Transcript
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FREEDOM,  AUTHORITY,  AND  THE  IMAGINATION:  A  critical  correlation  of  Maxine  Greene’s  aesthetic  pedagogy  with  Christian  Scripture  and  Tradition  to  Re-­‐‑vision  Practices  of  Bible  Engagement  for  Spiritual  formation  of  Teenagers  

Graham  Stanton  

Student  Number:  43421871  

 

STATEMENT  OF  THESIS  

The  Christian  church  has  traditionally  emphasised  engagement  with  the  Bible  for  the  spiritual  formation  of  young  people  in  the  Christian  faith.  The  Reformed  Evangelical  tradition,  along  with  many  others  in  the  Christian  church,  considers  the  Bible  to  be  divinely  inspired  and  the  final  authority  in  all  matters  of  Christian  faith  and  practice.  However,  young  people  in  Australia  are  engaging  with  the  Bible  infrequently  and  display  low  levels  of  biblical  literacy.  As  a  proportion  of  church  members  teenagers  are  under-­‐‑represented  in  the  membership  of  Christian  churches  relative  to  the  Australian  population.    

There  are  approaches  to  encourage  Christian  spiritual  formation  among  young  people  but  which  pay  little  attention  to  engaging  with  the  Bible.  Conversely,  there  are  efforts  to  redress  declining  Bible  engagement  among  young  people  have  but  which  fail  to  make  explicit  how  such  increased  Bible  engagement  would  contribute  to  spiritual  formation.  Adult  mentors  of  Christian  youth  face  the  challenge  of  how  they  might  help  young  people  personally  appropriate  the  Bible  as  an  authoritative  text  for  spiritual  formation.    

This  thesis  proposes  that  that  there  is  an  imaginative  work  central  to  reading  and  responding  to  Scripture  that  can  be  employed  as  an  effective  approach  to  Christian  spiritual  formation  among  teenagers.  Through  a  correlation  of  the  aesthetic  pedagogy  of  Maxine  Greene  and  the  theological  aesthetics  of  Hans  Urs  von  Balthasar  this  thesis  will  show  that  by  enabling  young  people  to  use  their  imagination  in  the  way  they  read  and  respond  to  the  Bible  adult  mentors  are  able  to  preserve  the  freedom  inherent  in  spiritual  formation  without  diminishing  the  authority  of  Scripture.  

The  aesthetic  pedagogy  of  educational  philosopher  Maxine  Greene  provides  useful  parallels  with  this  task  of  leading  young  people  in  reading  the  Bible:  both  share  the  same  goal  of  individual  and  societal  transformation;  both  share  the  desire  to  create  learning  spaces  that  promote  questioning  and  dialogue;  and  both  share  an  emphasis  on  freedom  and  personal  agency.  Insights  from  Greene’s  aesthetic  pedagogy  have  the  potential  to  shape  positive  uses  of  Scripture  as  well  as  expose  misuses  in  contemporary  Australian  youth  ministry.  

Balthasar’s  theological  aesthetics  reflects  on  the  beauty  of  God  as  a  necessary  starting  point  for  assessing  the  goodness  and  truth  of  the  Christian  life.1  In  short,  Balthasar  contends  that  human  beings  are  unable  to  determine  what  is  true  without  having  engaged  in  living  within  that  reality  as  something  good;  but  we  will  not  embrace  the  good  without  having  first  been                                                                                                                  1  Balthasar’s  major  work  is  the  theological  triptych  dealing  with  the  true,  the  good  and  the  beautiful:  The  Glory  of  the  Lord:  a  theological  aesthetics  (7  volumes),  Theo  Drama:  theological  dramatic  theory  (5  volumes);  Theo-­‐‑Logic:  Theological  logical  theory  (3  volumes).  

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captured  by  its  beauty.  Balthasar  found  in  the  science  of  aesthetics  a  ‘conceptual  framework’  for  his  theology  by  drawing  analogy  between  the  beauty  evident  in  created  things  and  the  beauty  of  God,  identified  as  God’s  glory.  Balthasar’s  theology  provides  a  perspective  on  the  Bible  and  the  human  response  to  the  Bible  that  highlights  the  value  of  imagination  and  wonder.    

Building  on  the  insights  gained  from  a  correlational  study  of  Greene’s  aesthetic  pedagogy  with  Christian  theology,  the  thesis  will  propose  a  practice  framework  for  using  the  imagination  in  guiding  teenagers’  reading  and  response  to  the  Bible  for  spiritual  formation  within  the  Christian  tradition.  This  framework  can  then  be  shared  with  the  community  of  practitioners  in  youth  ministry  (cf  Wenger,  1998a;  Wenger,  1998b)  and  encourage  further  development  of  imaginative  practice  in  the  use  of  the  Bible  in  Christian  youth  ministry.  

SITUATING  THE  THESIS  

BIBLE  ENGAGEMENT  FOR  SPIRITUAL  FORMATION  

‘Bible  Engagement’  is  a  coverall  term  used  by  a  number  of  Christian  researches  and  agencies  across  the  world  to  refer  to  how  people  read  and  interact  with  the  Bible.  The  State  of  the  Bible  report  by  the  American  Bible  Society  (2013)  lists  various  activities  under  the  heading  of  Bible  Engagement:  reading  print  versions  of  the  Bible,  attending  a  small  group  or  Bible  study  (not  including  weekend  worship  services),  listening  to  audio  versions  of  the  Bible,  listening  to  teaching  about  the  Bible  via  a  podcast,  and  reading  electronic  versions  of  the  Bible  via  the  internet,  on  smart  phones  or  e-­‐‑readers  (2013,  p.22).  Bible  Engagement  is  closely  related  to  but  distinguished  from  Bible  penetration  (ownership  of  and  access  to  the  Bible),  biblical  literacy  (knowledge  about  the  content  of  the  Bible),  and  Bible  perceptions  (attitudes  to  and  beliefs  about  the  Bible).  

