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Grammar and Composition

Grammar EnrichmentGrade 10

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ISBN 0-07-823335-6Grammar Enrichment

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Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Parts of Speech10.1 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.2 Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210.3 ActionVerbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310.3 Linking Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410.4 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510.5 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610.6 Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710.7–8 Conjunctions and Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Parts of the Sentence11.1–4 Subjects and Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911.5 Direct and Indirect Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011.5 Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111.5 Subject Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Phrases12.1 Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312.2 Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1412.3 Participles and Participial Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1512.3 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1612.3 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Clauses and Sentence Structure13.4 Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1813.5 Adjective Clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913.6 Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013.7 Noun Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2113.8 Four Kinds of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213.9 Sentence Fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2313.10 Run-on Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Verb Tenses and Voice15.2–3 Regular/Irregular Verbs and Verb Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2515.5 Progressive and Emphatic Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2615.6 Compatibility of Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Subject-Verb Agreement16.2–3 Agreement with Linking Verbs and in Inverted Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2816.4–6 Agreement with Special Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Unit 16

Unit 15

Unit 13

Unit 12

Unit 11

Unit 10

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Contents

Using Pronouns Correctly17.1 Case of Personal Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3017.2 Pronouns with and as Appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3117.4 Who and Whom in Questions and Subordinate Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3217.5 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3317.6 Clear Pronoun Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Using Modifiers Correctly18.1–2 Degrees of Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3518.3–5 Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3618.7 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Capitalization20.1 Capitalization of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3820.2–3 Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numbers21.1–3 End Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4021.4 The Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4121.5 The Semicolon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4221.6 Commas with Coordinate Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4321.6 Commas and Compound Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4421.6 Commas with Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs . . . . . . 4521.6 Commas and Direct Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4621.6 Misuse of Commas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4721.7–8 Dashes and Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4821.9 Quotation Marks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4921.10 Italics (Underlining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5021.11 The Apostrophe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5121.14 Numbers and Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Unit 21

Unit 20

Unit 18

Unit 17

Contents

iv

Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 10 1

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Identifying Nouns

List each noun in the following sentences. For each noun you list, write all of the followingterms that apply: concrete, abstract, singular, plural, possessive, proper, common, collective.

1. Agatha Christie was a famous mystery writer.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Her two most popular detectives are Hercule Poirot and Jane Marple.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. In Murder on the Orient Express, a group of people commit the crime.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The suspense in Christie’s novels often depends upon her clever plots.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Using Nouns

Write a sentence that includes each kind of noun listed. You may use the nouns in any orderyou wish.

1. possessive, concrete, abstract _______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. singular, plural, proper, collective ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. common, proper, plural, abstract ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. collective, concrete, singular, possessive ______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

10.1 Nouns

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2 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 10

■ A. Using and Identifying Pronouns

Complete each sentence with an appropriate pronoun. In the blank following the sentence,identify the pronoun you used as personal, possessive, reflexive, intensive, demonstrative, inter-rogative, relative, or indefinite.

1. The only thing we have to fear is fear __________________. __________________

2. __________________ of Steven Spielberg’s movies do you like best? __________________

3. Harry cut __________________ while he was shaving. __________________

4. Is __________________ Dr. Sakamoto’s office? __________________

5. Juanita completed her report, __________________ was about animal rights, in less than

a week. __________________

6. Sally and Ken asked me to go with __________________ to the party.__________________

7. All applicants for the job must provide __________________ own transportation.

__________________

8. I really like those deviled eggs. May I have __________________? __________________

9. __________________ will volunteer to head the committee? __________________

10. Students __________________ wish to participate in extracurricular sports must have

a physical examination. __________________

■ B. Using Pronouns and Identifying Antecedents

Write a short paragraph about a job or career you find interesting. You might wish to includesome questions you would like to ask someone about the job. Use pronouns appropriately.Then identify the antecedent of each pronoun in your paragraph.

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

10.2 Pronouns

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Identifying Action Verbs

Underline the action verb in each sentence. Then write whether the verb is transitive or intran-sitive in the space provided.

1. Charlie “Bird” Parker played alto sax.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Louis “Satchmo” Armstrong originated “scat.”

______________________________________________________________________________

3. John Coltrane mastered the tenor sax.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Keith Jarrett plays with technical perfection.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Thelonius Monk composed in the field of bop.

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Using Action Verbs

1. Write an original sentence using a transitive action verb.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Write an original sentence using an intransitive action verb.

______________________________________________________________________________

■ C. Understanding Action Verbs

Write two or three sentences explaining the difference between transitive action verbs andintransitive action verbs to a class of fifth graders.

Grammar Enrichment

10.3 Action Verbs

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■ A. Identifying Linking Verbs

Underline the linking verb in each sentence.

1. Many people today are smokers.

2. Some smokers often seem inconsiderate of nonsmokers.

3. Nonsmokers sometimes feel victimized.

4. The nicotine in cigarette smoke is addictive.

5. Many smokers become trapped.

■ B. Using Auxiliary Verbs

Write two original sentences using forms of the verb be as part of a verb phrase.

Write three original sentences using helping verbs other than a form of be as part ofa verb phrase.

■ C. Understanding Verbs

Write two or three sentences explaining the use of linking verbs to someone who is just learn-ing to speak English.

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

10.3 Linking Verbs

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Identifying Adjectives

List each adjective in the following sentences. After each adjective you list, write in parenthesesthe word it modifies. Do not include articles.

1. Terri was the youngest and tallest student in her class.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. How proud I am of your performance!

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Many exotic plants were scattered about the hotel’s lobby.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The unruly audience was struck speechless by the mayor’s sudden announcement.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. A dozen taxis, yellow, green, and red, waited outside the Japanese embassy.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Using Adjectives

Write six brief sentences of your own. In each sentence use the kind of adjective named inparentheses. Circle that adjective.

1. (possessive pronoun)_____________________________________________________________

2. (possessive noun) _______________________________________________________________

3. (proper) _______________________________________________________________________

4. (superlative degree) ______________________________________________________________

5. (positive degree) ________________________________________________________________

6. (comparative degree)_____________________________________________________________

■ C. Understanding Adjectives

Explain why possessive nouns and pronouns may also be thought of as adjectives. If you werewriting a grammar book, how would you classify these words? Why?

Grammar Enrichment

10.4 Adjectives

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■ A. Identifying Adverbs

Adverbs can express time, place, degree, manner, and negativity. List each adverb in the follow-ing sentences. After each adverb you list, write the word or phrase it modifies. Tell whether theword modified is a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Then write time, place, degree, manner, ornegativity to indicate what idea the adverb expresses.

1. Sally Hightower exercises more strenuously than anyone else I know.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Ten degrees below zero is too cold for me.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. I will apply for that job tomorrow.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Ralph cannot find his keys anywhere.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. We hardly ever watch television.

______________________________________________________________________________

6. The weather was very hot today.

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Shirley Tsai plays the piano amazingly well for her age.

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Aren’t the prom decorations just fabulous?

