How to Reference Using APA

References APA stands for the American

Psychological Association APA style calls its bibliography or works

cited section: References. Alphabetize according to author‘s last

name, company‘s name or internet title

References, cont. Is printed on its on piece of paper Comes at the end of the paper Follows the style of APA

Reference for a BookNicol, A. A. M., & Pexman, P. M. (1999).

Presenting your findings: A practical guide for creating tables. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

In-text citation of a book would appear as Nicol and Pexman (1999) or (Nicol & Pexman, 1999).

Reference for an ArticleFine, M. A., & Kurdek, L. A. (1993).

Reflections on determining authorship credit and authorship order on faculty-

student collaborations. American Psychologist, 48(1), 1141-1147.

In-text citation of a journal article would appear as Fine and Kurdek (1993) or (Fine & Kurdek, 1993).

References for Secondary SourceWhen citing a secondary source, in-text citation

would appear as the following:Seidenburg and McClelland’s study (as cited in

Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993, pp. 589-608)

Reference entry would look like this:Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M.

(1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

Reference for Online ArticleVandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001).

Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

In-text citation would appear as VandenBos, Knapp and Doe (2001) or

(VandenBox, Knapp, & Doe, 2001).

Referencing: No editor or authorMerriam-Webster‘s collegiate dictionary (10th.ed.).

(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

In-text citation is written as Merriam-Webster (1993) or (Merriam-Webster, 1993).

Note that proper nouns are capitalized in books despite which position the word has!

Religious Text1 Correnthians, 13:1 (Revised Standard

Version)

The Holy Quran, 4:50

Mishna Torah, Laws of Prayer, 13:6

Referencing an Internet Site

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved from http://news. ninemsn.com.au/ health/story_13178.asp

In-text citation would appear as “New child vaccine” (2001) or (“New child,” 2001).

APA uses only two words in the citation; however, it is permissible to use up to five words.

Online ArticleBrown, G. T. (2010, April 1). Lufthansa

bounces back. Retrieved from

www.lufthansa.de/monthlyreview/

123876.456/html

Referencing Film and TelevisionScorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K.

(Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount.

Hall, B. (Writer/Director/Producer). (1991). The Rules of the Game [Television series episode No. 1]. In J. Sander (Producer) I‘ll fly away. New York: ABC Television.

Abbreviations! The abbreviation, ed. stands for edition.APA (2001). Presenting your finds (3rd

ed.). Washington, D.C.: APA Press. The abbreviation, Ed. or Eds. Stands for editor (s).Brown, A., & Black, T. (Eds.) The

tradition of colors in weddings. St. Helen, MI: University Press.

What is the DOI System?The DOI is the abbreviation for digital object

identifier. DOI systems can be found online under sites such as CrossRef. The official website is:

http://www.doi.org

Who developed DOI? DOI was developed by international

publishers as a way to digitally identify and manage books and periodicals that are published or put on the internet.

The registration agency, the International DOI Foundation, is the governing body and assigns the DOI identity code.

What does the DOI System do?1. It identifies electronic information by

assigning them a ten digit DOI identity number. This number uses an alphanumeric string to catalog electronic information.

2. The DOI system establishes a permanent link to a source.

Where do I find the DOI reference of an article?The DOI can usually be found as part of the

general description of a book or periodical. That is after the information on author, title of book, article title and journal title. Although it was stated that ten digits are used, the DOI could be longer. In the reference section, it is the last piece of information of a reference.

What does this mean for me?There are several changes in how the

information in the reference section of a paper appear. These changes may reduce or add to the amount of information that is needed.

Something to Remember!Not all books and periodicals have a DOI

assigned. This is especially true for information published before 2000! Therefore, the established rules still apply. Don‘t waste your time looking for a DOI! There may not be one!

Referencing DOI for BooksAuthor, A. A. (2009). Title. doi: 12.3456/

78910

Author, B. B. (1985). Title. City, State: Publisher. doi: 12.3456/78910

Author, D. D. (1976). Title [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi: 10.1036/007139722

Referencing DOI for Book ChaptersAuthor, A. A. (2009). Title of chapter. In A. Author

& B. Author (Eds.), Title of Book (pp. 12-34). doi: 12.3456/78910

Author, B. B. (1985). Title of chapter. In A. Author & B. Author (Eds.), Title of Book (pp. 12-34). City, State: Publisher. doi: 12.3456/78910

Referencing for ArticlesAuthor, E. E. (1999). Title of article. Title of

Journal, 1, 12-34. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., &

Author, Z. Z. (2004). Title of article. Title of Journal, 1(1), 56-78. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Rules for Citing QuotationsQuotes must have page number or paragraph

number (this is needed for internet or PDF files without page numbers):

1. Brown (2005, p. 1) one page or (Brown, 2005, p. 1)2. Brown (2005, pp. 1-2) multiple pages or (Brown, 2005, pp. 1-2)

Rules for Citing QuotationsIf the internet site or PDF file has no page

numbers use the following:

1. Brown (2005, para. 1) or

(Brown, 2005, para. 1-2)

2. Brown (2005, ¶ 1) or

(Brown, 2005, ¶ 1-2)

What if. . . n.d. (n.d.) means no date given and is used

whenever one can not find the date a reference was posted.

Anonymous (2005) or (Anonymous, 2005) can be used for unkown authors.

What if. . .

If a work has six or more authors or a long list of authors, cite up to six names the first time. After this use, et al.

Green, Brown, Black, Pink, White and Yellow (2005) stated. . .

Green et al. (2005) stated. . .

What if. . .

If one author has two or more publications in the same year, use lower case letters to identify the works.

Brown (2005a) stated. . .

Brown (2005b) stated. . .

Alphabetized according to title of work!!!

What if. . .

Alphabetize last names with articles and propositions (de, la or von) according to the language in which they stem i.e. Goethe and Beethoven would be von Goethe and von Beethoven respectively.

Citing Personal CommunicationPersonal communication is: Email Phone conversations Messages on electronic bulletin boards Interviews Nonarchieved materials from discussion

groups

Citing Personal Communication Personal communication appears only in

in-text documentation Is used documented in the same style as

books and periodicals.

Citing Personal CommunicationWhen citing personal communication, use the

following documentation procedures:1. A. B. Brown (personal communication,

May 1, 2003) at the beginning of a sentence.

2. (A. B. Brown, personal communication, May 1, 2003) at the middle or end of a sentence.

Personal CommunicationIt is permissible to replace the word, personal

communication with:

1. Interview

2. Phone call

3. Email

4. Correspondence (letter)

Citing an Internet Source, cont.Internet addresses are given in the References

and NOT in the research paper! Do not write the full address! See example below!

1. CNN.com (2004) at beginning of sentence

2. (CNN.com, 2004) at end of sentence