Bible  engagement  and  biblical  literacy  have  declined  in  the  USA,  the  UK,  and  Canada  (American  Bible  Society,  2013;  Bible  Society,  2014;  Hiemstra,  2014).  Similar  findings  are  evident  among  Australian  young  people.  The  National  Telephone  Survey  that  was  part  of  the  Spirit  of  Generation  Y  study  conducted  in  2005  found  that,  among  young  people  aged  13  to  24,  5%  read  the  Bible  daily,  7.6%  weekly,  and  14.8%  occasionally.  23.8%  of  those  surveyed  said  they  never  read  the  Bible,  but  to  this  could  be  added  the  49%  of  young  people  who  were  not  asked  the  question  about  religious  practices  since  they  had  indicated  that  they  did  not  believe  in  God  at  all.  From  2005  to  2008,  of  students  surveyed  in  mostly  independent  or  Catholic  schools,  4%  indicated  they  had  read  the  Bible  frequently  in  the  previous  year,  6%  had  read  it  occasionally,  and  19%  had  read  it  once  or  twice  (Hughes  and  Pickering,  2010,  p.8).  

One  exception  noted  by  Australian  researchers  was  among  reformed  evangelical  youth  ministries:  Bible  reading  practices  were  relatively  frequent  and  biblical  literacy  relatively  high.  However,  the  researchers  reflected  that  while  the  young  people  knew  the  Biblical  stories  and  made  some  connections  between  characters  in  the  stories  and  their  own  situations,  most  were  unable  to  draw  that  information  together  into  a  vision  of  what  faith  was  all  about  and  how  their  faith  was  lived  (Hughes,  2014).    

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Niebuhr’s  description  of  a  Christian  Endeavor  meeting  in  1927  expressed  the  challenge  that  continues  to  face  youth  ministry  in  Australia:  

Dropped  in  on  the  First  —  Church  of  —  on  my  way  back  from  —  University.  Went  into  the  young  people'ʹs  meeting  before  the  evening  service  and  found  a  typical  Endeavor  meeting  in  progress.  Some  ninety  wholesome  youngsters  were  in  attendance.  All  the  various  tricks  of  a  good  Endeavor  meeting  were  used.  Several  little  poems  clipped  from  the  Endeavor  World  were  recited  at  the  appropriate  time  and  some  of  the  members  contributed  quotations  from  Scripture  and  from  well-­‐‑known  authors.  The  leader  gave  a  good  but  platitudinous  talk.  There  was  no  discussion.  My  impression  was  that  this  type  of  meeting,  if  still  held,  would  be  very  poorly  attended.  But  here  the  facts  belied  my  theories.  So  much  the  worse  for  the  young  people  of  the  church.  Only  a  very  inert  type  of  youngster  could  be  satisfied  with  such  a  meeting,  and  only  a  very  uncritical  mind  would  accept  the  pious  platitudes  which  filled  it,  without  uttering  a  protest  or  challenging  a  dozen  assumptions.  (Niebuhr,  1980,  p.103)  

Niebuhr  appealed  to  a  poetic  imagination  that  is  ‘a  way  of  arriving  at  truth  by  giving  a  clue  to  the  total  meaning  of  things  without  being  in  any  sense  an  analytic  description  of  detailed  facts’  (1980,  p.114).  Niebuhr’s  call  for  the  use  of  imagination  in  reading  and  responding  to  Scripture  is  echoed  in  various  contemporary  authors.  Andrew  Root  described  Bible  reading  with  young  people  as  ‘a  fundamentally  imaginative  activity  (Root,  2012,  p.102).  Veith  and  Ristuccia  have  pointed  to  imagination  as  the  way  God  ‘reaches  us’  and  that  appealing  to  the  imagination  is  ‘a  way  we  can  reach  others’  (Veith  &  Ristuccia,  2015,  p.18).    

However,  appeals  to  using  ‘imagination’  in  relation  to  ‘the  Bible’  are  complicated  by  the  variety  of  ways  different  authors  approach  these  two  words.  The  reformed  evangelical  tradition  has  often  displayed  a  reluctance  to  employ  the  concept  of  imagination  because  of  its  association  with  fanciful  creativity.  For  example,  Beale  (2007)  questions  Hays’  (2005)  use  of  the  word  ‘imagination’  because  ‘the  word  evokes  a  fanciful  creation  of  images  that  is  more  in  the  realm  of  artful  possibilities  than  of  absolute  redemptive-­‐‑historical  realities  that  should  shape  people'ʹs  thinking’  (2007,  p.191).  At  the  same  time  Beale  suspects  that  Hays  is  likely  to  be  using  imagination  to  refer  to  a  persons’  overall  mindset  rather  than  just  the  creative  capacity.  

It  becomes  necessary  therefore  to  identity  different  ways  the  imagination  is  used  in  reading  and  responding  to  the  Bible.  An  added  challenge  arises  from  the  fact  that  appeals  to  the  imagination  are  made  from  within  a  variety  of  theological  frameworks  that  differ  in  how  they  regard  ‘the  Bible’  and  the  nature  of  its  authority.  Two  writers  may  use  imagination  in  the  same  way  but  apply  it  in  different  frameworks;  others  may  work  within  the  same  framework  but  identify  different  uses  of  the  imagination.  An  initial  step  in  clearing  the  ground  for  this  thesis  is  proposing  a  taxonomy  that  distinguishes  various  uses  of  the  imagination  in  relation  to  the  Bible.2  

                                                                                                               2 There  is  a  broad  use  of  imagination  in  relation  to  the  way  humans  perceive  the  world  around  us.  Coleridge  defined  the  primary  imagination  as  ‘the  living  power  and  prime  agent  of  all  human  Perception’  (Biographia  Literaria,  ch  xii).  Warnock  identified  the  use  of  imagination  for  perception  as  the  power  ‘to  represent  things  previously  experienced’  and  ‘to  construct  images  of  a  certain  form,  blueprints,  as  it  were,  for  all  future  and  possible  reproductive  images  (Warnock,  1976,  p.33).  Used  in  this  way  imagination  becomes  an  omnibus  term  for  

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MAPPING  THE  IMAGINATION  

Different  authors  employ  the  imagination  for  identifying  connections,  creating  new  connections,  building  empathy,  and  proposing  alternative  realities.  These  uses  can  each  be  understood  as  sub-­‐‑movements  of  the  overarching  task  of  imagining  a  transformed  life.  The  basic  activity  of  forming  mental  images  of  what  is  not  immediately  present  to  the  senses  is  involved  in  some  way  in  each  of  the  uses  of  imagination  outlined  here.3  The  boundaries  between  these  different  uses  of  the  imagination  are  less  distinct  than  a  diagram  with  hard  edges  allows.  Nevertheless,  we  may  diagram  the  relationship  between  the  uses  of  imagination  as  follows:  

 

Identifying  Connections  

We  use  imagination  for  identifying  connections  between  various  elements  of  the  biblical  text,  and  for  identifying  connections  between  the  meanings  we  draw  from  the  text  and  our  experience  of  life.    

