$&6-1($7*1175$B#*E@$F57"$6)5$?"#)$-5&G15&>5-.$56>0$>"&16*&*&/$-545)67$*+*",-@$!"#$0645$1"$>0""-5$0*>0$*+*",$"?$105$1"$;")$10)55=$*-$>"))5>1@$H",51*,5-$&5*105)$*77$95$>"))5>1@$I105)$1*,5-$9"10$*77$95$>"))5>1@
J"&&*&/$,($,610$061K$C?$6$-5&15&>5$15-1-$?"#)$*+*",-.$6&+$105)5$6)5$?"#)$+*??5)5&1$:"--*9*7*GG
L@$A05$/"45)&,5&1$!"#$""!%!"#$""!&() $6&("&5$0"$+6)5+$*&+$"),%+$"),-./ $105$>#)?5$95$057+$6>>"#&16975$*.%0*$$105*)$!-1$"/)$!&*0%!-1$"/)$!-./ $105$76@
M@$N11)*9#1*&/$105$#&:)5>5+5&15+$+)"#/01$*%*2)$!1 $>06&/5-$*&$105$-"76)$>(>75.$105$)5-56)>0$156,$?6*75+$1"$)##*3.&0*$%),"&)##*3.&*0 $105$*&?7#5&>5$"?$6&($15))5-1)*67$>#7:)*1-.$&6,57($"#)$+5-1)#>1*"&$-.%*0&)6*&?")5-1-$6&+$"#)$#&9)*+75+$>"&-#,:1*"&&-.%*0&/6-"7*&5@
O@$P)"&5$-.%*$,*-16%*&/$&61#)67$>0*7+0""+$*,:#7-*4*1($)1%0*$>0*7+0""+$:-(>0"7"/*-1-$6)5$&"1")*"#-$-.%0*$$"45),5+*>61*&/$>0*7+)5&.$>)561*&/$6$7*?57"&/$+5:5&+5&>($*.%*2)$!1 $>5)16*&$,5+*>61*"&-@
Q@$4*-"%#--./$105$:)"7*?5)61*"&$"?$-,6)1$:0"&5-$6-$"&5$"?$105$>0*5?$#)31"1&*0%#)31"1&0*$$-1#+5&1$*&6115&1*"&.$,6&($0*/0$->0""7-$6)5$>)6>%*&/$+"&$*.%35*. $105$31"&*0%31"&-.&06&+G057+$+54*>5-$9($$"63-$-./&()%$"63-$-./ $-1#+5&1-$1"$13+7-%13+7-&*$6$,5167$+515>1*"&$15-1@
N&-5)-KL@$+5>)55+$1061.$9"10.$?").$+*-)5/6)+$"?M@$1".$6>>"#&1$?").$"?.$"?O@$1".$?").$?").$"&Q@$R*1*&/.$9"10.$"&.$#-5$"?.$)5B#*)*&/.$-#9,*1$1"
50
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IDIOMS INVOLVINGCLAUSES & SENTENCE
ORGANIZATION
!"#$%&($)&
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IDIOMS INVOLVINGCLAUSES & SENTENCE
ORGANIZATION
SENTEN
CE
SENTEN
CE
SENTEN
CE
51
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!"#$%&()&*"+,-#"&./0-/--1"%
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
the infinitive
!"!""#$!"%#(!")(%*)(!"+#,-*)!".(,/!)(!"0,1
verbs + infinitives
52
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!"#$%&()&*"+,-#"&./0-/--1"%
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$ !"%#%&(
)$#*+&!,&
%,-.)/$)-&.-/.-0
other words + infinitives
1!,&
verbs + infinitives
53
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!""#$%%&(")(&**+!),*%-./+"0*1+%2345
practice
!"#$%&()&*"+,-#"&./0-/--1"%
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS54
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!"#$%&()&*+,+-&./0%"%