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Using Adverbs

Write three sentences using each of the following adverbs. Make each sentence identical exceptfor the position of the adverb. Then tell whether changing the position of the adverb changesthe meaning of the sentence and, if so, how.

(sometimes) ________________________________________________________________________

(only)_____________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

10.5 Adverbs

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Identifying Prepositions

Circle each word below that may be used as a preposition. Draw a line through each word thatmay not be used as a preposition.

for in nothing of

with cannot along some

never on will do

down sometimes up off

■ B. Writing with Prepositional Phrases

Imagine that you are giving someone instructions about how to get to your school, to thelibrary, or to some imaginary place of your choosing. Write your directions in five completesentences. In each sentence, use at least two prepositional phrases. Use as many different prepo-sitions as you can.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ C. Using Prepositions

Some grammarians feel that no sentence should end with a preposition. Others believe thatending a sentence with a preposition is acceptable if the alternatives would sound awkward orunnatural. Rewrite each sentence below so that it does not end with a preposition. Which ver-sion of each sentence do you prefer? Why?

1. What country was Columbus born in?

______________________________________________________________________________

2. What are you staring at?

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Whom were you talking to?

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Ending a sentence with a preposition is something I will not put up with.

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

10.6 Prepositions

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Conjunctions and Interjections■ A. Using Different Kinds of Conjunctions

Improve each of the following sentences by substituting the kind of conjunction identified in parentheses.

1. Meiko and James are ready for the canoe trip. (correlative)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Sally would like to become an accountant or a lawyer. (correlative)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Good health depends on physical or mental wellness. (correlative)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Not only freshmen but also sophomores can join the debating team. (coordinating)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Using Conjunctions

Write a paragraph of three or more sentences about the car of your dreams. Use at least threedifferent kinds of conjunctions.

■ C. Using Interjections

Recreate a conversation between two enthusiastic teens discussing a recent concert or play.Write their dialogue here. Use at least four interjections. Use the back of your paper if youneed more space.

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

10.7–8

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Identifying Subjects and Predicates

Draw one line under each simple subject. Draw two lines under each simple predicate. Draw a vertical line between the complete subject and the complete predicate.

1. Isaac Newton often sat under a tree in his parents’ garden and read books.

2. These books and his own curiosity gave him many ideas and raised questions in his mindabout the world around him.

3. Newton’s inventions and discoveries have had a profound effect on the study of motion and forces.

4. Among his discoveries are three laws of motion.

5. Give an example of Newton’s third law of motion.

■ B. Using Subjects and Predicates

Write a sentence that includes the items in parentheses. Underline the simple subjects once andthe simple predicates twice.

1. (compound subject) _____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (compound predicate)____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (compound subject and compound predicate)_________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (you as an understood subject) _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. (inverted order) _________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. (beginning with There) ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. (beginning with Here) ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. (compound subject and compound predicate)_________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

11.1–4 Subjects and Predicates

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■ A. Identifying Direct and Indirect Objects

Underline the direct object in each of the following sentences. Circle the indirect object. Onthe lines below each sentence, write a sentence using the same verb but a different direct andindirect object.

1. Florence Griffith Joyner brought the 1988 U.S. Olympic track team fame and respect.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Greg Louganis’s diving ability won him several Olympic gold medals.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Larry Bird’s ball-handling and shooting skills gave fans thrills for many years.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The Baseball Writers of America awarded Tom Seaver a place in the Hall of Fame.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Using Indirect Objects

Rewrite each sentence, changing the prepositional phrase to an indirect object.

1. I wrote a letter to my Kenyan pen pal.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. My grandmother baked a fancy birthday cake for me and my twin sister.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. The president promised relief to the flood victims.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The mayor has given her full support to the renewal project.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. The band director gave the Most Improved Player award to José Rivera.

______________________________________________________________________________

6. The candidate made many promises to the voters.

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Fifty state legislators pledged their support for the amendment.

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Bob bought a dozen red roses for his girlfriend.

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

11.5 Direct and Indirect Objects

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Identifying Object Complements

Circle the object complement in each sentence. Then write another sentence using the sameverb but a different subject, object, and object complement.

1. We painted the bedroom walls blue.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. The candidate considered the economy the most important issue in the campaign.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. My sister thinks all my belongings hers.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The class elected Pam president.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. The tourists found the food at the resort delicious.

______________________________________________________________________________

6. We proved her theories wrong.

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Jeff and Jenny named their baby Cicely.

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Their chains rendered the prisoners helpless.

______________________________________________________________________________

9. The people believed the law an unjust action.

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Fluffy thought the catnip mouse an amusing diversion.

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Using Object Complements

Write a sentence using the type of object complement shown in parentheses.

1. (noun) ________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (adjective) _____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (pronoun) _____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (noun) ________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

11.5 Object Complements

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■ A. Identifying Subject Complements

Circle the subject complement in each sentence. On the line before the sentence, write pred.nomin. if the word you circled is a predicate nominative. Write pred. adj. if it is a predicateadjective. On the lines below the sentence, rewrite the sentence using a different subject com-plement. (Some sentences have more than one subject complement.)

_____ 1. After many years of neglect, the house became the eyesore of the neighborhood.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_____ 2. Jake often feels awkward in social situations.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_____ 3. Ruben and Marta are the best debaters on the team.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_____ 4. In the last year Stan has grown tall and handsome.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_____ 5. The apples from our orchard taste especially sweet this year.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_____ 6. Some presidents have been athletes or scholars.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Using Subject Complements

Write a sentence using the verb and type of subject complement shown in parentheses.

1. (seem, predicate nominative)_______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (look, predicate adjective) _________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (appear, predicate adjective or predicate nominative) ___________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (became, predicate nominative)_____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

11.5 Subject Complements

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Identifying Prepositional Phrases

Underline the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. Above each underlined phrase,write whether it functions as an adjective or an adverb. Then write on the line the word orphrase that the prepositional phrase modifies. Indicate whether the modified word or phrase is a noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, or adverb.

1. A dictionary is handy for help in spelling. ____________________________________________

2. Luckily for me today’s vocabulary test was easy. ________________________________________

3. After the test I found several of the words in my thesaurus._______________________________

4. My parents were happy with my performance on the test.________________________________

5. A set of encyclopedias can also be helpful to students.___________________________________

6. Which of these three reference books—a dictionary, a thesaurus, or an encyclopedia—do you find

most valuable in your studies? _____________________________________________________

■ B. Using Prepositional Phrases

Write two or three sentences to answer the question in item 6 above. Use at least three prepositional phrases.

■ C. Lost and Found

Look around the room and find something that catches your eye. Try to write severaldescriptive sentences about the item you chose without using any prepositions. Reread your sentences. Then rewrite the description using prepositional phrases. Which sentenceswere most descriptive?

Grammar Enrichment

12.1 Prepositional Phrases

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■ A. Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases

Underline each appositive and appositive phrase. Then write the word or phrase the appositive identifies.

