Download - Holocaust
The HolocaustThe HolocaustThe HolocaustThe Holocaust
SymbolismSymbolismSymbolismSymbolism
Jewish and Nazi SymbolsJewish and Nazi SymbolsJewish and Nazi SymbolsJewish and Nazi Symbols
The Star of David, representing Judaism.
http://jnfeducation.co.uk/media/Image/MDAvid.gif
The Star of David in a text from a Jewish book, dated 1008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Leningrad_Codex_Carpet_page_e.jpg
A badge Jews were forced to wear during Nazi times.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Judenstern_JMW.jpg
The current flag of Israel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Israel
GANESH, the Hindu God of Good Luck and Prosperity. Swastikas adorn the open pages
of the book at Ganesh's feet
Swastika is Sanskrit for all is well, or well-being.
www.heathenworld.com/ swastika/ganesh.html
The swastika as a Buddhist symbol.
http://www.falundafa.org.il/ver_01/english/wan_eng.htm#china
In India; the swastika still represents good luck to Hindus.
www.ourlifejourney.com/ jaipur_photos.htm
The ancient Chinese WuShu coin, with swastika designs.
http://www.falundafa.org.il/ver_01/english/wan_eng.htm#china
An eighth century BC Greek bowl.
http://www.falundafa.org.il/ver_01/english/wan_eng.htm#china
A swastika mosaic in a synagogue in Israel.
http://www.falundafa.org.il/ver_01/english/wan_eng.htm#china
This postcard, copyright 1907 by E. Phillips, a US card publisher, speaks for the universally high regard in which the swastika was held as a good luck token before use by the Nazis corrupted its
meaning.... It forms a combination of four “L’s” standing for Luck, Light, Love, and Life.
http://www.luckymojo.com/swastika.html
The Edmonton Swastikas Hockey Team, 1916.
http://www.birthplaceofhockey.com/hockeyists/swastikas/pic-edmt-swas%201916.html
A brass promotional watch fob from the 1920’s.
http://www.heathenworld.com/swastika/coke.html
The Nazi flag intended to symbolize “the ideology of the movement — in red its social ideal, in white its nationalism, and in
the swastika "the struggle for the victory of Aryan man"”
http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de%7Dns_or.html#lef
These trees were planted in the 1930's by a local resident during Nazi times. They were largely forgotten until after the German reunification in 1992 when planes once again flew over the area.
Local forestry officials cut down 25 of the Larch trees after this photo appeared in several German tabloids.
http://www.birthplaceofhockey.com/hockeyists/swastikas/pic-edmt-swas%201916.html
This photo was taken on November 14, 2000. It was only visible from the air a few weeks in the Spring and a few weeks in the Fall when Larch trees stood out in contrast to the surrounding Pine trees.
The History of the The History of the JewsJews
The History of the The History of the JewsJews
Jewish Expulsions and Resettlement Areas in Europe. 1100 - 1500.
Pogroms and antisemitic
acts of violence in Russia and
the Pale from 1871 - 1906.
The Rise of theThe Rise of theNazi PartyNazi Party
The Rise of theThe Rise of theNazi PartyNazi Party
1918 - 19331918 - 19331918 - 19331918 - 1933
Nazi party in 1922. Julius Streicher, editor of the antisemitic newspaper Der Stürmer, is front row, to the left of the child.
Photo credit: USHMM Photo Archives
Late 1920’s; Adolf Hitler reviews stormtroopers at a Nazi party rally in Nuremberg, Germany
Photo credit: USHMM Photo Archives
Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler review SS troops during Reich Party Day ceremonies.