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&(&)**+&)&,%-)%.&/*)0$1&20$%&-)31&)&(0**&450567431#86&$%#0/%0#1+&)&$%#0/%0#1&%-)%&/0*9&$%)59&5&"%$&:5&)$&)&$15%15/1;&&)$&"5&%-1&=#13"0$&$15%15/1?&)59&$1#31$&)$&%-1&$08@1/%&(&%-1&/*)0$1+&80%&)$&%-1&8@1/%&(&,%-"5A"5B.&,)#B0"5B.&31#8$+&%-1&:#9&,%-)%.&"5%#90/1$&)&$08$%)5%"31&/*)0$1+&:-"/-&-)$&"%$&:5&$08@1/%&)(%1#&%-1&:#9&%-)%;&&CB)"5+&"5&$08$%)5%"31&/*)0$1+&:-)%&(**:$&%-1&,%-)%.&/0*9&81&)&$%)59D5D"%D:5&$15%15/1&"5&"%$&:5"B-%E
F)?&G1&81*"131$&%-)%&%-1&H1%$&:"**&-)31&)&:"55"5B/#9&"5&IJFK;
F8?&L-1&H1%$&:"**&-)31&)&:"55"5B/#9&"5&IJFK;
M1B)#9*1$$&(&:-1%-1#&N0&)B#11&:"%-&%-1&/5%15%+&:-)%&(**:$&%-1&:#9&,%-)%.&(05/%"5$&)$&)&(0**&B#)22)%"/)**N&/##1/%&$15%15/1&5&"%$&:5;
basics of that clauses
C;&!"#$$#%&$()*!+,-$(.$/
O5&/**P0")*&$=11/-+&%-1&:#9&,%-)%.&"$&9#==19&)**&%-1&%"21;&&,O&%-"5A&"%Q$&B"5B&%)"5;.&&,O&908%&-1Q$&/2"5B;.&&,1$=1/")**N&8N&(*A$&%#N"5B&%&$059&()5/N?&%&$059&=*)0$"8*1;&&V5Q%&81&(*19;&&L-"$&"$&)*$&FJJW&:#5B&)$&)&$08$%"%0%1&(#&,%-)%.&/*)0$1&(**:"5B&51&(&%-1$1&31#8$;
colloquialisms
55
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!"#$%&()&*+,+-&./0%"%
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&%($)%&**&+,-.%/)012%,3,&4"(,#"**5%("6)2%"%7($"(8%#*"92):%"%2912("-(,/)%#*"92):%"2%,(2%3,0)#(%&1;)#(*)2E
FG%B$)%*"+5)0%#*",4)3%($"(%$,2%#*,)-(%+"2%&9(%&%($)%#&9-(05%&0%($"(%)-(,0)%+))60)>&2,(,&-%7,-8
NG%O90)%P"-3%Q933$,2(2%1)*,)/)%,-%2"*/"(,&-%($0&9.$%0)>)(,(,&-%&%($)%-"4)%&%($)%A4,3"%Q933$",0"#5%($)&0,)2%1)*,)/)%O&>)%T&$-%O"9*%U%(&%$"/)%1))-%4903)0)3:%>&22,1*5%,-%#&--)#V(,&-%+,($%($)%"",02%&%Q"-#&%A410&2,"-&%?%1#$(%N,+#-(%4C%0-5%),%)%(,%11,&%"/4%(,%.-/I#%(,%(,&$%$.%)##%@-0/%+#3,-#%)"#%1#I#)9
E6/$5%+,("%-#%0,--#0(5%1(",*6"%$,&%("#%)#0,$.%0,$)(-*0(/,$%),*$.)%%+/(%(,,%&,-.C%$.%/$./-#0(9%%E6/$5%("#%D@EF%GH%&/11%$,(%"I#%C,*%0,42-#%(&,%)#$(#$0#)%("/)%01,)#9%%F"#%
!"#$%&"%&("&(#%")("!"*(+,-")$$"./0*/"1$2(0$")3$",$2&4"
F"#%&,-.%7("(85%,-%("#%&,-.)%7)%(,85%-#%$##.#.%/$%("/)%0,$)(-*0(/,$9%%G#$(#$0#%PQ%0,*1.%+#%$%/$0,--#0(%$)-%0",/0#5%0,42-#.%(,%#/("#-%P=%,-%PA%+,I#9
clauses of purpose
F"#%&,-.%7),8%0$%+#%*)#.%)%$%.I#-+%/$(#$)/3C/$6%("#%.#6-##%,3%%$,*$9
R>%S,0(#.%,$%,$#%,3%("#%4,)(%)0#$/0%)(-#(0"#)%,3%("#%T$,$.6%N/I#-5%("#%)*+*-+%,3%E*-#*4%/)%),%#;2#$)/I#9
E.4/((#.1C5%("/)%/)%%+,-.#-1/$#%0,11,U*/1%*)6#%$,(%1/J#1C%(,%22#-%,$%("#%D@EF9%%F"#%&,-.)%7)%V%)8%-#%*)#.%3,-%0,42-/),$)9
comparisons
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!"#$