1. Have you ever seen Mount Rushmore, a 6,000-foot mountain in the Black Hills ofSouth Dakota?

______________________________________________________________________________

2. The faces of four presidents, Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt, arecarved on its east face.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Washington, the first president of the United States, is often called the father ofhis country.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. In the movie Young Lincoln, Henry Fonda played Lincoln.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Jefferson, an amateur inventor, incorporated many of his ideas into his home in Virginia,Monticello.

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Teddy Roosevelt, a vigorous man and a lover of the outdoors, was frail and sickly as a child.

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Using Appositives and Appositive Phrases

Write a sentence using an appositive or an appositive phrase about each president listed below.You may want to do some research before you write.

1. Andrew Jackson_________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Woodrow Wilson________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. John F. Kennedy_________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (your choice) ___________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

12.2 Appositives and Appositive Phrases

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Identifying Participles and Participial Phrases

Underline each participle and participial phrase in the following sentences. In the first blank,write whether it is a present participle or a past participle. In the second blank, write the wordor phrase it modifies.

1. Miami University, located in Oxford, Ohio, is a four-year public institution of higher learning.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

2. Founded in 1809, Miami has a reputation for excellence.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

3. The enchanting beauty of the campus attracts prospective students.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

4. Many students, including all freshmen, live in residence halls on the campus.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

5. The university provides the Miami Metro bus service for students residing off campus.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

6. Known as “the cradle of coaches,” Miami was once the home of such football greats as Bear Bryantand Woody Hayes.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

■ B. Using Participles and Participial Phrases

Write a paragraph describing your school. Use at least three present participles and three past participles.

Grammar Enrichment

12.3 Participles and Participial Phrases

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■ A. Identifying Gerund Phrases

Underline the gerunds and gerund phrases in the following sentences. Above each, writewhether it functions as a subject (S), direct object (DO), indirect object (IO), object of apreposition (OP), or predicate nominative (PN).

1. Frederick Douglass considered abolishing slavery the primary goal of his life.

2. Because he was a great orator, audiences enjoyed his speaking.

3. Lecturing about his own experiences helped Douglass convince many people that slavery was wrong.

4. One of the most dangerous acts of Douglass in his fight against slavery was publishing hisautobiography in 1845.

5. Knowing that his autobiography would identify him as a runaway slave promptedDouglass to move to England.

6. After buying his freedom, Douglass returned to the United States in 1847.

7. Throughout his adult life, Douglass gave writing and speaking against slavery and segregation a great deal of his time and energy.

8. During the Civil War, Douglass participated in recruiting African Americans for theUnion Army.

9. Discussing the problems of slavery with Abraham Lincoln helped the abolitionist cause.

10. Douglass served as Recorder of Deeds in Washington, D.C., and as United States Ministerto Haiti before dying in 1895.

■ B. Using Gerunds

Write sentences using gerunds in the manner requested below. You may expand the gerundsinto phrases by adding complements and modifiers.

1. (subject)_______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (predicate nominative) ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (object of a preposition) __________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (direct object) __________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. (indirect object)_________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

12.3 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Identifying Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

Underline the infinitives and infinitive phrases in the following sentences. Above each, writewhether it functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

1. I have not yet begun to fight.

2. To err is human.

3. Our love is here to stay.

4. The question is “to be or not to be.”

5. I want to hold your hand.

6. It is time to come home.

7. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field.

8. To spend one hour with you in our old rendezvous is my desire.

9. You’re lovely to look at.

10. The main thing is to use your mind well.

11. To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.

12. I need someone to watch over me.

13. We practice to become perfect.

14. To live an unexamined life is foolish.

15. I drink milk to stay healthy.

■ B. Using Infinitives

Write sentences using infinitives in the manner requested below. You may expand the infini-tives into phrases by adding complements and prepositional phrases.

1. (subject)_______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (adverb) _______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (direct object) __________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (adjective) _____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. (predicate nominative) ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

12.3 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

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■ A. Improving Sentence Structure

The students who wrote the following sentences for their music-appreciation class need a littlehelp to make their writing more sophisticated. Rewrite each group of sentences as one sen-tence, using what you know about complex and compound-complex sentence structure.

1. Richard Wagner wrote a cycle of operas known as The Ring. The operas in The Ring are Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung. Wagner was a German composer.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Giacomo Puccini was born in Italy in 1858 and died in Belgium in 1924. His most popular operas are La Bohème, Tosca, and Madame Butterfly.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Giuseppe Verdi was an Italian opera composer. He lived from 1813 to 1901. Verdi is one of the most prolific and popular opera composers of all time. Some of his best-lovedworks are Aïda, Rigoletto, La Traviata, and Il Trovatore.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Eugene Onegin is an opera by Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky. It is based on a long poem by theRussian poet Aleksandr Pushkin. Tchaikovsky is better known for the Nutcracker balletand the 1812 Overture.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Thinking About Sentence Structure

Write two sentences about famous people in history, automobile racing events, or a topic ofyour choice. Make each sentence either a complex or a compound-complex sentence.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

13.4 Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Using Adjective Clauses

Rewrite each sentence, adding an appropriate adjective clause. Begin your adjective clause withthe word in parentheses. Be sure to use correct punctuation.

1. This is the place. (where)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. I just met the new student. (who)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. The movie E.T. was very popular. (which)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The book was a mystery. (that)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. All the parents attended the awards assembly. (whose)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. I remember that summer. (when)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. The D’Antonios are our new neighbors. (who)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. The two rivers meet. (where)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Writing with Adjective Clauses

Write a sentence of your own, using a restrictive adjective clause.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Write another sentence that has a nonrestrictive adjective clause.

2. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

13.5 Adjective Clauses

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■ A. Using Adverb Clauses

Rewrite each sentence, adding an adverb clause that answers the question in parentheses.

1. The tenor soloist needed a cue from the conductor. (Why?)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. I am reminded of my childhood. (When?)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. The gymnast’s balance-beam routine will go well. (Under what conditions?)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Migrant workers follow the crops from season to season. (Where?)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Some housekeeping tasks need not be done on a weekly basis. (To what extent?)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Writing with Adverb Clauses

Write five sentences of your own, using adverb clauses that answer the questions indicated.

1. (Why?)________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (Under what conditions?) _________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (To what extent?)________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (When?)_______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. (Where?) ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

13.6 Adverb Clauses

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Using Noun Clauses

Complete each sentence by writing a noun clause. Then indicate how each noun clause func-tions in your sentence.

1. _________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ gave me indigestion.

2. Sara’s opinion has always been _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Did you ever find out ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Harry Chan is always talking about _________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. I was wondering ________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. ______________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________ will win a beautiful trophy.

7. The back of the closet is __________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. I aimed my camera at ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. ______________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________ will soon be available on the market.

10. His most important goal is ________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Writing Without Noun Clauses

Write a short paragraph without any noun clauses in it. Write about what you have done so fartoday. Then reread your paragraph. Does it seem choppy? Rewrite your paragraph, revisingand adding noun clauses as you see fit. Which product is more satisfying?

