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High Fraction
Hybrid Solar in
Canada’s North
Making $’s and Sense…
Now!
Dave H. Gerwing B.Eng., M.Sc., P. Eng.
Sr. Technical Engineer – Lockheed Martin Canada
www.lockheedmartin.ca/renewables
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Objectives of Presentation
1. Communicate Lockheed Martin’s Product
and Service Offerings
2. Share Test Results for Solar Hybrid
Renewable Energy Systems
3. Present Simulation Results for Hybrid
Renewable Energy Systems for Northern
Canada Communities
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Lockheed Martin Canada Offerings
1. Engineer, Procure, Construct & Manage
Complete Projects
2. Proprietary Solar Tracking Hardware
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Existing Off Grid Power Systems
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Off Grid Renewable Power System
Typically Small Non-Scalable
kW sized Solutions
Charge
Controller &
DC-AC Inverter
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Lockheed’s Hybrid Solar Solution
Scalable Solutions kW –MW size
Hybrid
Inverter = Charge Controller
& DC-AC Inverter
& AC-DC Rectifier
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Lockheed’s Hybrid Solar + Wind Solution
Hybrid Solar + Wind Power
System
Scalable Solutions kW –MW size
Hybrid
Inverter = Charge Controller
& DC-AC Inverter
& AC-DC Rectifier
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Northern Solar Resource
• Pros
– Low geographic
resource variability
– Simple to install and
maintain
– No special skills or
tools
• Cons
– Sunset
– 3 months of winter
darkness
– Needs storage or
additional energy
generators
– Anemic resource
perception
Map Source NRcan
Fixed Tilt Panel
@ Latitude
TRT Tracked
Solar Panels
+50-60%
Trackers Make Canada’s Northern Solar Resource Better Than The South
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Wind Furling of PV Array
Wind and Snow
Compliant Solar
Panel Mounting…
Lowers Anchoring
and Structural
Costs
Tracked Panel Mounting = Lower Cost and Increased Energy Captured
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Additional Benefits of Tracking
Vertical
panels are
clear of
snow
Accumulated
snow on
fixed panels
can take
months to
clear
Solar Panels Clear of Snow Capture Up to 10% More Energy Per Year
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Type of Mounting Matters
1.6x More Customers Served From The Same Solar Panels When Tracked
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Compact Shipping & Wind “Furling”
Patent Pending
Pre-Assembly and Pre-Wiring = Reduce Cost for Remote Solar
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14 kWdc System
Minimum Touch With Minimum Equipment = Fast & Low-Cost Deployment
On-Site Off-Loading and Deployment
Field Labor: 2 men x 2 hours to erect from boom truck drop
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How to Measure Success
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑭𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑺𝑭 𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝑭 =𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑫𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝑳𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑳𝑪𝑶𝑬 =𝑹𝑬 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 & 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒆 ($)
𝑨𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕′𝒔 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒆 (𝒌𝑾𝒉)
Hybrid Solar Energy Systems have a lower LCOE than
Diesel Generators
in Canada’s North TODAY!
RF and LCOE are Key Metrics for Understanding Energy Solutions
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Why Tracked Hybrid Solar in the North
• Validated universally available solar resource +/-15%
• Trackers add up to 60% more energy than fixed mount panels
• Pre-wiring and pre-assembly reduces field labour by up to 75%
• Low-skill deployment & maintenance
• Minimum on-site equipment
• Batteries and Hybrid Inverters enable renewable fractions >70%
• Return on Investment 4-8 years
• Resident Health Enhancements
– Lower noise
– Reduce up to 80% of diesel odor, & particulates
• Avoid up to 80% of Diesel Generated Greenhouse Gases
Solar & Battery Hybrid = Enhanced Physical and Financial Health
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Sustaining the Success
• Avoid the Stranded Asset Syndrome – pick a pedigree integrator
• A high inertia company as an integrator will outlast the product
• Lockheed Martin Canada has:
– 75 years in Canada
– Competencies are:
• Proprietary solar tracking systems
• Integrated energy solutions
• Small, medium and large scale project management
• In service support for aging equipment
• Remote site logistics
• Training & re-training systems
Lockheed Martin Excels at Long-Term In-Service Support
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Solution Benefits
Power
System
Levelized
Electricity
Cost ($/kWh)
Return on
Investment (years)
Diesel
Run Time (hours/year)
Renewable
Fraction (% Renewable Energy/
Total Energy)
Diesel
Genset
Alone -2
See below Base line 8760 0%
Solar +
Diesel +
Battery -1
$0.76 SDB
$0.93 Diesel Only
6.8 years 4290 26%
Solar +
Diesel +
Wind +
Battery -2
$0.58 SDWB
$0.75 Diesel only
6.9 years 3330 58%
Based on delivered diesel fuel cost of $2.00/liter & NREL - Homer simulations with Meteonorm Solar Data
1. 68° North Latitude - Canada
2. 58° North Latitude - Canada
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High Fraction Hybrid Solar Energy … Now Making $’s and Sense in Canada’s North
www.lockheedmartin.ca/solar-energy for product information, white paper & presentation
Dave H. Gerwing B.Eng., M.Sc., P. Eng.