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&()*#%+#%+)#%,#(-)#.%/(#/&)+0/(1)(&-)/#%,#(-)#2+%+*3#405)16#(-)#/78718#%,#971)7.#0/#/#):;)+/05)#/#(-)#.%/(#):&%7+(?6#+%1(-#%,#@)A#B%1C#>0(?D
E-(#&%.;10/%+#0/#FGGH#31..(0&
-
So
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
11) The hurricane was so powerful as to topple every telephone pole on Main St.
12) Mariano Rivera is so dominant a closer as to top the career rankings in Adjusted ERA+.
Again, perfectly correct, and either could be could be the correct answer on a GMAT SCquestion. Be careful, though, not to confuse this completely correct use of so as with thefaulty comparison given in #8 above.
clause of consequence
The following questions in the OG13 feature some of these uses of so: SC #16, #35, #39,and #111. Furthermore, heres a Magoosh practice question.
http://gmat.magoosh.com/questions/3290
further practice
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Cause and Consequence
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
The three primary idioms dealing with causes are as follows:
!"#$%&"!"#$%&"()*%"+(
!"#$%&"
-
!"#$%&"()
-
The phrase *%"+( is similar to !"#$%&"() , and in colloquial use they are used interchange-
idioms of cause
62
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!"#$%&"(&!)$%*#%+%
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!
!"#$%&"() *%"+(
!"#$%&"()&$*+$,-)$./**0)$12-34$+/*5$.,&$*617$8"0*6&*3$,"1$.*$/&./&".$+/*5$9())-":
!
idioms of cause
&(+,$+&($&+(&%#,+,$+&( !"#$%&()%*+,$+&( !"#$%&()%*$&+(&%#,!+,-+* +,$+
clauses of consequence
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!"#$%&"(&!)$%*#%+%
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!
"#$%&()*+("+%(&%,+-)(.-%+#,+(&+(")/&0+1)2+(&+("+3#*(41335+()4#,,%4&++"15+"#$%&()*+("+6$#,%+
!"#"$%"&"(
clauses of consequence
64
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-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!
!"#$ !"#$%#&!%$&%
"#$!"#$%&%(&)*+,$%#$!"#$%&%(-"./$$%#$!"#$%&%/(012*.$%#$!"#$%&%$*2/
3*%4(*%+"%/(-5*./!
clauses of consequence
65
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-
!"#$%&$()$%*+,#&$-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&&()*+$%&,-.$/0*$1#$2.#3$("#*$&*#$4#,-$&%$4"#$/&-50,).&*$).$4"#$.216#/4$&%$4"#$.#*4#*/#7$0$8#,9$/&--&*$%&,-$&*$:;&,,#/4)&*?