Grammar Enrichment

13.7 Noun Clauses

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

13.8 Four Kinds of Sentences

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■ A. Identifying Kinds of Sentences

On the line after each sentence, identify the sentence as declarative, imperative, interrogative,or exclamatory.

1. Whose calculator is this? __________________________________________________________

2. A strand of spider web is far stronger than it appears. ___________________________________

3. It will never happen! _____________________________________________________________

4. Please leave a message after the tone. ________________________________________________

5. Is the crack in that wall a sign of danger? _____________________________________________

6. Blizzard conditions have caused the cancellation of all flights in that area. ___________________

7. What a delicious aroma is wafting from that window! ___________________________________

8. How spectacular a view of the mountains you have! ____________________________________

9. After careful observation, she wrote her findings._______________________________________

10. You should probably clean out your closet. ___________________________________________

■ B. Recognizing Sentence Purpose

For each of the situations described below, write a sentence that might be spoken by the namedcharacter. Use one declarative, one imperative, one interrogative, and one exclamatory sentence.

1. Umiko has just won the junior figure-skating championship.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Julio’s little brother has messed up Julio’s room.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Hank is talking to his parents about his career plans.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Harriet wants to find out what the history assignment is.

______________________________________________________________________________

■ C. Writing Four Kinds of Sentences

Think of a conversation you might have had recently with your parents, a teacher, a friend, or abrother or sister. Write the dialogue as you remember it. Use at least one of each kind of sentence.


Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Recognizing Sentence Fragments

Newspaper headlines are often written as sentence fragments. Read the following headlines.For each one that is a complete sentence, write sentence on the line. Rewrite each fragment tomake a sentence.

1. Mayor designates restricted smoking areas in city buildings

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Two hospitals bidding for cancer hotine

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Burgenov is reelected to lead Liberal Party

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Progress on Russia’s first golf course considerably below par

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Tax-cut plan up for vote

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Hortonville students score high on national test

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Lincoln’s Raiders romp over Riverview

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Bungees not to bounce at state fair

______________________________________________________________________________

9. Scientists unsure of fossil’s origin

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Computer virus dead on arrival

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Eliminating Sentence Fragments

Oscar Fernandez is a cub reporter for the Hortonville Beacon. He has written a rough draft fora story on the upcoming election for mayor. Rewrite Oscar’s story to eliminate sentence frag-ments. Continue on the back of this page.

Seven candidates to file for primary election. Election May 5. Five Democrats and twoRepublicans. Also two independent candidates. Legal requirements to be met or names will notappear on ballot. Must have one thousand signatures on petition to file. Jane True leading can-didate. Is campaigning on “no new development” platform. Progress theme of opponents.Harry Overprice, owner of Hortonville Used Cars, also running. Focusing on tax breaks forbusiness. Mudslinging a factor in campaign.

Grammar Enrichment

13.9 Sentence Fragments

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■ A. Eliminating Run-on Sentences

Suzi Smith plans to major in journalism. She is working as a high school intern for theHortonville Beacon. Suzi’s problem is run-on sentences. Help her rewrite this postelectionstory by eliminating the run-on sentences.

As expected, Jane True won the election for mayor, it was a landslide. True is looking forward to taking office she will do so in March. True hopes to keep her campaign promise of no new development in Hortonville but the city’s problems may require additional taxation.True’s supporters held a celebration rally at noon today in the city park her opponents evalu-ated their losses. The city council has promised to cooperate with the new mayor and theschool board is behind her 100 percent. The library board will ask the mayor for additionalfunds, they need more books.

■ B. Preventing Run-on Sentences

What advice would you give to a writer who has trouble with run-on sentences? Be careful touse complete sentences in your answer.

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

13.10 Run-on Sentences

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Using Irregular Verbs

Complete each of the following sentences by writing the correct past form or past participle of the verb provided in parentheses.

1. In 1901 Alfred Nobel __________________ a prize in his own name. (give)

2. Prizes have been __________________ in five categories. (give)

3. At the first ceremonies the recipients __________________ to one another’s health.(drink)

4. After they had __________________ the toast, everyone applauded enthusiastically.(drink)

5. The categories for the prize __________________ by one in 1969. (grow)

6. The prize’s importance has __________________ over the years. (grow)

7. Mother Theresa __________________ movingly of the poor at the ceremony in 1979.(speak)

8. Many words that have been __________________ by the winners of Nobel Prizes are nowquoted frequently. (speak)

9. Many __________________ that Sadat and Begin would win the Peace Prize in 1978.(know)

10. Few people have __________________ the names of the winners in physics. (know)

■ B. Identifying Verb Tenses

Write whether the verb tense in each of the following sentences is past, present, or future.

__________________ 1. The explorers are about to embark on a great adventure.

__________________ 2. Now we are engaged in a great civil war.

__________________ 3. Into the valley of death rode the six hundred.

__________________ 4. After hitting an iceberg, the Titanic sank quickly.

__________________ 5. I am going to spend a week in July with my cousin.

■ C. Using the Forms of Irregular Verbs

Write a paragraph in which you describe an experience you have had at school. Use the correctforms of at least four of the six irregular verbs listed below. You may use additional verbs ifyou need them. You may invent an experience if you like.

bring ride lose

know speak think

Grammar Enrichment

15.2–3 Regular/Irregular Verbs and Verb Tenses

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■ A. Identifying Verb Forms

Underline the complete verb in each of the following sentences. Above each verb, indicatewhether it is progressive (prog.) or emphatic (emph.).

1. Margaret has been playing the trombone since the fifth grade.

2. Her mother did work for the same company for twenty years.

3. His grandmother does play golf regularly.

4. She will be graduating from college before the end of the century.

■ B. Using Progressive and Emphatic Forms

Rewrite each of the following sentences twice. First make the verb progressive. Then make the verb emphatic.

1. Tom wants to improve his spelling.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. He went to his teacher for help.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. She told him to practice and to be conscientious.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Tom’s spelling shows improvement.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ C. Using Progressive and Emphatic Forms

Use each of the following verb forms in a sentence.

1. (present perfect progressive of freeze) ________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (future perfect progressive of fly) ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (past perfect progressive of help)____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (emphatic form of study) _________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

15.5 Progressive and Emphatic Forms

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Recognizing Compatibility of Tenses

Rewrite each of the following sentences in which the tenses are not compatible. Write correct ifthe tenses are compatible.

1. The school bus is being repaired today and will be ready for service tomorrow.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Tammy and her friends went out for pizza and rent three videos.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Before Hector studied for the exam, he will eat three hamburgers.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Manuel had returned the book before he received the overdue notice.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Alicia will have asked her parents’ permission by the time she went to her friend’s house.

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Brenda is planting bulbs while the snow blew.

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Before Marnie goes out, she unplugged her curling iron.

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Just when Adriana arrives, the crowd was cheering.

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Using Compatible Tenses

Use each of the following verbs in a sentence that contains one other verb. Make sure that thetwo verbs are compatible.