Conceptualising  metaphors  and  other  literary  imagery  requires  a  work  of  imagination.  Metaphor  conveys  meaning  by  taking  aspects  of  something  that  is  known  and  carrying  them  over  to  apply  to  something  that  is  unknown.  We  use  the  imagination  to  construct  the  bridge  that  moves  from  image  to  concept.  Ricoeur’s  essay  on  imagination  and  the  Bible  extended  the  idea  of  a  metaphor  (‘the  collision  between  two  semantic  fields  in  a  sentence’)  to  apply  ‘not  only  to  words  but  to  whole  sequences  of  sentences.’  Imagination  is  used  in  the  work  of  ‘metaphorisation’  that  perceives  ‘something  else,  something  more’  from  the  connections  of  signification  between  isolated  texts  (Ricoeur,  1995,  p.161).  

This  use  of  the  imagination  is  at  work  in  approaches  to  reading  the  Bible  that  are  not  ordinarily  regarded  as  being  at  all  imaginative.  The  ‘principilizing’  method  seeks  to  identify                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          various  mental  process  including  intuition  and  memory.  How  imagination  is  understood  within  the  philosophy  of  perception  is  beyond  the  scope  of  this  project.  For  the  present  purpose,  when  imagination  is  given  such  a  broad  meaning  it  loses  any  sense  of  meaningful  application.  

3 Garrett  Green  disputed  the  definition  of  imagination  as  the  ‘image  making’  faculty  arguing  that  the  way  we  describe  imagination  is  itself  metaphorical:  imagination  is  not  literally  the  viewing  of  mental  images  but  a  mental  process  that  is  somehow  akin  to  viewing  images  (Green,  1998,  p.93).  This  idiosyncratic  definition  is  driven  by  Green’s  central  thesis  that  the  imagination  is  a  ‘paradigmatic  (pattern-­‐‑making  and  pattern-­‐‑forming)  faculty’  (1998,  p.94).  Pattern-­‐‑making  and  forming  in  a  holistic  sense  as  Green  proposed  is  included  here  under  the  heading  of  ‘shaping  identity’;  it  is  one  use  of  the  imagination,  but  not  the  sole  use.  

Imagining a Transformed Life

Building Empathy Proposing Alternatives

Identifying Connections

Creating Connections

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unifying  theological  principles  in  a  biblical  text,  and  then  ‘to  [re]state  the  [biblical]  author’s  propositions,  arguments,  narrations,  and  illustrations  in  timeless  abiding  truths  with  special  focus  on  the  application  of  those  truths  to  the  current  needs  of  the  church’  (Kaiser,  1981,  p.152;  see  also  Kaiser,  2009).4  Though  this  process  is  largely  considered  to  be  merely  intellectual,  identifying  theological  principles  involves  an  imaginative  work  that  identifies  concepts  drawn  from  the  various  elements  of  the  text.  

Andrew  Root’s  description  of  Bible  reading  as  a  ‘fundamentally  imaginative  activity’  (Root,  2012,  p.102)  seems  to  be  referring  to  a  similar  use  of  imagination  for  identifying  connections.  With  Barth,  Root  focuses  his  attention  on  how  Scripture  witnesses  to  God’s  action  in  the  world.  The  text  of  Scripture  supplies  the  characteristics  of  the  category  of  experience  named  as  ‘divine  action’;  the  work  of  imagination  is  directed  to  our  experience  in  the  world  in  order  to  connect  those  aspects  of  our  experience  that  constitute  divine  action.  Adult  mentors  invite  young  people  to  ‘read  and  imagine  how  the  God  witnessed  to  in  this  text  is  moving  now,  how  this  God  is  acting  for  and  with  you’  (Root,  2012,  p.103).  From  reading  Scripture  we  teach  young  people  to  ‘discern  God’s  action’,  and  ‘read  the  signs  of  the  Bible  in  conversation  with  the  signs  of  our  context’  (Root,  2012,  p.98).    

Thus,  while  both  Kaiser  and  Root  apply  the  imaginative  work  of  identifying  connections  to  reading  the  Bible,  Kaiser  focussed  on  connections  in  the  world  of  the  text,  Root  on  the  world  in  front  of  the  text.  

Creating  Connections  

Alongside  using  imagination  to  identify  meaningful  connections  in  existing  data  we  also  use  imagination  to  create  something  new.  This  use  of  imagination  is  particularly  associated  with  the  creative  arts,  such  as  music,  art,  story,  poetry,  and  dance.  Coleridge  called  this  the  secondary  imagination—that  human  ability  to  draw  from  the  elements  or  fragments  of  what  has  been  perceived  and  reassemble  them  in  order  to  create  something  new.  By  identifying  connections  imagination  enables  us  to  interpret  an  existing  metaphor,  and  by  creating  connections  imagination  enables  us  to  invent  new  metaphors.  

The  distinction  between  these  uses  of  imagination  lies  more  in  the  purpose  of  what  is  imagined  than  in  the  mental  activity  undertaken.  Any  act  of  conceptualising  meaning  is  creative  in  some  sense  since  it  involves  more  than  simple  reproduction.  The  meaningful  connections  being  identified  in  the  mind  is  a  new  creation.  Conversely,  new  connections  are  not  created  ex  nihilo.  Our  imaginings  are  always  combinations  of  pre-­‐‑existing  parts:  we  are  able  to  imagine  a  seven-­‐‑legged  orange  elephant,  but  we  cannot  picture  an  object  in  four-­‐‑dimensional  space  or  a  colour  beyond  the  visible  spectrum.  Nevertheless,  there  is  a  meaningful  distinction  to  be  made  between  using  the  imagination  to  interpret  an  existing  construction  such  as  a  written  text  or  work  of  visual  art  (identifying  connections)  and  the  imagination  in  the  prior  work  of  constructing  such  artefacts  (creating  connections).  

                                                                                                               4  This  approach  has  been  particularly  pursued  among  reformed  evangelical  youth  ministry  in  Sydney  as  the  approach  taught  at  the  Katoomba  Youth  Leadership  Conference,  a  large  Bible  teaching  convention  for  youth  ministry  leaders.  