more thanmore (adjective) thandifferent fromin contrast to A, Bunlike A, Bcompared to A, B
(#$/0*$2.#$4"#$/&*.4,2/4)&*$
-
!"#$%&$()$%*+,#&$-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%#$"(()*%+,-)./0
!"#$%&()*+("$,-..-/0$1"0*1"..$2-3*$"4(5.6$7"+$8"2*09:"#$;*+$)(4*0$2-3*$2-+*6$7-$4&()2#$)+#$)()+#)+*)/)*%5)(5&*$5%.)(%?$"(#"*4#),0
!"#$%&()*+&",)-".#&4>>)#$4#"(@4.>)((@45%&(/A&(#4()+"354#"*=
B
*$%"*)(4#4>>0"#(%/A)*#"("++)..)@>)*#"%+4+,5
-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$!"#$%&"$%#()$!"%&$()*+$$,)!"$-%!"#-$%&($&.!#%($/%&$0#$1.#($%.$%(2#-0.3$*#%&&4$5)&$!"#$/)&!-%-637$01!$!"#.#$/)&.!-1/!)&.$()&8!$%99#%-$)&$!"#$:;$5&.!#%($)>7$@)1A($0#$%AA)@#(3$%&($.##*.$!)$1.#$5&.!#%($)>7$)&A6$%.$%&$&/)--#/!$/")/#$>)-$5-%!"#-$!"%&+7
*)&!".+
B1#.!)&3$%$!69/%A$&/)--#/!$/")/#$@)1A($0#C
**#+,%&-./0123456%$74(84.(94-$4(:.(-$4;0#2.(6;4"#%4$&1"44/;4"-&
-
!"#$%&%#&$()(*+$"#$,$!"#$"%&"#()*+$,++%)-).%!)/ $,-)$!"#$"%0$"1%)*+$,++%)-).%!)/.$!"#$"%&"#()-)2314)/ $,-)$$(+$!"#$"%0$"1%)12)-)2314)/5$$!"#$+/012#$)(33#-4#+$0#15##-$1"#+#$
1"#+#$4-+1&/41(-+.$01"$6$,-)$7$",8#$1$0#$#(1"#&$-/-+$&$+*#1"(-9$1",1$,41+$,+$,$-/-$
:4#,2(-9$+*#$%,&1$3$1"#$1&/#;
%/&%+#+.$*#,-(-92#++;
distinction
!"#$%&$()$%*+,#&$-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
71"$3$1"#+#$()(*+$,$4&)
-
!"#$%&$()$%*+,#&$-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#"$%&"%#"()%*)"%)"+,)*-%./%0#1--2-$%-.3"%./%*)"%3.-*%-.4)+-*+(*"5%61,2,"%7.2%(.265%-""%.1%*)"%89:;%
!"#$%&%(%"!%&%)*+!&%"!%,-%!%./%0!%&%1%23"&%(%0!%&%)
!"#$%&($")$%*$"$+"+(,&.265%6-.%?"%(.##"(*$%?2*%6"--%-2((+1(*>
@4#+1,>
3+1+*2#">A
-$.*)%$/01)%&2)%&)*%92-6+3%*6"-%./%*)"%.30)"4 /3536$7*89( >
sophisticated idioms
70
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-
!"#$%&(")*%+,
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%%&()*+#,-./0.12#3.%&*(#456#&7#805*.,59#:&,)&*;#52#5#/05*.,#&?+>#),2#.00)/,)%50#&@),;#),#%>5*+.2#),2#&@),50#2/..(#52#),2#()2,5*%.#7&.#3?*#%>5*+.2A#)*#/5,)%?05;#,>.#%0&2.#,>.#/05*.,#)2#,,>.#3?*;#,>.*#),#)2#5,#