1. (will have attended) ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (had eaten)_____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (is working) ____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (laughed) ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. (have been singing)_______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. (had been enchanted) _____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

15.6 Compatibility of Tenses

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■ A. Making Subjects and Verbs Agree

Underline the simple subject in each of the following sentences. Then circle the correct form ofthe verb in parentheses.

1. There (is/are) one or two objections to the proposed plan.

2. From the mouth of a child often (come/comes) wise words.

3. (Do/Does) people from your parents’ generation seem conservative?

4. The candidates for president (seem/seems) uninterested in the issues.

5. Here (come/comes) the clowns.

6. The speaker in favor of improved foreign relations (sound/sounds) well informed.

7. Her decorating scheme of pink and orange (was/were) not attractive.

8. (Has/Have) Mia’s campaign for class president impressed you?

9. The cake with the pink and red rosebuds (look/looks) delicious.

10. Along the beach (lie/lies) thousands of beautiful shells.

11. From the skies (appear/appears) an unidentified flying object.

12. The roses in the garden (smell/smells) wonderful.

13. My favorite meal (is/are) pizza, pizza, and more pizza.

14. Anastasia’s career plans (is/are) to be a doctor or a lawyer.

15. How many movies (has/have) you seen lately?

■ B. Writing Sentences with Correct Agreement

Write a sentence in the manner requested. Be sure your subjects and verbs agree.

1. (a sentence beginning with Here or There) ____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (a sentence beginning with Do or Does) ______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (a sentence beginning with There goes)_______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (a sentence ending with team used as the subject) ______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

16.2–3 Agreement with Linking Verbs and in Inverted Sentences

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Recognizing Subject-Verb Agreement

For each of the following sentences, write agree if the subject and verb agree. If the subject andverb do not agree, rewrite the sentence correctly.

1. The teacher, along with her students, was given a special award.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Neither the president nor his opponents has a strong platform.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Two thousand dollars are too much to pay for a sofa.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Two years has passed since I last heard from you.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Years ago, pliers were used to pull teeth.

______________________________________________________________________________

6. To Have and Have Not is the title of a book by Ernest Hemingway.

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Green eggs and ham is the subject of a book by Dr. Seuss.

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Every student, coach, and teacher join the applause.

______________________________________________________________________________

9. Either you or your sisters have to do the dishes.

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Sports llustrated are my favorite magazine.

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Making Subjects and Verbs Agree

Get together with a partner. Write five sentences with subject-verb agreement problems foryour partner to correct.

Grammar Enrichment

16.4–6 Agreement with Special Subjects

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■ Using Personal Pronouns Correctly

What follows is the beginning of what might be an intriguing mystery, but the writer needssome help. On the lines below the passage, rewrite the sentences that have pronoun case errors.

(1) The telephone rang. Marlowe picked up the receiver. “Marlowe Detective Agency,” he said.

(2) “Is this Marlowe?” asked the caller.

(3) “It’s me,” said Marlowe.

(4) “My wife and me have a problem,” said the caller.

(5) “What’s you name?” asked Marlowe.

(6) “Just between you and I, my name’s Fudd—Elmer Fudd—but no jokes, please.”

(7) “No jokes,” said Marlowe. “What’s your problem?”

(8) “Well, it’s really my wife’s problem. Her and her brother aren’t getting along.”

(9) “Why’s that?” asked Marlowe.

(10) “My wife, Ella, thinks her brother, Egbert, is taking things and hoarding them, smallthings like pieces of bread and spoons. Ella blames her brother, but him denies taking any-thing and insists he doesn’t know what her’s talking about.”

(11) “Who else lives in the house?” asked Marlowe.

(12) “Ella and me are the only ones besides Egbert.”

(13) “How about inviting my secretary and I for dinner tonight? Us being there may give mesome clues about what’s going on.”

(14) “Okay,” said Fudd. “Us three will see you at eight.”

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

17.1 Case of Personal Pronouns

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ Using Pronouns with and as Appositives

Rewrite each of the following sentences that contains an error. If the sentence does not containan error, write your own sentence with an appositive using the same structure.

1. The only family members at home, Mom, Dad, and me, refused to answer the telephone.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Three students will be attending the writers’ conference: Ted, Umeko, and me.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Us new student council members hope to be worthy of your votes.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The teacher gave the winners of the writing contest, her and I, extra credit.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. The race will be won by the best runner, her or him.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. The language contest was difficult for we German students.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. The audience cheered the dancers, Michael and her.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. The physicians, Dr. Paladino and him, each offered the same diagnosis.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. For them and the Robertsons, the day at the amusement park was much fun.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. The loudest students at pep rallies are us sophomores.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

17.2 Pronouns with and as Appositives

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■ A. Completing Sentences with Who and Whom

Decide whether to use who or whom in each of the following sentences. Write the correct word in the blank.

1. __________________ was that person I saw you with last night?

2. __________________ is the best person for this job?

3. __________________ shall I say is calling?

4. __________________ do you think committed the crime?

5. __________________ did you say was the winner?

6. __________________ are you voting for?

7. Claude is a person for __________________ I have great respect.

8. There is the person to __________________ I gave the money.

9. The candidate is someone in __________________ I have no confidence.

10. __________________ are you warning to be careful?

11. Several celebrities __________________ I have met in person do not live up to their reputations.

12. Many candidates, among __________________ are several conservatives, are running for governor.

13. __________________ did you wish to speak to?

14. The president, __________________ is running for reelection, will participate in severaldebates.

15. Janine, about __________________ I have heard several rumors, did not attend the meeting.

■ B. Writing Sentences with Who and Whom

Write one sentence according to each of the following guidelines.

1. (Use who in a question.) __________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (Use whom in a question.)_________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (Use who in a subordinate clause.) __________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (Use whom in a subordinate clause.)_________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. (Use who in a question and who in a subordinate clause.) ________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

17.4 Who and Whom in Questions and Subordinate Clauses

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Making Pronouns and Antecedents Agree

Rewrite each of the following sentences in which pronouns and their antecedents do not agree.Write correct if a sentence is correct.

1. If you visit the Louvre in Paris, you will see many famous paintings.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Picasso, Monet, and Renoir have many of his works exhibited there.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Mary Cassatt was an American painter who used their styles.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. We attended an exhibit where you saw many famous works of art.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Anyone who visits Paris must use their time wisely.

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Making Writing Gender-Neutral

Manuel Negron is the office manager of Video Village and supervises a staff of thirty womenand men. He has written a memo about company policies. Revise Manuel’s memo to make itgender-neutral while using the construction “his or her” as little as possible.

To: Office Staff Date: March 1, 2001

From: Manuel Negron

Subject: Company Policy

1. Each employee must park his car in the company lot.

2. Any employee who misses three consecutive days of work will have his vacationreduced.

3. An employee who does not report to work on the day before or after a holiday willnot receive his holiday pay.

4. Any employee responsible for child care may not allow their children to come tothe store after school.

5. Everyone who works for Video Village is expected to do his fair share.

Grammar Enrichment

17.5 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

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Rewrite the following sentences to make pronoun references clear. There may be more thanone way to correct each sentence.