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Using  the  imagination  to  create  new  connections  is  affirmed  in  the  romantic  tradition  as  ‘our  gateway  to  God’,  and  the  products  of  such  creativity  as  ‘conduits  for  transcendent  experience’  (Levy,  2008,  p.10).  Human  beings  therefore  need  to  become  attuned  to  the  creative  arts  (Levy  focuses  particularly  on  music,  art,  story,  poetry  and  ritual),  ‘and  engage  with  [our]  imaginations’  (Levy,  2008,  p.10).  The  imagination  is  a  necessary  overlay  to  whatever  sense  of  revelation  is  discerned  in  Scripture  or  church  tradition,  providing  the  'ʹongoing  revelation'ʹ  needed  to  prevent  tradition  from  hardening  into  'ʹa  dead  place  of  rote,  lifeless  mouthings  and  leaden  practice'ʹ  (Levy,  2008,  p.104).  

Gordon  Kaufman  argued  that  the  Bible  contains  the  creative  imaginings  constructed  by  human  authors  out  of  the  mythological  traditions  of  the  Ancient  Near  East  and  first  century  Hellenism.  The  imagination  brings  together  descriptive  terms  from  human  experience  as  ‘building  blocks  [for]  putting  together  its  conception’  of  God  (Kaufman,  1981,  p.29).  Since,  Kaufman  argued,  this  ancient  imagination  used  forms  for  conceiving  of  God  that  are  no  longer  valid  (such  as  masculine  language  and  patriarchal  conventions),  contemporary  theology  must  engage  in  a  fresh  work  of  imagination  to  construct  a  concept  of  God  that  is  able  to  make  God’s  presence  in  contemporary  life  intelligible  (Kaufman,  1981,  p.272).  Taking  a  similar  approach  to  Kaufman,  Paul  Avis  argued  that  Christianity  ‘lives  from  the  imagination’  (Avis,  1999,  p.8).5  This  is  true  firstly  in  relation  to  the  way  the  apostles  and  prophets  expressed  their  experience  of  God  in  biblical  metaphors,  symbols,  and  myths;  and  then  secondly,  in  a  ‘corresponding  act  of  ‘imaginative  insight’  by  which  contemporary  believers  appropriate  the  Christian  faith  in  contemporary  experience.  

The  reformed  tradition  has  focussed  on  the  role  of  the  creative  arts  in  response  to  or  directed  by  Scripture  rather  than  in  the  reading  and  interpretation  of  Scripture  itself  (see  Dyrness,  2004;  Dyrness,  2007;  Searle,  2008).  Imaginative  creativity  encourages  reflection  on  the  personal  appropriation  of  doctrine.  Speaking  about  representations  of  the  ascension  in  Western  Art,  David  Brown  noted,  ‘because  the  artistic  tradition  is  concerned  to  engage,  there  is  much  more  emphasis  on  the  potential  relevance  of  the  doctrine  to  the  viewer,  listener  or  reader,  and  so  as  much  concern  with  the  impact  on  us  as  on  Christ’  (Brown,  2007,  p.257).    

Building  Empathy  

The  imagination  enables  us  to  build  empathy  by  imagining  ourselves  in  someone  else’s  shoes.  This  capacity  is  particularly  evident  in  the  enduring  power  of  stories  in  human  culture.  C.  S.  Lewis  spoke  of  the  value  of  reading  literature:  ‘My  own  eyes  are  not  enough  for  me,  I  will  see  through  those  of  others.  Reality,  even  seen  through  the  eyes  of  many,  is  not  enough.  I  will  see  what  others  have  invented…  Literary  experience  heals  the  wound,  without  undermining  the  privilege,  of  individuality…  in  reading  great  literature  I  become  a  thousand  men  and  yet  remain  myself’  (Lewis,  1961,  p.140-­‐‑141).  Research  conducted  among  young  adult  readers  has  substantiated  claims  for  the  capacity  of  literature  to  enlarge  human                                                                                                                  5 Avis  has  a  clearer  place  for  the  objectivity  of  divine  revelation  than  Kaufman.  Avis  distinguished  the  idea  of  divine  revelation  from  the  social  construction  involved  in  human  religion.  The  religious  imagery  evident  in  the  Bible  ‘did  not  fall  ready-­‐‑made  from  heaven’  but  arises  from  an  imaginative  response  to  encountering  divine  presence.  ’The  phenomena  of  religion—beliefs,  forms  of  worship,  structures  of  organisation,  moral  codes—are  human  artefacts  derived  from  revelation  but  mediated  through  human  cultural  perspectives’  (1999,  p.  viii).  

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experience  by  allowing  readers  to  encounter  situations  that  are  not  part  of  their  everyday  lives,  and  to  cultivate  empathy  and  sympathy  through  identifying  with  characters  and  engaging  with  narrative  (Osmer  &  Salazar-­‐‑Newton,  2014,  p.65).6  

Hart  explores  the  work  of  imagination  in  reading  the  biblical  text  by  focussing  on  the  interpersonal  dynamic  that  operates  when  we  understand  written  texts  as  the  media  of  human  exchange.  Using  the  imagination  for  building  empathy  is  needed  to  both  discern  and  to  indwell  any  written  text.  Even  though  cultural  groups  share  a  public  language,  no  language  is  truly  common  ‘since  the  ways  in  which  we  deploy  the  language  which  we  inherit  and  inhabit,  and  the  sense  of  the  things  which  we  say…are  marked…by  other  levels  of  our  particular  personhood’  (Hart,  2000,  p.312).  In  order  to  understand  the  other  we  must  pay  attention  to  the  subjective  dimension  of  their  communication  as  well  as  the  objective  ‘grammar’  of  our  common  language.  Engaging  with  the  subjective  dimension  of  communication  requires  an  imaginative  journey:  ‘the  nature  of  every  bid  for  understanding  of  the  other  [is]  essentially  a  journey  of  imagination  in  which  we  are  granted  the  capacity  to  transcend  the  boundaries  of  our  own  particularity  and  to  engage  with  otherness  in  ways  which  plot  something  of  its  difference.’  Transformation  results  when  we  eventually  return  to  ourselves  with  our  horizons  broadened  with  our  ‘self  in  some  sense  more  rounded  and  complete  through  the  venture'ʹ  (Hart,  2000,  p.316).  If  one  takes  the  common  Reformed  Evangelical  view  that  Scripture  is  a  divine  revelation,  then  the  challenge  is  not  only  to  engage  with  the  human  authors  of  Scripture  but  to  also  consider  the  personal  interaction  with  God  as  the  ultimate  ‘author’  of  this  text.  