-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&()$ !"#$%$*#+,--,-+$#./"$0.1$.#$/2/,.34$.)$,)$1"#$/&55.$)#0..1,-+$1"#$1%&$0.1)6$$!",)$,(,&5$)1.-()$.3&-#$.)$.-$,-(#0#-(#-1$/3.2)#4$.-($1"##7$/.-$*#$.$/&503#1#$)#-1#-/#$*8$,1)#374$&$/.-$03.8$.$&3#$,-$.$3.+#$)#-1#-/#6$$9##$.#$)&5#$#:.503#)6
;
-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&()*+%()%,(-$%./01+2%/0&+2%"3+$+2%,04)#"4$1+2%$&/56%/"#$%()%/"3)&07,$%3)(&+5%%8$%0,,#019%"-%(&$#+%&0&%01$%/"3)&07,$%)"3)+%(+%&0&%4$%4"3,:%0+92%;"4%#0)%%."4%#0)
E6%C",,0):%0+%#"1$%&3,(?+%&0)%:"$+%0)
H6%8$%I!%!&0&$%"-%J$"1*(0%0+%#"1$%,0):%&0)%:"$+%&$%+&0&$%"-%K$))+=%%D$%3+$%;*1$0&$1>%4$)%&$%)"3)%()%A3$+&(")%!"#$#%&()* 5%D$%/0)%/"3)&%&$%)3#7$1%"-%&3,(?+2%73&%0%&3,(?%(&+$,-%(+%)"&%0%)3#7$15%%!"#$%$P0#?,$+%"-%)"3)+%&0&%01$%&$#+$,@$+%)3#7$1+%01$G%?$1/$)&2%()&$1$+&%10&$2%?"?3,0&(")2%@",3#$2%:(+&0)/$2%?1(/$2%/"+&2%0):%)3#7$15
more vs. greater
73
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-
!"#$%&()*!+$%,-%$&
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%()*#+&)(,-#-.#,(&/&(#/%0#/%/#)*#1&00.2340-5
6"#$%(-8)*##/(-7#/)#/%33,:-.#,(&/&(#/%0#/%)./#)*##0-,%/#/#/%)7&(5
;"#?)/-8&@#*)(#8&(/-0#&8)0):-8#AB0/-/-&.@#==-33#B.C%-,%&(D#*)(#0#-08(&.&5"#E0#,&0&(3@#/%-0,.#/FC:)(&D#9B/#0B:9&(.#/FC,(&/&(5D#$%C-08(&.-0,D#8.-.#/%&.-&(#)*#/%/=)#8.&.5
E#=-33#=(0#2)BG#=():-0,#B7#)0#)0)*#/%:)./#*(&AB&0/32#:H:-./F&.#-0#.7)F&0#I0,3-.%5##I4&0#)/%&(=-.%-,%32#3-/&(/0H#-0/&33-,&0/#7&)73()B/-0&32#:F/%-.#:-./F&5##J&/@#/%+KL$#=-33#7&03-M)B#*)(#:F-0,#/%-.#:-./F&5##E/N.#/%)0*B.-)0#)*#C3&..D#0H#C*&=&(5D
O%&0#.):&/%-0,#B08)B0/93H&8(&.&.@#=B.C3&..DG
P"#1&00.2340-#%.#3&..#30H#/%0#H)&.#+&)(,-5
Q"#E#%4,)//&0#3&..#=/&(#-0#:2#9.&:&0/#.-08.&3-0,#/%=-0H)=.5
RS@#0)=#,&/#(&H2#*)(#/%:-./F&TM)0&5##O%&0#.):&/%-0,#8)B0/93H&8(&.&.@#=B.C*&=&(DG
U"#V&:3H(-4&(.#/&0H#/)#,&/#*&=&(#.7&&H-0,#/-8F&/.5