1. Emilio was one of fourteen children the Johnsons adopted when they became homeless.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. In some countries they do not have freedom of speech.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Ruth is president of the student council and the honor society, and it makes her conceited.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The Weston High School band will perform in the Rose Parade, and this will be the high-light of the year.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. The sofa looked more attractive in the room after it was cleaned.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Shirley told Keiko she had a good chance of making the swim team.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. When prescribing medicine, you must fit the dosage to the patient.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Jamake is an outstanding student, and that was the reason for his award.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. Harold did not study for the test, which is the reason he failed.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. During the Great Depression you had to be careful with your money.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

17.6 Clear Pronoun Reference

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Making Correct Comparisons

Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the word in parentheses.

1. That is the __________________ story I’ve ever heard. (silly)

2. Yesterday was the __________________ day of the year so far, but tomorrow is likely

to be even __________________. (hot)

3. Of the four debaters who do you think presented the __________________ arguments? (convincing)

4. Neither Jan nor Sally was able to finish the five-mile race, but Jan ran

__________________ than Sally. (far)

5. At the pet store we looked at several puppies and bought the __________________ one.(little)

6. We decided to pool our money, but Li-ming had even __________________ than Mitzior I. (little)

7. I was __________________ for school, but Mario was __________________ than I was,

and Harry, who arrived at noon, was the __________________ of all. (late)

8. She reported that she felt __________________ today and hoped to feel even

__________________ tomorrow. (well)

■ B. Correcting Faulty Comparisons

Rewrite the following sentences correctly.

1. Tom’s grades are usually gooder than Maggie’s, but Maggie did best on the math exam.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. I felt iller when I got up this morning, and now I feel worst.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Who do you think is most likely to be elected class president, Roseanne or Tom?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Alvin performed bad at the recital, but Theodore’s performance was the baddest.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Dan and Dianna slept late, but their daughter Laura slept even more late.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

18.1–2 Degrees of Comparison

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■ A. Avoiding Double Comparisons

In each of the following sentences, circle the word or phrase in parentheses that correctly completes the sentence.

1. Sheila plays table tennis (better/more better/best) than anyone else I know.

2. Who is the (most fastest/fastest/more faster) runner on the track team?

3. There is nothing (more lovelier/loveliest/lovelier) than a beautiful sunset.

4. Which do you think make the (better/best/most best) pets: dogs, cats, or birds?

5. “Trees” was a (more broader/broader/broaderest) topic for a short paper than “The Mighty Oak.”

■ B. Correcting Incomplete Comparisons

Correct the incomplete comparison in each of the following sentences, and write the corrected sentence in the space provided.

1. Henry Fumiko participates in more school activities than any student.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Is the homework in English harder than biology?

______________________________________________________________________________

3. When the baseball team plays on the road, it gets more applause from its dugout than the crowd.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Josie Martinez scored higher than anyone who took the national Spanish test.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Randy likes pizza better than Linda.

______________________________________________________________________________

■ C. Using Good, Well, Bad, and Badly

Complete each sentence by writing the correct form of the word in parentheses.

1. The coach thought Pedro’s performance in Friday’s game was _____________________,

and Pedro also did _____________________ in the tournament. (good/well)

2. I felt _____________________ after I failed the test because I knew I had answered

several essay questions _____________________. (bad/badly)

3. Millie realized she was speaking _____________________, but she could not figure out

why her speech sounded _____________________. (bad/badly)

4. The rock band sounded _____________________ to me, and I thought they played

_____________________ (good/well)

5. Dennis felt _____________________ that he had caused his friend to feel

_____________________. (bad/badly)

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

18.3–5 Comparisons

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Correcting Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

Rewrite each sentence that contains a misplaced or dangling modifier. If the sentence is correct, write a sentence of your own in the same pattern.

1. Sitting on the porch last night, the fireworks display was impressive.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Florida locations attract many retired persons with their warm temperatures.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Engrossed in a book, the ringing telephone made no impression on Miranda.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Many people seek counseling in financial trouble.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. As the stranger approached, leaving no doubt about his intentions, James fled in his car.

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Enjoying the play, we laughed and cried at the antics of the characters.

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Growing even more excited, the party in his honor was a great surprise for Lorne.

______________________________________________________________________________

8. The students waited impatiently for the principal, becoming hungrier by the minute.

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Understanding the Position of Only

Explain the meaning of each of the following sentences containing the word only.

1. Only Sam has a bachelor’s degree in psychology.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Sam has only a bachelor’s degree in psychology.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Sam has a bachelor’s degree only in psychology.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Only Mary noticed the approaching thunderstorm.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Mary noticed only the approaching thunderstorm.

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

18.7 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

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■ A. Recognizing Correct Capitalization

Rewrite each sentence that contains an error in capitalization. If the sentence does not containan error, write a sentence of your own in the same pattern.

1. A popular fast-food chain’s slogan once asked, “where’s the beef?”

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Bob could not believe it when his girlfriend said She did not want to see him again.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Who said, “To err is human”?

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Agatha Christie (She was a popular mystery writer) suffered from shyness.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. One of Robert Frost’s poems begins, “Whose woods these are I think I know.”

______________________________________________________________________________

6. I get tired of hearing Amanda say “Totally groovy” all the time.

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Harry Truman (he was the thirty-third president of the United States) had a sign on hisdesk that read, “the buck stops here.”

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. The ecology club adopted the slogan, “save the earth!”

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Writing Sentences with Correct Capitalization

1. Write three sentences, each containing a direct quotation.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Write three sentences, each containing an indirect quotation.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

20.1 Capitalization of Sentences

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives Correctly

Rewrite Mary Louise’s letter, correcting any errors in capitalization.

1111 west 146th streetCleveland, ohio 44100March 3, 2001

Dear aunt Margaret,

For our class trip this year, we went to Washington, D.C., during the Thanksgiving daybreak. Did you know that no building in washington may be more than ten stories tall soeveryone can see the Washington monument from anywhere in the City?

You know how I enjoy the Fine Arts, so I was thrilled when we went to the Nationalgallery. I especially liked the impressionists. I bought a print of Monet’s Rouen cathedral in the Gift shop.

Our group also spent an afternoon at the library of congress. I think we saw the originalmanuscript of the declaration of Independence—or maybe it was the constitution.

Our World history teacher and our English teacher have conspired to get us to read shakespearean plays. Right now we are in the middle of julius Caesar.

I hope you liked the washingtonian souvenir I sent you.

Your Niece,

Mary Louise

Grammar Enrichment

20.2–3 Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Adjectives

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■ A. Using Correct End Punctuation

Insert the correct end punctuation in each of the following sentences.