Empathetic  imagining  is  instructed  in  Ignatius’  Spiritual  Exercises.  For  example,  the  fifth  contemplation  on  the  Nativity  invites  readers  to  place  themselves  within  the  biblical  narrative  and  ‘with  the  aid  of  the  imagination  to  apply  the  five  senses  to’  reflection  on  the  incarnation  and  the  nativity.’  

Proposing  Alternatives  

Alongside  using  the  imagination  to  see  how  things  are  for  others  (building  empathy)  we  are  also  able  to  use  our  imagination  to  consider  how  things  might  be  otherwise  for  ourselves.  Proposing  alternatives  is  to  building  empathy  as  creating  connections  is  to  identifying  connections.  There  is  an  imaginative  capacity  used  for  entering  an  existing  ‘story’  that  can  be  distinguished,  without  separation,  from  the  imaginative  capacity  used  for  creating  a  ‘new’  story.  Ricoeur  spoke  of  the  way  that  reading  fiction  not  only  helps  to  develop  identity  (through  an  exercise  of  sympathetic  imagination),  but  is  able  to  ‘remake’  reality  and  lead  to  transformation:  

Fiction  has  the  power  to  “remake”  reality  and,  within  the  framework  of  narrative  fiction  in  particular,  to  remake  real  praxis  to  the  extent  that  the  text  intentionally  aims  at  a  horizon  of  new  reality  which  we  may  call  a  world.  It  is  this  world  of  the  text  which  intervenes  in  the  world  of  action  in  order  to  give  it  a  new  configuration  or,  as  we  might  say,  in  order  to  transfigure  it  (Paul  Ricoeur,  1983,  p.185).    

                                                                                                               6 Osmer  and  Salazar-­‐‑Newton  reported  on  the  findings  of  the  Growing  up  with  Harry  Potter  research  project.  Interviews  were  conducted  with  young  adults  who  had  been  avid  readers  of  the  Harry  Potter  series  as  children  and  adolescents  

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Brueggemann’s  proposal  of  the  Prophetic  Imagination  presents  the  ministry  of  Moses  and  the  Old  Testament  prophets  as  an  imaginative  proposal  of  an  alternative  vision:  'ʹWhat  the  prophetic  tradition  knows  is  that  it  could  be  different,  and  the  difference  can  be  enacted'ʹ  (Brueggemann,  2001,  p.xxi).  Moses  imagined  an  alternative  to  Pharaoh’s  oppressive  empire.  When  this  imagination  was  rejected  by  the  Israelite  monarchy,  the  prophets  offered  an  alternative  imagination  to  this  ‘royal  consciousness’  (Brueggemann,  2001,  p.115).  Richard  Hays  similarly  emphasised  the  imagination  in  describing  Paul’s  readings  of  Scripture  as  ‘poetic  in  character’.  Finding  in  Scripture  ‘a  rich  source  of  image  and  metaphor’  Paul’s  imagination  proposes  an  alternative  vision  that  ‘enables  him  to  declare  with  power  what  God  is  doing  in  the  world  in  his  own  time’  (Hays,  2005,  p.xvi).  

Brueggemann  described  the  prophets’  intention  in  using  imagery  and  poetry  to  ‘evoke,  to  shock,  to  tease,  to  play,  to  probe,  not  with  certitude  but  with  possibility  for  what  has  been,  until  now,  unthinkable  and  unsayable’  (Brueggemann,  2012,  p.25).  This  work  of  imagination  encourages  and  enables  contemporary  readers  to  be  ‘imaginers  after  them’  (2012,  p.24).  The  prophets  used  their  imagination  to  propose  an  alternative  future  by  engaging  our  imaginations  to  build  empathy  so  that  in  turn  we  might  adopt  their  proposed  alternative  in  the  world  as  our  own.  In  relation  to  Paul,  Hays  spoke  of  the  result  of  observing  Paul’s  use  of  the  Old  Testament:  we  ‘discover  a  way  of  reading  that  summons  the  reader  to  an  epistemological  conversion,  a  conversion  of  the  imagination'ʹ  (Hays,  2005,  p.x).  The  imaginative  work  that  proposes  alternatives  is  met  with  the  imaginative  work  that  builds  empathy  in  order  to  ‘see  what  they  see,’  and  to  perhaps  see  a  new  future  for  ourselves.  

These  uses  of  the  imagination  are  central  to  the  dramatic  metaphor  that  views  the  Christian  life  as  an  improvisation  of  the  biblical  drama  (Balthasar,  1988;  Bartholomew  &  Goheen,  2004;  Lash,  2005;  Vanhoozer,  2005;  Wells,  2007;  Wright,  2005).  This  conceptualisation  of  Christian  life  directs  Christian  people  to  use  their  imagination  to  picture  appropriate  ways  to  participate  in  the  biblical  drama  through  improvising  their  role  as  the  people  of  God  –  not  making  up  whatever  they  feel  like,  but  participating  in  the  drama  in  a  fitting  way,  appropriate  to  the  overall  drama  and  their  particular  place  in  it.  

Imagining  a  Transformed  Life  

Imagining  a  transformed  life  draws  on  each  use  of  imagination  as  sub-­‐‑movements  in  an  all-­‐‑encompassing  use  of  imagination  directed  to  the  whole  of  life.  There  is  an  imaginative  work  being  done  when  we  move  from  imagining  various  aspects  of  our  experience  through  the  experience  of  others,  to  adopting  particular  stories  or  visions  as  expressive  of  our  overall  identity.  Instead  of  proposing  how  things  might  be  otherwise  in  relation  to  discrete  events  in  our  life,  we  use  our  imagination  to  consider  how  the  overall  shape  and  direction  of  our  lives  could  be  different.  

This  encompassing  work  of  imagination  is  central  to  Garrett  Green’s  proposal  that  Christian  formation  involves  seeing  the  pattern  for  human  life  in  relationship  with  God  in  the  person  of  Christ.  Christ  is  offered  to  us  as  ‘the  image  of  God’  in  the  sense  that  his  life  is  a  paradigm  of  the  faithful  human  life.  The  Christian  goal  of  being  ‘conformed  to  the  image  of  Christ’  (Rom  8:29)  involves  ‘shaping  one'ʹs  life  after  Christ'ʹs  life,  patterning  one'ʹs  own  living  according  to  the  pattern  of  his  story,  following  the  example  of  Jesus.  The  imago  Dei  is  thus  

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restored…in  the  “narrative  shape”  of  the  Christlike  life'ʹ  (Green,  1998,  p.101).7  In  this  Green  is  echoing  Balthasar’s  description  of  Jesus  as  ‘the  concrete  categorical  imperative’  and  ‘the  formally  universal  norm  of  ethical  action’  as  a  result  of  Jesus’  life  of  faithfulness  (Balthasar,  1986,  p.79).  