WX"#K2#H)(:#%H#*&=&(#-0/&(0/-)03#./BH&0/.5
WW"#O%&0#*&=&(#7&)73(B0&:73)2&H@#/%-0/&(&./#(/&.#/&0H#/)#(-.&5
WY"#E*#2)B#=&((-8%@#=)B3H#2)B#%4*&=&(#7()93&:.Z
E/N.#AB-/)..-93/%/#.):)*#/%).&@#)(#&4&0#33#)*#/%).&@#C.)B0HD#=()0,5##K02#:02#7&)73=)B3H#:F/%:-./F)*#B.-0,#/%=)(H#C3&..D#-0#/%)..&0/&08&.#&4&0#/%)B,%#/%=)(H#C*&=&(D#-.#WXX[#8)((&8/5##E*#2)B#80#8)B0/#-/@#2)B#0&&H#/)#B.C*&=&(D#-0./&H#)*#C3&..5D##E0#)/%&(#=)(H.@#=%&0&4&(#2)B#=)B3H#B.C%)=#:02ZD#-0./&H#)*#C%)=#:B8%ZD@#2)B#0&&H#/)#B.C*&=&(D#-0./&H#)*#C3&..5D
more vs. greater
74
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-
!"#$$%&$(&!)#*#+%
Have feedback or questions?http://magoosh.com/gmat/2013/gmat-idiom-ebook http://gmat.magoosh.com
PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%(")#$%*++&,#-.,#$%(//0$*1.2$#*3&24,&(3#5,(11($*6(//"#*+6.,,&6$#2*5+7#8$&+#*$&12#.,#/&229:##;.#1(+"#$*1&2#%(
?&,6*-=//")#%&+#.14(,+=1@&,2)#(+3#+=1@&,2#3&6,&(2&)#(+#2*14/"#5.#@(6A#$.#=2*+5#8/&22:9
BCD#E%.4=/($*.+#.-#?.+5./*(#*2#/&22#$%(+#$%($#.-#F.2#G+5&/&2:
BHD#E%.2$#.-#(#+*5%$#($#$%.4&,(#*2#/&22#$%(+#$.$(/#6.2$#.-#(#3("#($#$%@(//5(1&:
BID#E%&/$*+5#4.*+$#.-#J*+6#*2#/&22#$%(+#$%($#.-#6.44&,:
!EK)#81&/$*+5#4.*+$9#*2#(#$&14&,($=,&)#2.#*$#*2#*+3&&3#(#+=1@&,:
less vs. fewer
75
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-
!"#$%&()*%+,-%!"#$%",*
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&(&)**+&%#,&%-"$&./0%/01/&2##/1%"0&34/$%"05&&6&(4**&/78*)0)%"0&9"**&(**9&*)%/#&"0&%-/&8$%5
:;&4#8/&)0?&2-"0)&4$/&$%)0?)#?)"*#)?&@)4@/&A:BCDⅇ+&F4$$")&?/*"=/#G)%/*,&1-$/&%-/&9"?/#&HF4$$")0&@)4@/I&A:DJKⅇ&%-)%&@"L/$&@#/)%/#&$"?/G%G$"?/&$%)="*"%,&"0)"*9),$&1)#$&)0?+&E#/&"E8#%)0%*,+&)1%$&)$&)&0)%"0)*&?/(/0$/+&$&%-)%&"%&94*?&=*1M&(#/"@0&)#E,N$&$488*,&*"0/&)0?&8#/L/0%"0@&%-/$/&=#?/#"0@&89/#$&(#E&"0L)?"0@&=,&%#)"05
65&)1%$&)$&)&0)%"0)*&?/(/0$/+&$&%-)%&"%&94*?&=*1MO5&)1%$&*"M/&)&0)%"0)*&?/(/0$/+&$&)$&%&=*1M25&)1%$&)$&)&0)%"0)*&?/(/0$/+&=*1M"0@P5&)1%"0@&)$&)&0)%"0)*&?/(/0$/+&=*1M"0@>5&)1%"0@&*"M/&)&0)%"0)*&?/(/0$/+&94*?&=*1M