1. Do you know any of the songs that the local band plays

2. I have never been so insulted in my life

3. Is there life on other planets

4. Let’s go, Panthers

5. Do you remember the day we met

6. Juanita sometimes wonders whether she should get a job or go to college first

7. Please have your term paper ready on Friday

8. Ask your parents what they like and dislike about their jobs

■ B. Writing Sentences with Correct End Punctuation

Write two sentences in each of the forms listed below. In the first sentence of each set, use theword wonder. In the second sentence, use the word remember. End your sentences with the correct punctuation.

1. (declarative)____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (declarative, containing indirect question) ____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (direct question) ________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (polite command) _______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. (strong command) ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

21.1–3 End Punctuation

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Using Colons

Complete each of the following statements in an appropriate way. Use a colon where necessary.

1. If you are planning to attend the class picnic, please bring one of the following items __________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Three uses of the colon are ________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. When you are packing for a vacation, you should be sure to include________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Fumiko is thinking about three career options _________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. It is helpful to know the first-aid procedures for _______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. For my research paper I used these sources ___________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. The course outline includes the following three novels __________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. These are the three most important things you need to survive in the wilderness _____________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. Two of the greatest inventions of the last fifty years have been ____________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Famous people who have influenced the way I think include the following __________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Writing Sentences with Colons

Write one sentence for each item to demonstrate the correct use of colons. Use the guidelines in parentheses.

1. (Include a main clause about a favorite place, followed by explanatory material.) _____________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (Include the words as follows.) _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

21.4 The Colon

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■ A. Using Semicolons Correctly

If a sentence contains no errors, write correct. Then revise each incorrect sentence, either usinga semicolon or eliminating one that is already there.

1. I was not prepared for all the publicity; for I had never expected to win the race.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. No one doubted that the candidate was worthy of election; nevertheless, she lost by anastounding number of votes.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. We had eggs, toast, and bacon for breakfast, hamburgers, french fries, and salad for lunch,and roast beef, peas, and whipped potatoes for dinner.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. When Jerry first hired Alice, he thought she was capable, intelligent, and talented, but afterworking with her for three months, he discovered she was all of that and more.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. The concert was given by Yo-Yo Ma, the cellist, and Emanuel Ax, the pianist.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. I had admired the famous star for some time, but I never expected to meet her in my hometown, Omaha.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Writing with Semicolons

Write a sentence about two or more of your favorite magazines. Structure the comment so thatit requires a semicolon. Then write another sentence that is about only one of the magazines.In this sentence use a conjunctive adverb.

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

21.5 The Semicolon

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Using Commas with Coordinate Adjectives

Insert commas where they are needed in the following sentences. If a sentence contains noerrors, write correct.

1. Mr. Gutierrez always wore a battered old canvas fishing hat when he went to the lake.

2. She was an intelligent successful attorney who had attended a reputable law school.

3. Carmella was married in a long white silk gown with a wide lacy train.

4. The house they bought was a dilapidated three-story Victorian mansion.

5. The hot dusty trail ended in a cool green forest of wet leafy trees.

6. The rusty dented lime-green sedan with only one door that can be opened takes Jameswhere he needs to go.

7. To make a tasty Irish stew, a cook needs plenty of carrots, potatoes, and beef.

8. The long exciting playoff game ended with Robert Parish sinking an eighteen-foot jumpshot in double overtime.

9. When she walked out on stage on the play’s opening night, Melia knew why she hadendured the rigorous tiring hours of practice.

10. My wise but superstitious grandfather tells me that when caterpillars are mostly black in the fall, we can expect a long cold snowy winter.

■ B. Writing Sentences with Coordinate Adjectives

Write five sentences, each containing several adjectives preceding a noun. Omit the commas. Exchange sentences with a classmate. Have your classmate add commas where they are necessary.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

21.6 Commas with Coordinate Adjectives

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■ A. Using Commas in Compound Sentences

Rewrite each of the following sentences that needs a comma or contains an unnecessarycomma. If a sentence is correct, tell why it is correct.

1. The restaurant’s specialty is tacos and enchiladas are also on the menu.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Dogs are friendly but cats are mysterious.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. The Spectrum Publishing Company has an opening for a proofreader but applicants musthave three years’ experience in publishing.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. She looked familiar but I had never met her.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. We can stroll through the park or we can drive to the antique store.

______________________________________________________________________________

6. A local organization is getting volunteers together to paint houses for people who areunable to do it themselves.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. There were a thousand people waiting outside the office when it opened for an announce-ment had been made that free tickets would be available at eight o’clock.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. School was over for the day and I could go home to listen to my new album again.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Writing Compound Sentences

1. Write a compound sentence that requires a comma.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Write a compound sentence that does not require a comma.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

21.6 Commas and Compound Sentences

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Punctuating Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs

Clive and Marsha collaborated on this sports story for the school paper. Clive thinks Marshaused too many commas. Marsha thinks Clive didn’t use enough. Settle their differences byrewriting the story, using commas appropriately.

The Clarmont Hilltoppers have won another game. By the way, they’re 15–0. However theyhave not yet played an opponent worthy of their abilities. Nevertheless, they are on their wayto the state tournament, and they are getting a lot of publicity. In fact, the entire team will befeatured on Sports Report on Friday night on Channel 5. After all the Hilltoppers are still theonly undefeated team in the state. Coach Winowski however fears the Butler Bulldogs fromupstate. The Bulldogs have the state’s leading scorer in Johnny Johnson.

■ B. Writing with Conjunctive Adverbs

Complete each of the following items, using one of the conjunctive adverbs listed below. Useeach conjunctive adverb only once.

however therefore consequently

moreover thus furthermore

1. My day begins with a forty-minute bus ride to school; __________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. To jog two miles ________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. When it rains here _______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The opera singer ________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

21.6 Commas with Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs

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■ A. Using Commas with Direct Address

Write correct after each of the following sentences in which the comma or commas are usedcorrectly. If any commas should be omitted, circle them.

1. Do you have an appointment, Sir?

2. Did, Enrique, say he would be here at two o’clock?

3. Oh, Martha, I cannot bear to repeat the story again.

4. Harry, please meet me at Burger Heaven tomorrow afternoon.

5. I am no longer speaking to, Chandra.

6. Remember, Ms. Coleman, that I appreciate your encouragement.

7. Mrs. Motley, will call a special meeting of the student council.

8. Don’t forget, Julian, to support my campaign.

9. Listen to me, young man.

10. Ayisha, why didn’t you tell me what was going on?

■ B. Understanding Direct Address

You are tutoring a sixth-grade student who is having trouble understanding direct address.Write an explanation of direct address for this student. Use at least two example sentences to illustrate your explanation.

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

21.6 Commas and Direct Address

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ Using Commas Correctly

Rewrite each of the following sentences, correcting the errors in comma usage.

