Download - Gilbert Audit
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JeffGilbertTheUniversityofArizonaTheUniversityofArizona
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outline Reasonsforconductinganaudit Precipitation&precipitationrate Systemoptimization
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Wh ?Why?PlayersafetyPlayersafety
Moreconsistent/predictablefieldconditions
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Turfgrass Health Reducebiotic&abioticplantproblemsp p
*there really isnt any 100% abiotic problems
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Appl ater more efficientlApplywatermoreefficiently Minimizeareasthataretoowetortoodry Minimizeareasthataretoowetortoodry
Limitoperatingcostassociatedwithpumping Reduceexcessivewateringtimes Avoidrunoff
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Maximize Distribution Uniformity DUMaximizeDistributionUniformity DU
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How?Calibration
Similartofertilizerspreaderofsprayerp p y Allcalibrationbasicallyusesthesamecalculations AllhaveAREAincommon.T d i i l d i Todeterminerateincludetime.
Sprinklersystemusedmuchmoreoftenth ith d thaneitherspreaderorsprayer
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FertilizerSpreader Product(pounds)perarea(ft2) Product(pounds)perarea(ft )*Swathwidthimportantforevendistribution
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SprayerSprayer Gallonsperarea(ft2)
O ti i i t tf t Operatingpressureisanimportantfactor Swathwidthimportantforevendistribution Nozzlesizeandspacingimportant
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CalibrateIrrigationSystemCa b ate gat o Syste
Sprinkler spacing Nozzle size Operating pressure
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ApplyingWatertoTurf Onlyrealreasonforhavingasprinklersystem Thisiswheretherubbermeetstheroad Moreimportantthan:
smartcontrollerR i Rainsensor
GettingETfromasatellite
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PrecipitationPrecipitation GrossPrecipitationGrossPrecipitation
Totalamountofwaterappliedoveragivenarea.
2604.1
ftgallonsdepthinches 2ft
1123f2
1.12.48.7
3604.1ft
xftinx
galft
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exampleexample Given:Given:
Footballfieldplussurroundingturf=385x2203 5or84700squarefeet(ft2)
Measuredvolumethroughmeter=10,000gallons
Averageapplieddepthoverentirefieldfield
0.19inches000106041 284700000,10604.1"19.0
ft
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Average Depth Gross Precipitation Rate forAverageDepthGrossPrecipitationRateforentirefield
D i hi f l l i i f lf b d i Doingthistypeofcalculationisusefulforbudgetingbutofferslittlehelpforschedulingirrigationorimprovingoveralldistributionofwater improvingoveralldistributionofwater.
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Example 2Example2 Given:Given:
Baseballturfgrassinfield(usuallyasingleirrigationzone)y g g=80x80or6400ft2
Measuredvolumethroughmeter=750gallonsAverageapplieddepthforthiszone
0.19.750604.1"19.0 gal
2640019.0
ft
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Grossprecipitationforsinglezone Thisisausefulmeasurementandcanbe Thisisausefulmeasurementandcanbehelpfulforschedulingirrigation.Butthisisstillgrossprecipitationanddoesnotg p paccountforwaterlossesbetweenthemeterandtheturf.
Notprecipitationrate Doesnotshowhowthewaterisdistributedoverthefield/zoneoverthefield/zone.
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PrecipitationRate Rateatwhichasprinklersystemapplieswatertoagivenarea.
Precipitationrateforasystemistheaverage Precipitationrateforasystemistheaverageprecipitationrateofallsprinklersinagivenarearegardlessofthearc,spacing,orflowrateofeachh d head.
PRisafunctionofthetotalsprinklerdischargeappliedtotheareabetweenthesprinklers.totheareabetweenthesprinklers.
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Headtohead50%ordiameter
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Full Circle (360o)FullCircle(360o)
396 GPM2
3.96Ft
GPMIPH 2Ft
inchesft 12.min603396foothourgal
f.48.7
3.96
Thisisusedtodeterminegross precipitationrates
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IPHSquareSpacing396sprinklerRow
gpmiph 3.96 sp inkleow
Total area equivalent to full-circle sprinkler or 360o90o + 90o + 90o +90o
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E lExample Eachsprinklerhasaflowrateof14gpmac sp e as a o ate o 4 gp Spacingbetweensprinklersis60 Spacingbetweenrowsis60p g
squarespacing
houriph /"370143.96 houriph /37.06060
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i l iIPHTriangularSpacinggpmi h 396 sprinklerRowgpmiph
866.03.96
Total area equivalent to full-circle sprinkler or 360o60o + 120o + 60o +120o 0.866 = sine of 60o
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E lExample Eachsprinklerhasaflowrateof14gpmac sp e as a o ate o 4 gp Spacingbetweensprinklersis60 Spacingbetweenrowsis52(60x0.866)p g 5 ( )
trianglespacing
houriph /"430143.96 houriph /43.05260
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Precipitation applied to a zonePrecipitationappliedtoazoneWhat would be the total gallon flow for a 10 minute run from all
sprinklers? What is the total depth applied?