Q0&@/0/#)*&H*"M/I&"$&(**9/?&0*,&=,&)&$"0@*/&040+&)0?&"$&4$/?&%&1E8)#/&040$R&=4%&H)$I&"$&(**9/?&=,&)&(4**&040&S&L/#=&1*)4$/+&)0?&"$&4$/?&%&1E8)#/&)1%"0$5
J;&T-"$M"/&$9"0@$&*"M/&T/?&0@*"$-+&%-/&"?"E&H%&)1%&*"M/I&E/)0$&%&=/-)L"#&1E8#%&0/N$&$/*(&"0&"E"%)%"0&(&$E/%-"0@&/*$/5&&Q(&Q&H)1%&*"M/&)&M"0@I+&%-)%&"E8*"/$&%-)%&Q&)E&0%&)&M"0@+&=4%&$E/%-"0@&)=4%&E,&=/-)L"#&A8#/$4E)=*,+&E,&/0%"%*/E/0%&)0?&8#/$4E8%"0;/$/E=*/$&%-)%&(&)&M"0@5&&
act like
76
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-
!"#$%&()*%+,-%!"#$%",*
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&(")&"*+#+,-$".")(/$(0)(1"/")2)/+/$"&2$/3)(14"&"+"#$%&("*+("5+*/"-)6$7"&2$/3)(18""9(*$):+,-;4"+(")(/$--)1$(/"+()2+-""*?-0",$")(0?*$0"/")2)/+/$"&2$/3)(14")("@3)*3"*+&$"@$"*?-0"&+;A"/3$"*3)2#+(B$$"5+*/&"-)6$7"&?*3C+(0C&?*38""!(;")(+()2+/$",D$*/")&"?//$%-;"0$:)0".")(/$(/)(+-)/;4"&"@$"*+((/")("+(;"@+;"+//%),?/$")2)/+/):$",$3+:)%"/")/A"/3$%$.%$4"@$"*+("($:$%"?&$"/3$")0)2"5+*/"-)6$7"@)/3"+(")(+()2+/$",D$*/8""E)/3"+(",D$*/4"@$"+-@+;&"3+:$"/"?&$"5+*/"+&87
act like
F)%&/"."+--4".%2"/3$".%$1)(1"0)&*?&&)(4"@$"6(@"/3+/"/3$")(+()2+/$",D$*/"5G?&&)+("1+?1$7"*+((/"5+*/"-)6$7"+(;/3)(14",$*+?&$")/"0$&(H/"3+:$"/3$"*(&*)?&"+,)-)/;"/")2)/+/$8"""I."/3$"&?,D$*/")&"+(")(+()2+/$",D$*/4"@$"($$0"/"?&$"5+*/"+&78""J3?&4""+(0""+%$"?/")22$C0)+/$-;8
E$"+-&"3+:$"/@"#+%+--$-"*(&/%?*/)(&"@$"($$0"/"2+)(/+)("3$%$8""E$"($$0"/3$"/@":$%,&"
#+%+--$-"5+*/&7"M"/3?&4"")&"?/8
J3$"&$*(0"#+%+--$-)&2")&",$/@$$("5@?-0",-*67O7,-*6)(17"+(0"/3$"#+%/)*)#-$"5#%$:$(/)(17P"
*%%$*/"+(&@$%"%$2+)()(1")&"8
explanation of the question
77
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-
!"#$%&$()*$+,-."/-01&
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%#&$()*+,+-$,+$.*$,*-&.*+,-,%#$%#&$/$-".-$,+0$.$%#&$-".-$1)#+$*)-$-.2#$.$1,(-$)3#(-4$,*$)-"#&$5)&1+0$-"#+$*)$7.++,%#$8)&9$)8$-",+$%#&0$+)$5#$)*:;$".%#$-)$5)&&;$.)