613 599-3280 x 3456
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Back-Up Slides
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Analyze Total Community Energy Use
Energy Not Suitable In One Category May Be Perfect For Another
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Advantage of Solar Tracking
40-60% more
energy …
vs. fixed mount solar panels
Location Latitude
(°N)
Tracked/Fixed
(%kWh)
Paulatuk, NWT 69.4 161%
Iqaluit, NT 63.7 141%
Brochet, MB 57.9 146%
Shamattawa, MB 55.9 138%
Toronto, ON 43.7 137%
Tracked Solar In Canada’s North = Huge Performance Gains vs. Fixed
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Power Plant Capacity Factors
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 =𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒀𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 (𝑴𝑾𝒉)
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝑵𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟕𝒙𝟑𝟔𝟓 (𝑴𝑾𝒉)
Typical Capacity Factors
– Solar in Canada’s North 10-12%
– Wind in Canada’s North 5-40% (highly variable by geography)
– Solar in Nevada 19%
– Hydro 40%
– Concentrated Solar with Storage in Spain 75%
– Nuclear 91%
Perception is that Capacity Factor = Maximum Renewable Fraction…
No Longer True With Cost Effective Storage and Hybrid Inverters
Renewable Energy Capacity Factors ≠ Renewable Fraction
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Wind Power
Small Wind Speed Changes = Large Impact on Energy Supplied
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝟓𝒎𝒑𝒔
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝟕𝒎𝒑𝒔
=(𝟓)𝟑
(𝟕)𝟑= 36%
Wind Power is Proportional to Wind Speed^3
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Wind Prospecting with Lockheed Lidar
Lockheed 3D Wind Energy Mapping Enhances Project Success
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Renewable Fraction (RF) & Fuel Price
Hybridizing Appropriate Technologies Maximizes Renewable Fraction
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LCOE & Fuel Price
Northern Tracked Solar is Less Expensive Than Diesel Electricity Today !
Tip
pin
g P
oin
t
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Cycle Charge vs. Load Following
• Under load following, the genset varies it’s output power to
follow the load meeting current electricity demands:
– None of the electricity produced by the diesel generators is stored
by the battery… but the genset runs 8760 hrs/yr
• Under cycle charging, the genset operates very efficiently at full
capacity intermittently. Any surplus power charges the battery:
– Battery state of charge set points keep the battery at optimal
charge levels automatically starting and stopping the genset
– Under this scenario, the diesel generators can be turned off, but a
grid forming inverter is needed
– Integrating renewables with cycle charge can cost-effectively
maximize their fraction of total energy supplied and dramatically
reduce diesel fuel use, run times and maintenance costs
Cycle Charging + Hybrid Inverter Minimize Diesel Run Times & Fuel Use
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Hybrid Inverters
• Perform the following functions:
– Enable seamless transfer from grid forming “Islanded” operation
mode to frequency following “Grid Tie” mode when gensets are
powering the majority of the system
– Contain:
• Inverters for DC to AC load support from battery or DC
renewable source
• AC-DC charger/rectifier to enable genset to charge the batteries
• DC to DC charge controllers to enable renewables to charge the
batteries
• Keep the grid stable with 0-100% renewable fraction, genset on
or off, using batteries as the system inertia
– Capable of no power “Black Starts” for remote system resets
– Full remote control and system monitoring
Hybrid Inverters + Batteries Enable High Penetration RE Solutions
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68°N Latitude – Arctic Circle Canada
@ $2.00/Liter fuel price:
• 31% reduction in fuel
• 51% less genset run time
• Positive Net Present Value
• IRR in the teens
• ROI < 7 years
Community Renewable Energy is Economic Today!
Solar-Battery & Genset
Cycle Charge Example
26% Renewable Fraction
Community System:
• 90 kW Genset
• 135 kW Solar
• 120 kWh Battery
• 100 kW Hybrid Inverter
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58°N Latitude – Northern Canada
@ $2.00/Liter fuel price:
• LCOE Diesel Alone: 0.75$/kWh
• LCOE SBW-D Hybrid 0.58$/kWh
• 55% reduction in fuel
• 62% reduced Genset hours
• IRR 13 %
• ROI ~ 7 years
• NPV: $6 M
• Saves 1,500 tons of GHG/year
Solar-Battery-Wind & Genset
Cycle Charge Example
53% Renewable Fraction
High Impact Hybrid Solar … Now Making $’s and Environmental Sense
Community System:
• 425 & 855 kW Gensets
• 5118 MWh/yr Electrical Load
• 250 kW Solar
• 600 kW Wind
• 1MWh Battery
• 500 kW Hybrid Inverter