William  F.  Lynch  spoke  about  faith  in  similar  terms:  ‘Faith…  is  a  way  of  experiencing  and  imagining  the  world;  or  it  is  a  world  within  which  we  experience  or  imagine.  It  composes  it  or,  if  you  will,  it  recomposes  the  world  according  to  its  terms.  For  example,  the  beatitudes  totally  recompose  ordinary  appearance.  To  believe  that  the  poor  are  blessed  puts  an  entirely  different  light  on  things’  (Lynch,  1973,  p.17).  David  Tracy’s  analogical  imagination  operates  in  a  similar  way  by  drawing  on  ‘the  always-­‐‑already,  not-­‐‑yet  event  of  grace  named  Jesus  Christ  mediated  through  the  tradition’  as  ‘the  paradigmatic  focal  meaning’  for  a  Christian  understanding  of  the  ‘relationships  among  God-­‐‑self-­‐‑world’  (Tracy,  1981,  p.425).  

When  Scripture  is  understood  as  providing  the  content  of  the  Christ-­‐‑conformed  life,  its  function  is  similar  to  the  concept  of  a  worldview  or  social  imaginary.  Charles  Taylor  introduced  the  concept  of  the  social  imaginary  to  describe  the  cultural  background  of  nations  and  social  groups:  'ʹthat  largely  unstructured  and  inarticulate  understanding  of  our  whole  situation,  within  which  particular  features  of  our  world  become  evident'ʹ  (Taylor,  2002,  p.107).8  Unlike  worldview  language  that  carries  connotations  of  an  articulated  theoretical  construct,  the  social  imaginary  works  primarily  at  the  sub-­‐‑conscious  intuitive  level  of  the  imagination.  The  social  imaginary  recognises  the  way  that  the  interaction  of  customs,  stories,  behaviours,  language,  images  and  environment  is  appropriated  by  our  imagination  in  a  way  that  often  belies  our  ability  to  articulate  what  is  going  on.  In  the  social  imaginary  we  find  ‘the  way  ordinary  people  “imagine”  their  social  surrounding,’  and  the  ‘images,  stories  and  legends’  they  draw  on  which  express  ‘how  things  usually  go...  how  they  ought  to  go,  [and]  what  missteps  would  invalidate  the  practice’  (Taylor,  2002,  p.106).  

Using  Taylor'ʹs  language,  the  sprawling  collection  of  literature  in  the  Bible  presents  the  social  imaginary  of  the  people  of  God.  The  imagination  looks  to  the  stories,  laws,  songs,  prayers,  proverbs,  promises,  genealogies,  letters,  and  visions  of  Scripture  as  the  cultural  world  that  shaped  the  people  of  God,  including  Jesus’  own  life  of  faithfulness.  The  imagination  wonders  what  sort  of  people  tell  these  stories,  sings  these  songs,  prays  these  prayers,  hope  in  these  promises?  And  what  sort  of  people  would  the  church  be  if  they  were  to  do  the  same?  ‘'ʹIt  is  precisely  by  responding  to  the  various  illocutions  in  Scripture—by  believing  its  assertions,  by  trusting  its  promises,  by  obeying  its  commands,  by  singing  its  songs—that  we  become  “thickly,”  which  is  to  say  covenantally,  related  to  Christ’  (Vanhoozer,  2005,  p.68).  

While  this  encompassing  use  of  the  imagination  could  be  simply  regarded  as  the  cumulative  effect  of  the  other  uses  of  imagination  writ  large,  the  point  of  distinguishing  it  is  to  connect  

                                                                                                               7 John  Chrysostom  spoke  in  a  similar  way  of  the  life  of  the  apostles:  ‘You  have  a  most  excellent  portrait.  Proportion  yourself  to  it'ʹ  hom.  in  Phil.  12.3  [62.273],  on  3:17  (in  Hall,  2010,  p.154).  

8 Also  labelled  ‘mentalities’  by  social  historians.  Dyrness  distinguishes  a  mentality  as  a  weltbild  (world  picture)  rather  than  weltanschauung  (word  view).  Mentalities  are  'ʹcollective  attitudes  that  emphasize  unspoken  or  unconscious  assumptions  and  a  concern  with  the  structure  of  beliefs  as  well  as  their  content,  especially  as  these  take  flesh  in  dominant  metaphors  and  symbols’  (Burke,  in  Dyrness,  2004,  p.13).  

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with  the  whole-­‐‑of-­‐‑life  transformation  envisioned  by  Christian  formation.  Christian  tradition  regards  the  all-­‐‑encompassing  claims  of  Christ  (Col  1:15)  to  call  for  an  all-­‐‑encompassing  transformation  (1  Thess  5:23)  that  requires  an  all-­‐‑encompassing  imagination  that  envisions  Christ  as  the  goal  of  transformation  (2  Cor  3:18).  

AESTHETIC  PEDAGOGY,  MAXINE  GREENE  

Positing  a  role  for  the  imagination  in  Bible  Engagement  for  the  sake  of  spiritual  transformation  resembles  the  emphasis  placed  on  imagination  and  social  change  in  the  aesthetic  pedagogy  of  Maxine  Greene.  Greene  (1917-­‐‑2014),  teacher  and  educational  philosopher,  was  William  F.  Russell  Professor  Emerita  in  the  Foundations  of  Education  at  Teachers  College,  Columbia  University.  Greene’s  body  of  work  includes  seven  monographs  (1965,  1967,  1973,  1978,  1988,  1995,  2001)  and  a  large  number  of  articles,  book  chapters  and  occasional  addresses.  While  Greene’s  work  was  directed  towards  the  reform  of  school  education  in  the  USA,  Greene’s  philosophy  has  also  generated  significant  reflection  from  Christian  educators.  This  is  despite  Greene’s  secular  Jewish  background,  which  left  her  puzzled  by  the  way  her  ideas  were  adopted  by  religious  educators.9  

This  project  will  pursue  three  main  topics  of  conversation  between  Greene’s  pedagogy  and  Christian  theology  that  deal  in  turn  with  the  goals,  means,  and  methods  of  education  and  spiritual  formation.  The  goal  of  education/formation  grapples  with  how  we  understand  freedom;  the  means  considers  questions  of  authority  in  relation  to  the  sources  of  ‘transformative  power’,  whether  of  works  of  art  in  aesthetic  pedagogy,  or  the  Bible  in  Christian  theology;  the  methods  focusses  on  the  use  of  imagination  in  the  way  teachers  might  create  environments  that  promote  the  aesthetic  moment  in  relation  to  how  Christian  mentors  create  environments  that  promote  spiritual  formation.    