Photo credit: USHMM Photo Archives
The NazificationThe Nazificationof Germanyof Germany
The NazificationThe Nazificationof Germanyof Germany
1933 - 19391933 - 19391933 - 19391933 - 1939
Paul Von Hindenburg calling Adolf Hitler to the chancellorship of Germany, January, 30, 1933.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Reichminster Joseph Goebbels urges Germans to boycott Jewish-owned businesses, April 1, 1933.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
German civilians and SA members paste anti-Jewish boycott signs on Jewish businesses. Most signs read, “Germans defend yourselves
against Jewish atrocity propaganda; buy only at German shops.” (1933)
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
A woman reads a boycott sign on a
Jewish department store. The sign
reads: “Germans defend yourselves
against Jewish atrocity propaganda; buy only at German
shops.” (1933)Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy
of USHMM Photo Archives
SA pickets, wearing boycott signs, block the entrance to a Jewish-owned shop. (1933)
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
A “brown shirt” (member of the SA) throws “un-German” books into a book burning fire in Berlin. May 10, 1933.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Hitler Youth march through Nuremberg, Germany past Nazi officials, including Julius Streicher. (1933)
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Adolf Hitler opening the 1935 Party Day of freedom in the historic Nuremberg
town hall.Photo credit: USHMM Photo Archives
Nazis at the University of Vienna, Austria try to prevent Jews from entering the building; led to a day of student rioting.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Jesse Owens and other members of the 1936 US Olympic team arrive in Berlin.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
German citizens salute Adolf Hitler at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Regards: Measures against Jews tonight.a) Only such measures may be taken which do not jeopardize
German life or property (for instance, burning of synagogues only if there is no danger of fires for the neighbourhoods).
b) Business establishments and homes of Jews may be destroyed but not looted. The police have been instructed to supervise the
execution of these directives and to arrest looters.c) In Business streets special care is to be taken that non-Jewish establishments will be safeguarded at all cost against damage.
As soon as the events of this night permit the use of the designated officers, as many Jews, particularly wealthy ones, as the local jails will hold, are to be arrested in all districts. Initially only healthy male Jews, not too old, are to be arrested. After the arrests have been carried out the appropriate concentration camp is to be contacted
immediately with a view to a quick transfer of the Jews to the camps....
Orders about Kristallnacht: Nov. 10, 1938
Kristallnacht: Nov. 10,
1938. Red dots indicate cities where synagogues
were destroyed.
During Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass, a synagogue burns in Siegen, Germany. (November 10, 1938)
Photo credit: The Pictorial History of the Holocaust, Yitzhak Arad, Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co., NY, 1990, p. 58, courtesy of Shamash: The Jewish Internet Consortium.
Germans pass by the broken shop window of a Jewish business destroyed during Kristallnacht. (November, 1938)
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Estimated Jewish
population in Europe in 1939.
Soviet Foreign Commissioner signs the German-Soviet nonagression pact. Josef Stalin, in white, stands behind him.
Photo credit: The National Archives and Records Administration, item #242-JRPE-44.
Artillery General von Riechenau, commander of part of the army that invaded Poland on September 1, 1939.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Aydów w Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 28.
German troops parade through Warsaw, Poland, September, 1939. Photo credit: K Hugo Juger, Courtesy The National Archives and Records Administration, item #200-SFF-52.
The GhettosThe GhettosThe GhettosThe Ghettos
1939 - 19411939 - 19411939 - 19411939 - 1941
Harassment of a Jewish man.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945.
Poland. No. 32.
German soldiers humiliating Polish Jews by forcing one Jew to cut the beard of another, while non-Jewish Poles look on.
Photo credit: Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives.
Soldiers using the psychological warfare of humiliation against Jews, forcing them to give the Nazi salute.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 37.
On November 14, 1939, the President of Lódz decreed that all Jews must wear arm bands or badges with a Jewish star.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 43.
Seller of Jewish arm bands on the streets
of Warsaw, 1940.Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka,
Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 47.
Ghetto ration card for October 1941. This card officially entitled the holder to 300 calories daily.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 137.
Stores owned by Jews had to be marked with a Star of David, another part of the increasing segregation of Jews.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 49.
This picture captures the essence of how many non-Jewish Europeans and Jews related during the rise of Nazism.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 116.
One form of Nazi plunder was the circulation of money for use only in the ghetto, that had no value outside of the ghetto.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 181.
Rubenstein, a popular figure in the Warsaw ghetto in
1941-42, used humor and biting mockery as a way to
express the anger and hatred Jews felt toward the Nazis and the ghetto police.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 98.