-
!"#$%&$()*$+,-."/-01&
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&()%*+,-.%/-$+%)%,$.%#0%1"%2/$$#&3%%4/05%6+-7$%*+06,$%1"#$%8+(.%8#1"%1"%8+(.%9*+:2+$;,(+2/0%M0#+03
include
79
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-
!"#$%&$()*$+,-."/-01&
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&()*+(,-./()*+(/*%&(0.1$(*(.%23$#(4$./5%,(6*78#$0$%25*%(9+$25*%2(.:*+(9+.$#;%5*%2
8.2251$?(@?(52(0$(,$%$#.-(A.2$?(.%/(0$(*:B$A(*C(D:)E(52(0$($F.78-$G
;:$.#/?(8-.)$/(.(-.#,$(#*-$(5%(0$(2$-$7$%(.%/(A*%#*-(*C(H+#*8$.%(A*-*%5$2(5%(0$(I$3(J*#-/G
!"#$#%&$"($)*+#$&,$%,%-"./01%/(.%/(0$(K-)22$2(.%/(:)(L0$7(0$(M$%7.%(5%(2&//*0%/,3%4* ?(*CC$#(052(:5*,#.80$#2(.%.-5N5%,(5%25,02(5%*(052(7*51.5*%2(.%/(7$0*/2G
exemplify
80
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-
!"#$%&()*+&,!"#$%&-(*
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&()*$"+,#%-"$./,$%")*0,1)#,2)/#,3+%-,$,(%")*4
567*3#,(,*%8)9"(2$-"1%&%-,:3*3;,:,*%)1%-,()/*%2,*13("9"%",$-3?,(/%$%311-)/#$3$:,3*$%);#,3%,#,()*):"($/$%3"*30"9"%23*+-3?,9)@,#,+%-,8,#(,*%=3;,)1*,@#,$"+,*%$"%@"993((,8%@-)$,)*92$)/#(,)1"*():,"$A)("39A,(/#"%24
B4%);#,3%,#,()*):"($/$%3"*30"9"%23*+-3?,9)@,#,+C4%);#,3%,#$/$%3"*30"9"%2,()*):"(39923*+-3?,9)@,#,+D4)1;#,3%,#,()*):"($/$%3"*30"9"%23*+9)@,#"*;E4)1;#,3%,#$/$%3"*30"9"%2,()*):"(39923*+9)@,#"*;F41)#;#,3%,#,()*):"($/$%3"*30"9"%23*+%-,9)@,#"*;)1
B():89,%,,G893*3%")*)1%-"$./,$%")*@"99():,3%%-,,*+)1%-"$$,(%")*4
question
H*,)1%-,$89"%$"*%-"$AD./,$%")*"$%-,)8,*"*;8#,8)$"%")*&%-,8#,8)$"%")*@-"(-3(():83*",$I:,3*$J"*%-,$%,:4
K-"$"$)*,)1%-,$/0%9,$%)1F*;9"$-"+"):$4!"#$%)1399&I:,3*$1)#J"$@#)*;5LLM)1%-,
N-,*@,$32IO3$3:,3*$)1PJ$/;;,$%$%-3%O"$3Q"*+)1P4!)#,G3:89,&7:";-%$32R
S6E"*"*;)/%)*92$,9+):"$3:,3*$)1$3?"*;:)*,24
7*TS&%-,#,3#,:3*2@32$%)$3?,:)*,2&3*+)*,)1%-)$,&)*,Q"*+)1@32%)$3?,:)*,2&"$%)+"*,)/%"*1#,./,*%9247*TU&%-,#,3#,$,?,#391)#:$)1()::/*"(3%")*&3*+)*,)1
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difference a preposition makes
81
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-
!"#$%&()*+&,!"#$%&-(*
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
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the explanation
83
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-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%"&()&%#&(*+,"-#(.%/&01#)%/$1#%2#&01#,31(#%#%&01#41%4*15)#1*(&,%")0,4#&%#&01#,31(6#&01#789:#;,**#(*)%#&(*+#(.%/0(,31()!"#$%"&&!("#)(>,"-6#&01#&0%/-0?.%3,13#,"#,@#&0,)#,)#&,$+>
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%$%())*+#,*-.*#/)&*01-.#2#3.0-&1#4+.0*#%%,5+).05#)+-#6789
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Idiom #2: consider + noun + adjective
86
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-
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%&()*+,-"./&0"1*2*3*
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Idiom #2: consider + noun + adjective
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keep it simple
87
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
!"#$%#&("#)*+,-*$"(#(#.*/",0)1*2-3*2-45*"*4(#6*".-2-,*/"*#"%#)7*",*/"*8-,9)7*",*/"*4+,.-,*),%&%,-)*(#*+*)-#-#&-:**!""#$%&(%&)*+"&,-&+(%"&.*;-:.:*
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
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PREPOSITIONS & IDIOMS
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