These  topics  are  particularly  addressed  in  the  first  two  sections  of  Releasing  the  Imagination  (1995),  dealing  with  educational  vision,  and  imagination  and  learning  (the  final  section  deals  with  advocacy  for  social  change).  Given  the  focus  of  this  thesis  on  developing  a  practice  framework  for  youth  ministry  practitioners  Variations  on  a  Blue  Guitar  (2001)  provides  the  opportunity  to  hear  how  Greene  articulated  her  educational  philosophy  to  regular  classroom  teachers.  Greene  noted  in  her  preface  to  the  collection  that  the  essays  contained  there  were  not  what  she  would  have  prepared  for  journals  or  advanced  academic  classes.  Instead,  each  address  aimed  to  'ʹconnect  with  the  thinking,  the  questions,  the  views  of  practice  of  elementary  and  secondary  public  school  teachers'ʹ  (2001,  p.ix).    

Describing  Greene  as  ‘a  religious  educator’s  religious  educator’,  O’Gorman  (1998)  identified  a  common  religiosity  with  Greene  via  a  liberal  and  existential  definition  of  religion  as  effecting  responses  of  duty  and  reverence.  O’Gorman  reflected  on  the  theological  or  spiritual  dimensions  of  Greene’s  pedagogical  approach  and  what  this  offers  to  the  field  of  religious  education.  In  a  similar  way  Foster  (2013)  drew  on  Greene  along  with  practical  theologian  Craig  Dykstra  to  outline  an  approach  to  pedagogical  imagination  in  the  teaching  and  learning  in  theology  and  religion.                                                                                                                  9 When  Greene  was  invited  to  speak  to  religious  education  students  at  Loyola  University  New  Orleans,  she  is  reported  to  have  ‘stood  at  the  podium  assuring  the  crowd  that  had  gathered  to  hear  her  that  she  was  not  religious  and  was  not  exactly  sure  of  what  she  was  doing  there’  (O'ʹGorman,  1998,  p.235).  

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Douglass  (2013)  drew  on  Greene’s  work  to  provide  concrete  direction  for  faith  formation  practices  among  young  adults.  From  Dewey,  Douglass  identified  an  aesthetic  dimension  to  practical  reason  and  argued  that  aesthetic  participation  is  formative  and  transformative  of  faith.  From  Greene  Douglass  developed  the  value  of  creating  art  for  young  adults  to  express,  connect  with  and  be  open  to  life  with  God.  In  her  theological  critique,  Douglass  noted  the  use  of  ‘transformation’  with  ‘no  qualifier  or  guiding  norm’  in  Greene’s  work,  and  that  there  is  therefore  no  sense  of  being  transformed  into  the  likeness  of  something,  or  someone,  else.  This  presents  a  particular  challenge  to  drawing  on  Greene’s  work  for  the  sake  of  Christian  formation  where  being  conformed  to  the  likeness  of  Jesus  is  central.  

Imagination  and  Transformation  

The  usefulness  of  the  taxonomy  of  imagination  proposed  above  can  be  tested  by  applying  it  to  Greene’s  theory  of  transformation  through  the  aesthetic  moment.  Even  though  Greene  was  not  a  religious  educator  and  developed  her  educational  philosophy  for  secular  education  in  America,  her  insights  have  often  been  applied  to  the  concerns  of  Christian  education  and  spiritual  formation.    

Greene  presents  the  imaginative  capacity  as  ‘the  ability  to  look  at  things  as  if  they  could  be  otherwise’  (Greene,  1995,  p.19).  Transformation  is  ‘partly  a  matter  of  being  able  to  envisage  things  as  if  they  could  be  otherwise,  or  of  positing  alternatives  to  mere  passivity’  (Greene,  1988,  p.16).  In  Greene’s  aesthetic  pedagogy  transformation  results  from  the  aesthetic  moment  where  an  artwork  makes  demands  on  us  and  enables  us  to  see  the  world  differently  (Greene,  2001,  p.35).  The  aesthetic  moment  results  from  an  ‘imaginative  awareness’  that  occurs  in  two  phases.  First,  we  must  pay  attention  to  the  artwork  on  its  own  terms.  This  ‘careful  noticing’  requires  learning  the  symbol  systems  of  this  particular  art  form  (2001,  p.39).  Such  learning  is  enhanced  by  personal  experience  in  using  that  symbol  system.  We  will  better  learn  to  ‘read’  dance  by  participating  in  dance  than  by  simply  watching  and  listening  to  it  being  explained.  Greene  named  the  second  phase  of  the  aesthetic  moment  ‘illumination’.  It  involves  being  personally  present  to  an  artwork,  involving  ‘the  savoring  in  inner  time,  the  elaboration  of  what  has  been  seen  or  heard,  the  seeping  down’  (2001,  p.31).    

Using  the  taxonomy  proposed  above,  Greene  looks  to  release  the  imagination  to  propose  alternatives  by  drawing  on  the  imagination  to  identify  connections  in  an  artwork,  enhanced  by  using  imagination  to  create  connections,  and  by  dwelling  on  the  artwork  through  building  empathy.  Greene’s  ultimate  goal  is  itself  an  imaginative  vision  of  freedom;  in  Christian  theology  one  way  that  freedom  is  found  is  in  the  Christ-­‐‑conformed  life.  Precisely  how  ‘conformity’  can  be  true  ‘freedom’  is  a  theological  dialectic  that  must  be  explicated  in  a  similar  fashion  to  the  dialectic  between  freedom  and  equality,  freedom  and  authority,  individuality  and  plurality  that  Greene  examined  in  The  Dialectic  of  Freedom  (1988).    

Greene’s  work  is  particularly  useful  for  this  project  due  to  the  shared  goals  of  individual  and  societal  transformation:  Greene  looks  to  the  transformation  of  society  through  the  transformation  of  individual  young  people  who  are  each  given  a  voice  in  a  democratic  community.  In  a  similar  way  youth  ministry  looks  first  to  the  transformation  of  the  church  through  the  transformation  of  individual  young  people  who  are  given  a  voice  within  the  life  of  the  Christian  community.  Beyond  the  church,  youth  ministry  is  also  concerned  with  the  influence  that  Christian  young  people  will  have  in  their  world.  I  also  share  the  same  primary  

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method  for  reaching  that  desired  future  of  working  with  adult  mentors  of  children  and  young  people  whether  school  teachers  or  Christian  adults  (parents,  mentors,  youth  leaders).  