A German soldier and a Jewish policeman direct Lódz ghetto residents crossing the street between the two parts of the ghetto in 1940 or 1941. The German sign forbids entry into the Jewish area.
This photograph was printed as a postcard. Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Identity card of Rudolf Kohn, deported from Vienna to the ghetto in Lódz.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Aydów w Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 68.
Close-up of a child working at a machine in a Kovno ghetto workshop.
Photo credit: George Kadish Collection, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
A German policeman checks the identification papers of Jews in the Krakow ghetto.
Photo credit: Archiwum Panstwowe w Krakowie
A typical room in a ghetto. Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Aydów w Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 117.
The CampsThe CampsThe CampsThe Camps
1941 - 19421941 - 19421941 - 19421941 - 1942
Dutch Jews are marched to the Amersfoot internment camp under heavy guard, 1942.
Photo credit: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Part of a report detailing murder of Jews in the Nazi-occupied Baltic
states and White Russia by Einsatzgruppe A, February 1, 1942.
Photo credit: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, GPO Washington
The entrance to the main camp of Auschwitz. The gate bears the motto, “Work makes one free.”
Photo credit: Glowna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Entrance to a gas chamber, Auschwitz; it was quickly converted into a bomb shelter. The building in the background was used by the
Gestapo as a regional headquarters.Photo credit: Glowna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu,
courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
The execution wall next to Block 11 in the Auschwitz I camp.Photo credit: Poland National Archives
The interior of a barracks in the Flossenbürg concentration camp that was intended to house 1500 prisoners.
Photo credit: Courtesy of National Archives
Registration of prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp. Photo credit: American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
Jews from the Netherlands stand for roll call in the Buchenwald concentration camp, 1941.
Photo credit: USHMM Photo Archives
A crate full of rings confiscated from prisoners in Buchenwald. Photo credit: German National Archives
Prisoners with their mess kits on their way to the camp kitchen, Dachau
Photo credit: KZ Gedenksatte Dachau
Dachau innmates gathered outside & on the roof tops of a camp building to hear a speech by Hitler.
Photo credit: KZ Gedenksatte Dachau
A Gypsy couple in the Belzec concentration camp. Photo credit: Glowna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
SS-women at the Belsen Camp.Photo credit: The Belsen Trial, R. Philips, Ed., William Hodge and Company, 1949, p. 104, Courtesy of Shamash: The Jewish
Internet Consortium.
An SS guard with his dog at the Plaszow concentration camp.Photo credit: Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
The Ordenienst, or Jewish police in Westerbork, were Jews that collaborated with the Nazis & helped keep order in the camp.
Photo credit: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Prisoners at forced labour building a factory at Auschwitz, 1942-43. Photo credit: Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Jewish women at forced labour pulling hopper cars of stones in the Plaszlow concentration camp, 1944.
Photo credit: Prof. Leopold Pfefferberg-Page Collection, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Prisoners from Buchenwald concentration camp building the Weimar-Buchenwald railroad line.
Photo credit: Gedenkstaette Buchenwald
Prisoners’ orchestra during a concert for the SS-men in Auschwitz in 1941.
Photo credit: Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives.
A view of the camp commandant’s house in Belzec. Photo credit: Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
A column of prisoners on a forced march from Dachau concentration camp, 1945.
Photo credit: Marion Koch Collection, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
ResistanceResistanceResistanceResistance
1942 - 19441942 - 19441942 - 19441942 - 1944
A Jewish partisan group of men and women that fought in Poland. Photo credit: GMeczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 517
A small group of partisans in the forests of Poland. Photo credit: GMeczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 529
In the woods of the Ukraine, 1943, partisans receive a transmission from the Soviet Information Bureau.