11290o- 1.4 GPM 180o- 2.9 GPM 360o- 5.5 GPM
29
28 58
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Wh l Z P i i iWholeZonePrecipitationgpmQgpm 6.544.1 34551622365 gpQgp
gpmHgpm 2.2389.2 gpmFgpm 5.1635.5
3.455.162.236.5
gallonsgpm 453min103.45
4536041 gal "11.0'58'112
453604.1"
galdepth
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CalculatethePrecipitationRateforanentire zone
90o 1 4 GPM 180o 2 9 GPM 360o 5 5 GPM
entirezone
90o- 1.4 GPM 180o- 2.9 GPM 360o- 5.5 GPM
112
58
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Wh l i it ti tWholezoneprecipitationrategpmQgpm 6.544.1 gpQgp
gpmHgpm 2.2389.2 gpmFgpm 5.1635.5 3.455.162.236.5
345396 26496'58'112 ft
./"67.0264963.453.96 hr
ft
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R TiRunTime Howmanyminuteswouldbeneededtoapply0.25?o a y utes ou d be eeded to app y 0. 5 ?
"25.0"670
.min60
hourhour 67.0hour
min60 uroh .min4.22"25.0"67.0
.min60
urohuroh
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So,Whatistheprecipitationratefor a baseball infield?forabaseballinfield?
14 gpm
77 gpm
Each360o sprinklerhasaflowrateof14gpm Spacingbetweensprinklersis80 Spacingbetweenrowsis80
Squarespacing?
houriph /"21.08080143.96
houriph /"11.08080
73.96
8080
Probably somewhere between these two values need to test
8080
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G i i iGrossprecipitationrates Allidealvaluesdea va ues
noactualmeasureofrealdistribution Allwaterisassumedtoreachtheturf Pressureateachnozzleallasdesignedandallthesame
Differencesinnozzlepressurecanvaryiphsignificantly Turfareacoveredbyanysprinklerorzoneassumed.
Alsobasedonidealoperatingpressure Everysprinklerlevel&tograde Allspacinginstalled/maintainedasdesigned
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NetPrecipitation Net
Measureoftheamountofwaterthatactuallyreachesthelandscape.
ThenetprecipitationrateisthegrossThenetprecipitationrateisthegrossprecipitationrateminusthelossesthatoccurbetweenthesprinklerandtheoccurbetweenthesprinklerandthelandscapesurface.
TherealdealTherealdeal
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How?How?Usecatchmentdevicestodetermineactualprecipitationrates
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Determinetheprecipitationete e t e p ec p tat orateofabaseballoutfield
Eachzonesurroundedbyotherzonesy Spacing,pressureallvariable Arcsmixed
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Baseball Field Has both Triangle & SquareBaseballFieldHasbothTriangle&Squarespacing,fullandpartcirclearcs
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How? Arrangecatchcupsingridpattern Usuallymeasurealong3rd baseline Wanttohaveatleast3cupsbetweeneachsprinkler
For60headspacing,thecupswouldneedtobeabout15to19apart15 to19 apart
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Thenumberofcupsuseddependsondesireddetail
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Catch cup GridCatchcupGrid
Need 250+ cupsNeed ~250+ cups
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Startwithonezone
Ideal sprinkler coverage
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O t f 15 20 i tOperatezonefor1520minutes,ormore
More realistic coverage
Overlap coverageOverlap coverage
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Catchcupscoveredbysinglezone Recordcatchvolumesfromsinglezone Markcupsthatgetwaterfromthissinglezone Identifyalladjacentzonesthatcontributewatertothisfirstzonearea Operateeachadjacentzoneforthesametime usedonfirstzone Recordcatchvaluesfromallotheradjacentzones
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FirstAdjacentZone
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S d Adj ZSecondAdjacentZone
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Thi d Adj ZThirdAdjacentZone
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F th Adj t ZFourthAdjacentZone
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Fifth Adjacent ZoneFifthAdjacentZone
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Sixth Adjacent ZoneSixthAdjacentZone
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Whyincludeallsurroundingzones?lik ll i i i d li Justlikeallprecipitationratescoveredearlier.
Coverageneedstoadduptoanevenmultipleof360oiftrulyhead to headspacingiftrulyheadtoheadspacing
Independentofwhetherspacingissquareortriangle
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All t ib ti 14403604
Allcontributingzones
5401803 5401803
5401803 5401803 1801801
1801801 1801801
3600
1801801
3603600
Or, 10 full-arc sprinklers
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Combineallcatchvolumes Addcatchcupvaluestogether,cupbycup Getaverage Determineprecipitationrate Then,REPEATwithallotherzones.
Forexample
Sta.# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
IPH 0.71 0.81 0.57 0.71 0.59 0.65 0.56 0.46 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.59
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S f l f h dSurfaceplotofcatchcupdata
The reason for placing cups on a grid pattern
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F tb ll fi ld ith i dFootballfieldwithmixedsprinkler spacing & arcssprinklerspacing&arcs
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And now can include Calibration whenAnd,nowcanincludeCalibration whenrepairingtheseitemstoimproveDU
Misalignedsprinklers Tiltedsprinklers
Leaksinlateralsormain Incorrectpipesize
Improperpressure HighorlowN i i kl
Inadequateflow Slowvalves
Nonrotatingsprinkler BlockedspraypatternL h dd i
Mixednozzles Damagednozzles
h d Lowheaddrainage Missingsprinklers I i
Matchedprecipitation Atleastw/inzone
Mi db d Improperspacing Cloggednozzles
Mixedbrands
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B fit f b lib tiBenefitsofzonebyzonecalibration Applydesireddepthateachirrigationeventpp y des ed dept at eac gat o eve t
VerydifficulttodetermineIPHonbaseballfield Donotrelyoncatalogiphvaluesforschedulingwhichcanresultindeficitirrigation
IncreaseoverallDU&playerSafety
DU 54%DU 75%
DU 54%
19% under-irrigated
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ThankYouThankYou