Download - Hand surface anatomy
Section 2
Surface & pertinent anatomy
Naming the digits
The Birmingham Hand Centre Assessment and Early Management of the Injured Hand University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
Naming the digits
•Thumb
Naming the digits
•Thumb•Index
Naming the digits
•Thumb•Index•Middle
Naming the digits
•Thumb•Index•Middle•Ring
Naming the digits
•Thumb•Index•Middle•Ring•Small
Skin landmarks
Skin landmarks
•Wrist crease
Skin landmarks
•Wrist crease•Distal palmar crease
Skin landmarks
•Wrist crease•Distal palmar crease•Proximal digital crease
Skin landmarks
•Wrist crease•Distal palmar crease•Proximal digital crease•PIPJ flexor crease
Skin landmarks
•Wrist crease•Distal palmar crease•Proximal digital crease•PIPJ flexor crease•DIPJ flexor crease
Flexor tendon zones
•Zone 1
Flexor tendon zones
•Zone 1•Zone 2
Flexor tendon zones
•Zone 1•Zone 2•Zone 3
Flexor tendon zones
•Zone 1•Zone 2•Zone 3•Zone 4
Flexor tendon zones
•Zone 1•Zone 2•Zone 3•Zone 4•Zone 5
Naming the bones in the hand
Naming the bones in the hand
Proximal phalanx (P1) of index finger
Naming the bones in the hand
Middle phalanx (P2) of ring finger
Naming the bones in the hand
Terminal or distal phalanx (P3) of middle finger
Naming the bones in the hand
Metacarpal of small finger
Naming the joints
Naming the joints
Naming the jointsMetacarpo-phalangeal joint (MCPJ) of index finger
Naming the joints
Naming the jointsProximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) of small finger
Naming the joints
Naming the jointsDistal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) of ring finger
Naming the joints
Naming the jointsMetacarpo-phalangeal joint (MCPJ) of thumb
Naming the joints
Naming the joints
Interphalangeal joint (IPJ) of thumb
Naming the bones in the wrist
Naming the bones in the wrist
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum• Pisiform
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum• Pisiform
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum• Pisiform• Hamate
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum• Pisiform• Hamate
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum• Pisiform• Hamate• Capitate
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum• Pisiform• Hamate• Capitate
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum• Pisiform• Hamate• Capitate• Trapezoid
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum• Pisiform• Hamate• Capitate• Trapezoid
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum• Pisiform• Hamate• Capitate• Trapezoid• Trapezium
Naming the bones in the wrist• Scaphoid• Lunate• Triquetrum• Pisiform• Hamate• Capitate• Trapezoid• Trapezium
Surface anatomy of the wrist bones – volar
Surface anatomy of the wrist bones – dorsal
The anatomical snuffbox
Scaphoid tenderness?
Scaphoid tenderness?
Scaphoid tenderness
Flexor retinaculum• Scaphoid tuberosity• Ridge of trapezium• Hook of hamate• Pisiform• “Postage stamp”
The dorsal aspect of the wrist
The extensor compartments of the wrist
• 6 extensor compartments
The extensor compartments of the wrist
• 6 extensor compartments•Under extensor
retinaculum
The extensor compartments of the wrist
• 6 extensor compartments•Under extensor
retinaculum• Junctura
tendinae
The extensor compartments of the wrist
1st APL & EPB2nd ECRL & ECRB3rd EPL4th EDC & EIP5Th EDM6th ECU
The extensor tendons in the digits
The extensor tendons in the digits• Extensor tendon
The extensor tendons in the digits• Extensor tendon• Extensor hood
The extensor tendons in the digits• Extensor tendon• Extensor hood• Sagittal band
The extensor tendons in the digits• Extensor tendon• Extensor hood• Sagittal band• Central slip
The extensor tendons in the digits• Extensor tendon• Extensor hood• Sagittal band• Central slip• Lateral bands
The volar aspect of the wrist
The volar aspect of the hand• FDP
The volar aspect of the hand• FDP• FDS
The volar aspect of the hand• FDP• FDS•Metacarpal head
The volar aspect of the hand• FDP• FDS•Metacarpal head• Flexor
retinaculum
The fibrous flexor sheath• A1 pulley
The fibrous flexor sheath• A1 pulley• A2 pulley
The fibrous flexor sheath• A1 pulley• A2 pulley• A4 pulley
The radial aspect of the wrist
Cutaneous innervation of the wrist & hand
• Superficial radial nerve
•Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve
Cutaneous innervation of the wrist & hand
•Ulnar nerve
Cutaneous innervation of the wrist & hand
•Ulnar nerve•Median nerve
Cutaneous innervation of the wrist & hand
•Ulnar nerve•Median nerve•Motor branch of
median nerve
Cutaneous innervation of the digits
• Trifurcation of the digital nerve
Section 9
What is an emergency referral?
Bleeding• Practically all upper limb bleeding will
stop!
• EXCEPTION: partially injured large artery
• Treat bleeding with elevation and firm dressing
• DO NOT attempt to tie off bleeders in A&E
• RARELY should a tourniquet be used
Amputation•Proximal amputations, speed is of the essence
•Warm ischaemic time <6hours
•This is an emergency
•Quick purposeful action, not cutting corners
ReplantationThe decision of whether to replant lies with the surgeon in conjunction with the patient.
• Urgent transfer, only if the patient is stable• Correct packaging of parts• X-ray limb & amputated part• Cold not frozen• Damp not soggy
De-vascularised parts / doubtful vascularity• Speed important
• Often venously congested
• Align digits correctly
• No tight bandages
• Resting Volar POP for comfort in transit
Compartment syndrome• Interossei
• Flexor compartment forearm
• High index of suspicion
• Examine by stretching muscles of compartment
Hydrofluoric acid burns• Lethal due to precipitation of Ca++
• Calcium gluconate
• pain relieving
• Emergency transfer to regional burns unit
• Accept advice from patient –if they work with the stuff they probably know about it!
High pressure injection injuries• Grease, oil, paint, hydraulic fluid, air• Ischaemia/necrosis
• Mechanical• Toxic effect
• Early transfer
• Early washout
Infections• Calor - warmth
• Rubor - redness
• Tumor - swelling
• Dolor - pain
• Functio laesa
• Pus (or blood) under pressure destroys tissue (necrosis)• Skin, subcutaneous fat, tendon, cartilage….
Infections – flexor sheathKanavel’s signs• Slight flexion• Uniformly swollen• Pain on passive extension• Tenderness along line of sheath
• Management• Elevation• Antibiotics• Surgical washout
Infections – Web-space/Deep Palmar Space• History of FB/ gardening• Fingers separated• Anatomically volar, but most easily seen from
dorsal
• Management• Elevation• Antibiotics• Surgical washout
Infections
Pulp-space (Felon)
Paronychia
• Not usually an emergency• May be able to treat within emergency department
Herpetic Whitlow