Photo credit: GMeczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 529
An announcement posted several days after the beginning of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising which forbids entrance to the ghetto under
punishment of death. Photo credit: Glowna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu,
courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
SS Major General Jürgen Stroop gathers information from a civilian on the second day of the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
Photo credit: Glowna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Jews captured during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are led by German soldiers to the assembly point for deportation.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Surrounded by SS and SD guards, SS Major General Jürgen Stroop watches housing blocks burn during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
Photo credit: Poland National Archives
One way Nazis suppressed the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
was to burn blocks of buildings.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
German stormtroopers force Warsaw ghetto dwellers of all ages to move, hands up, during the Jewish Ghetto Uprising in April-May 1943.
Photo credit: Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives.
Jews are found in a bunker during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in May 1943.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives.
Jews captured during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are marched off to the Umschlagplatz for deportation.
Photo credit: Poland National Archives
Warsaw ghetto after the liberation in 1945.Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Aydów w Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 476.
Rescue & LiberationRescue & LiberationRescue & LiberationRescue & Liberation
1944 - 19451944 - 19451944 - 19451944 - 1945
Prisoners of Auschwitz greet their liberators.Photo credit: Polish Central State Archive of Film, Photo and Phonographic Documents
Children from Auschwitz II (Birkenau) after liberation.Photo credit: olish Central State Archive of Film, Photo and Phonographic Documents
Women in the barracks of the newly liberated Auschwitz concentration camp.
Photo credit: Poland National Archives
Survivors of the “Russian Camp”
section of Mauthausen.Photo credit: USHMM
Survivors eagerly pull down the Nazi eagle over entrance to the Mauthausen concentration camp.
Photo credit: Austrian National Archives
A survivor points out mass graves to US General Dwight D. Eisenhower during their inspection of
the camp.Photo credit: National Archives,
courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
German civilians dig mass graves for dead prisoners from the Nordhausen concentration camp.
Photo credit: Nancy & Michael Krzyzanowski Collection, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
AftermathAftermathAftermathAftermath
1945 - Present1945 - Present1945 - Present1945 - Present
The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials brought 22 Nazi officials to court in 1945-1946. The defendants are on the right side of the photo.
Photo credit: USHMM Photo Archives
British Judge Lawrence and American Justice Francis
Biddle confer at the opening of the War Crimes Trial in Nuremberg. Four Allied nations - the United
States, Great Britain, France, and the USSR - worked together in an
international courtroom.Photo credit: Nancy and Michael Krzyzanowski,
courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives.
Some of the defendants at Nuremberg. Front row, from left to right: Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm
Keitel. Back row from left to right: Karl Döwnitz, Erich Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl.
Photo credit: the National Archives
Defendant Julius Streicher, Editor-In
Chief of the antisemitic
newspaper Der Stürmer, at the
Nuremberg trials. Streicher was
sentenced to death by hanging.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Rudolf Hess, former mentally unstable
deputy to Hitler, in his cell at the International Military Tribunal trial of
war criminals at Nuremberg.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
SS-Obersturmbannführer Karl Adolf Eichmann was chief of operations in the deportation of 3 million Jews to death camps.
Found in Argentina, tried, and executed in the early
1960s.Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of
USHMM Photo Archives
Dr. Klaus Karl Schilling, a physician who infected over one thousand prisoners with malaria in his experiments at the Dachau camp,
defends himself at the trial of former camp personnel and prisoners from Dachau.
Photo credit: German National Archives
A United Nations Relief and
Rehabilitation Administration
worker is calling off names of orphans
from the Buchenwald camp,
scheduled for departure to Switzerland.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Street scene in the Foehrenwald displaced persons’ camp. Photo credit: Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, New York, courtesy of USHMM Archives
Shmuel Hileberg painting in a studio at the
Lindenfels displaced persons’ center for
children, 1946.Photo credit: Rose Guterman Zar Collection,
courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
A Jewish DP team, proudly wearing stars of David on their jerseys, pose at the Zeilsheim displaced persons’ camp.
Photo credit: Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, New York, courtesy of USHMM Archives
Three Jewish children, from Poland, Latvia,
and Hungary, on their way to Palestine after being released from
the Buchenwald concentration camp.Photo credit: National Archives and
Records Administration, item 111-SC-204516. Lt. Moore, photographer, April 12,
1945.