1. In the middle of the nineteenth century, nonconformity was more widely practiced, butless widely tolerated than it is today.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Henry David Thoreau, carried the theory of nonconformity to an extreme.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Thoreau’s nonconformity earned him, certain penalties and rewards.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The penalties were, condescension from his friends and lack of respect for the masterpiece,Walden.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Thoreau cautioned his readers, that they cannot kill time without injuring eternity.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. What everyone knows about Thoreau, is that he lived in a simple, unpretentious cabin bythe side of Walden Pond.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. He lived in that cabin for more than two years, it was only a mile from his family inConcord.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Thoreau also resisted what he thought, were unfair forms of taxation, and took an activeinterest in abolition.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. He contracted tuberculosis at thirty-seven, and died seven years later.

______________________________________________________________________________

10. By living a simpler life Thoreau hoped to show people, that things are less important than wisdom, contentment, or leisure.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

21.6 Misuse of Commas

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■ A. Choosing Between Dashes and Parentheses

Above each underlined phrase in the following sentences, write whether the words should beset off with dashes or parentheses.

1. Emily Dickinson 1830-1886 was born in Amherst, Massachusetts a small college town.

2. Dickinson seldom left her home she was very fond of solitude and had little contact withthe outside world.

3. Biographies not surprisingly give little information about her personal life.

4. Someone who was probably not an admirer of Dickinson’s once observed that all of herpoems could be set to the tune of “The Yellow Rose of Texas” not exactly a compliment.

5. Dickinson is considered along with Walt Whitman one of the two great American poets ofher century.

■ B. Parentheses with Other Marks of Punctuation

Rewrite each of the following sentences, adding the appropriate punctuation mark in the correct place.

1. Emily Dickinson was a prolific poet. (Was there something strange about her life)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Dickinson did not title her poems (most are known by their first lines) and she oftenwrote on scraps of paper, which she kept in her bureau drawers.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Dickinson used unusual punctuation (her poems are filled with dashes) many editors(even in recent years) have produced versions of her work with dashes omitted.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Thomas H. Johnson worked with original manuscripts and put together what is now thedefinitive edition of Dickinson’s poetry: The Poems of Emily Dickinson (1955)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Johnson also edited her letters. (They are often eloquent and sometimes very amusing)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

21.7–8 Dashes and Parentheses

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Using Quotation Marks with Other Marks of Punctuation

Rewrite the following sentences, adding quotation marks and other marks of punctuationwhere they belong.

1. How you have changed exclaimed Melissa when she ran into Ted at the mall.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. John chose to read T. S. Eliot’s poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock but he did not understand it.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Yesterday Sara asked me Do you believe there is life on other planets

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Don’t you just love that new song by the Environmentalists, Take It Away?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Hamlet contains the famous line To be or not to be it is one of Shakespeare’s most memorable quotes.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

■ B. Writing Sentences with Quotation Marks

Use the following sets of punctuation marks in your own well-written sentences.

1. (quotation marks and a comma) ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (quotation marks and a semicolon) _________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (quotation marks with a question mark inside) ________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (quotation marks with a question mark outside) _______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. (quotation marks and an exclamation point) __________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

21.9 Quotation Marks

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■ A. Using Italics

In the following sentences, underline any words that should appear in italics in a printed work.

1. Casablanca is many people’s favorite film.

2. During her speech, Millicent made a serious faux pas.

3. Mary Jane often uses the word hopefully incorrectly.

4. Back in the 1940s there was a joke that went like this:

Dad: Son, there are just two words I’d like you to eliminate from your vocabulary.One is lousy and the other is swell.

Son: OK, Dad, what are the two words?

5. Adios and hasta la vista are both ways of saying “good-by” in Spanish.

6. Mom and Dad like Reader’s Digest, but I prefer Discover magazine.

7. Have you ever read Profiles in Courage, the book by John F. Kennedy?

8. Charles Lindbergh made a historic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis.

9. The opera Porgy and Bess was written by George Gershwin.

10. Peau de soie is a silk or satin fabric with a fine ribbed surface, often used in formal dresses.

11. I had never heard the expression carpe diem until I saw the movie Dead Poets Society.

12. You must be careful to cross every t and dot every i.

13. I have always had trouble understanding the difference between affect and effect.

14. Starry Night is my favorite painting by van Gogh.

15. Romeo and Juliet contains the line “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”Is this true?

16. Cheers was a very popular television series.

17. Do you know who wrote Gone with the Wind?

18. The new restaurant advertises gourmet food.

■ B. Writing with Italics

The words below are usually not italicized. Used in certain contexts, however, they would needto be. Write four sentences, each using one of the words in a way that requires it to be italicized.(You may invent titles, if you wish.) Underline words that should be in italics in your sentences.

a cool Missouri salesman

Barbara Hemingway rush scrooge

1. ______________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________________

Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

21.10 Italics (Underlining)

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

■ A. Using Apostrophes

Add apostrophes to the following sentences where they are needed. If a sentence contains no errors, write correct.

1. Manuel received two weeks pay for his temporary work at Discount World.

2. Manuel wouldnt tell me about his employers benefits.

3. Someones been giving false reports about his or her annual income.

4. The mens restroom and the womens restroom were recently switched.

5. The Joneses house was recently destroyed by fire.

6. Several students essays were disqualified.

7. Toms and Eddies essays were difficult for the teacher to evaluate.

8. Mary and Daves house was located in a fashionable neighborhood.

9. Her brother-in-laws interference was objectionable to Angela.

10. The shows ability to attract viewers was appreciated by its producers.

11. Sams lack of math abilities shouldnt prevent him from getting a job in the companys warehouse.

12. The editor in chiefs job is to find authors whose books will appeal to consumers interests.

13. Anyones tax return may be audited by the governments Internal Revenue Service.

14. All citizens rights are secure only when each individuals rights are secure.

15. The Smiths purchase three dollars worth of lottery tickets every week.

■ B. Writing Sentences with Apostrophes

Use an apostrophe in each of the sentences that you write according to the following guidelines.

1. (Use a plural noun ending in -s.) ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. (Use a compound noun.) _________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. (Use an expression of time or money.) _______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. (Use a noun that does not end in -s.) ________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. (Use a singular noun ending in -s.)__________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Enrichment

21.11 The Apostrophe

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Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................

Grammar Enrichment

21.14 Using Numbers and Numerals

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■ Using Numbers and Numerals

Rewrite the following sentences, making any necessary changes in the use of numbers andnumerals. If a sentence contains no errors, write correct.

1. The earth is 93,000,000 miles from the sun.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. My sister’s college address is Sixteen Lotus Drive, Austin, Texas.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. She wrote me a check for $32.48.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Griselda confines her reading to novels written in the 19th century.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. December the seventh, 1941, according to Franklin D. Roosevelt, was a day that would “live in infamy.”

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Only thirty-two percent of the student body voted to change the date of the prom.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. I had only 57 cents in my wallet.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. The 1980s might be called the age of the “yuppie”; what do you think the 90s will be called?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. They traveled around the world on a 70-foot yacht.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. The three friends met for breakfast every Friday at seven o’clock A.M.

______________________________________________________________________________

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