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Good Fences Make Good Neighboring Rights: The German Supreme Court Rules on Digital Sampling of Sound Recordings

The 11th Annual Intellectual Property Scholars Conference DePaul University College of Law August 11-12, 2011

Tracy L. Reilly, Associate ProfessorUniversity of Dayton School of Law

Program in Law & Technology

Copyright © 2011 – Tracy Reilly

Digital Sampling

►Recording of a sound or portion of a previously existing recording with the aid of a device that can store the recording in binary form in the memory of a computer

►Can constitute multiple CR infringement

Composition

+

Sound Recording

Sampling: The Issue

►Is digital sampling “appropriationist art” that should not be subject to copyright infringement law?

►OR is it “theft” of another musician’s prior created art?

Sampling: The Technology

►Fairlight Series III Synclavier Digital Music System ($70-300,000)

►E-mu Systems Emulator

($2,600)

►Casio SK-1 ($100)

http://www.isaotomita.net/images/technology/synclavier_ii.jpg

http://www.greentreegazette.com/uploads/Remember/caslrg.jpg

Sampling: The Technology

►Software for the “at home” sampler

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bp2.blogger.com/_-mHzKv4ippE/SEn5cQZShKI/AAAAAAAAAC0/bApG13fR6fA/s320/Steinberg.Cubase.SX.jpg&imgrefurl=http://guitar-softwares.blogspot.com/2008/06/steinberg-cubase-sx-3.html&usg=__7vbQcOwc_m64cOgzw3JHU4i5xjE=&h=306&w=300&sz=16&hl=en&start=25&tbnid=DOXU5SPgt91NPM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=115&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcubase%2Bsx%26start%3D18%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://www.scitscat.com/catalog/images/sony_acid6.jpg&imgrefurl=https://www.scitscat.com/catalog/sony-acid-sequencing-sampling-looping-audio-software-p-2212.html&usg=__449ulvaWrSJho9j3hHAli0XU6iI=&h=500&w=476&sz=19&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=fqUraoe0OmzpFM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dacid%2Bpro%2Bsampling%2Bsoftware%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

Importance of Copyright Law

►The “Public Goods” Problem:

Led Zeppelin – “When the Levee Breaks” – 1971

Cost of creation is HIGH but cost of reproduction is LOW

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000002J09/ref=s9subs_c2_15_img1-rfc_p_si2?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1WJT9FQFTYF5ZWYVQ2T1&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=463383371&pf_rd_i=507846

http://www.johnowensmith.co.uk/headgnge.jpg

Copyright Infringement?

►Enigma “Return to Innocence” – 1998

http://bp3.blogger.com/_iRTj3YHEhNY/R7s3n48z5hI/AAAAAAAACEc/E3oI0fzECuY/s400/%5BAllCDCovers%5D_enigma_return_to_innocence_1994_retail_cd-front.jpg

“Return to Innocence” Lyrics

► Love - DevotionFeeling - Emotion Love - DevotionFeeling - Emotion Don't be afraid to be weak; Don't be too proud to be strong; Just look into your heart my friend,That will be the return to yourself; the return to innocence.

U.S. Copyright Protection

►17 U.S.C. §102(a)(7)

Original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed, including sound recordings

►Exclusive Rights to Author ( 106)

Reproduce/Distribute/Make Derivative

Works

http://www.oa.org/images/inside/member_support/6d_copyright_sm.jpg

Bridgeport Music v. Dimension Films

Publisher sued film companies for use of George Clinton Jr.’s “Get Off Your Ass and Jam”

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.coolcopyright.com/images/cases/bridgeport.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.coolcopyright.com/cases/chp5/bridgeportdimension.htm&usg=__LXz9TWbeQmuJlRGK_BWpkMlx5Hg=&h=160&w=160&sz=17&hl=en&start=12&um=1&tbnid=rEsn5F6j8qUmqM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=98&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgeorge%2Bclinton%2Bjr%2Bget%2Boff%2Byour%2Bass%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLR

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://thedailyrecord.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/450px-george_clinton_in_centreville.jpg&imgrefurl=http://forums.blueridgenow.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/1601091365/m/6601001238/r/2951015338&usg=__FF49UGCO-2DJZC5xTj9ls0zmRqs=&h=600&w=450&sz=75&hl=en&start=7&um=1&tbnid=ZikwsyFK6xydzM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgeorge%2Bclinton%2Bjr%2Bget%2Boff%2Byour%2Bass%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLR

Bridgeport Music v. Dimension Films

►“Get a license or do not sample.”

►“When you sample a sound recording you know you are taking another’s work product.”

►“Even when a small part of a sound recording is sampled the part taken is something of value.”

German Neighboring Rights Protection

►verwandte Schutzrechte

►“Related right” protection for sound

recording to PRODUCER/ENGINEER for

financial and technical effort

► 85 of the UrgH

Kraftwerk v. Moses Pelham

►German electronica band sues for use of “Metall Auf Metall” sample in defendant’s song “Nur muir”

Kraftwerk v. Moses Pelham

►“even the partial unauthorized reproduction … of the audio recording… interferes with the rights of the producer of the phonogram.”

Quality or quantity of plaintiff’s song is irrelevant

Recognizability of plaintiff’s song in defendant’s song is irrelevant

The Devil is in the Defenses

►Bridgeport Music – Fair Use available to sampling defendant

No guidelines given

►Kraftwerk – Free Use available to sampling defendant UNLESS defendant:

Can reproduce the sounds himself; or

Sampled a recognizable melody

The Solution: Recognizability

►Refine Fair Use/Free Use tests in sampling cases to require defendant to prove that the sample is NOT recognizable

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