I  also  share  Greene’s  interest  to  create  learning  experiences  for  young  people  that  move  them  out  of  the  boredom  that  often  characterises  both  school  and  church.  Greene  made  frequent  reference  to  Warnock’s  conclusion  regarding  the  primary  purpose  of  education:  

Without  some  such  sense,  even  at  the  quite  human  level  of  there  being  something  which  deeply  absorbs  our  interest,  human  life  becomes  perhaps  not  actually  futile  or  pointless,  but  experienced  as  if  it  were.  It  becomes,  that  is  to  say,  boring.  In  my  opinion,  it  is  the  main  purpose  of  education  to  give  people  the  opportunity  of  not  ever  being,  in  this  sense,  bored;  of  not  ever  succumbing  to  a  feeling  of  futility,  or  to  the  belief  that  they  have  come  to  an  end  of  what  is  worth  having  (Warnock,  1976,  p.202-­‐‑203)  

By  this  standard  many  youth  ministries  have  failed  in  their  educative  task.  Among  the  factors  that  discourage  Australian  young  people  from  personally  engaging  with  the  Bible  Hughes  (2013)  noted  that  the  Bible  does  not  engage  them  the  way  a  contemporary  novel  does,  and  that  many  young  people  are  not  convinced  that  the  Bible  is  relevant  to  contemporary  living.10  The  classrooms  Greene  imagines—places  of  conversation,  questioning  and  dialogue—present  an  attractive  vision  to  me  of  what  a  family  discussion,  youth  group  or  biblical  studies  class  could  be  like.    

Resonances  exist  also  between  Greene’s  vision  of  freedom  and  personal  agency  for  students  and  my  desire  for  young  people  in  the  life  of  the  church.  The  often-­‐‑silenced  voices  of  young  people  need  to  be  heard,  and  young  people  need  to  take  part  in  the  conversation  of  the  church  just  as  Greene  looks  for  the  contributions  of  school  students  to  creating  a  brighter  future  for  society.  What  Greene  desired  for  classroom  education  ought  also  be  the  aim  for  practices  of  spiritual  formation  among  young  people  in  the  church:  ‘the  pedagogies  we  devise  ought  to  provoke  a  heightened  sense  of  agency  in  those  we  teach,  empower  them  to  pursue  their  freedom  and,  perhaps,  transform  to  some  degree  their  lived  worlds’  (Greene,  1995,  p.48).  

Greene  understands  freedom  as  opening  spaces  for  persons  in  their  plurality  (1988,  p.56).  This  is  reminiscent  of  the  freedom  of  the  persons  of  the  Trinity  to  remain  distinct  while  also  in  perichoretic  fellowship  and  affirms  the  value  of  personal  agency  and  the  role  of  open  dialogue  in  pursuing  spiritual  formation.  Developmental  concerns  make  this  particularly  relevant  for  Christian  ministry  among  teenagers.  Further,  just  as  the  aesthetic  moment  can  neither  be  predicted  nor  controlled,  so  also  Christian  theology  recognises  the  sovereign  freedom  of  the  Spirit  of  God  in  the  work  of  formation.11  This  does  not  remove  Christian  leaders’  responsibility  to  pursue  appropriate  action,  just  as  classroom  teachers  are  not  left  with  nothing  to  do  but  hope  for  a  transforming  experience  to  descend  on  their  students.  Greene’s  directions  for  teachers  to  create  the  environments  that  make  illumination  more  

                                                                                                               10 I  am  reminded  of  the  young  person  in  youth  group  who  languidly  exclaimed,  ‘I’ve  already  done  Romans’!  

11 ‘The  wind  blows  where  it  wishes,  and  you  hear  its  sound,  but  you  do  not  know  where  it  comes  from  or  where  it  goes.  So  it  is  with  everyone  who  is  born  of  the  Spirit’  John  3:8.  

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likely  provide  a  rich  resource  from  which  to  draw  guidance  for  adult  mentors  of  Christian  youth.  

THEOLOGICAL  AESTHETICS:  HANS  URS  VON  BALTHASAR  

Hans  Urs  von  Balthasar  was  a  Swiss  theologian  (1905-­‐‑1988),  one  of  the  leading  Roman  Catholic  theologians  of  the  20th  century,  and  a  towering  figure  in  theological  aesthetics.  Alongside  the  significant  mark  his  work  makes  in  the  theological  landscape,  there  are  two  broad  reasons  that  make  Balthasar  an  appropriate  conversation  partner  for  this  particular  project.  

First,  Balthasar’s  theological  system  has  a  clear  focus  on  the  lived  experience  of  Christian  life.  Balthasar  maintained  that  God  offers  himself  to  humanity  not  as  an  object  of  intellectual  musing  but  to  call  human  beings  into  relationship  with  him,  that  they  might  come  to  realise  the  work  that  God  has  for  them  to  do  (Quash,  2004).  Balthasar’s  emphasis  on  pursuing  appropriate  action  within  the  ‘theo-­‐‑drama’  (Theo  Drama:  theological  dramatic  theory,  vols  1-­‐‑5)  has  been  pursued  as  a  metaphor  for  Christian  discipleship  in  various  Reformed  Evangelical  authors  such  as  Vanhoozer  (2005),  Wright  (2005)  and  Lash  (2005).  Exploring  the  aesthetics  at  greater  depth  seeks  to  complement  this  more  familiar  part  of  Balthasar’s  work.  

Second,  the  way  Balthasar  conceives  of  Christian  faith  as  a  transformative  engagement  with  the  glory  of  God  analogous  to  the  way  human  beings  are  moved  by  a  work  of  art  has  obvious  connections  with  Maxine  Greene’s  aesthetic  pedagogy.  By  pursuing  a  critical  correlation  between  Greene  and  Balthasar  this  project  will  seek  a  ‘theological  aesthetic  pedagogy.’  

In  relation  to  the  three  main  topics  of  conversation  with  Greene’s  pedagogy  outlined  above,  Balthasar  has  a  similar  focus  on  freedom,  transformation  and  imagination.  Freedom  from  control  and  manipulation  is  as  much  a  feature  of  what  is  beautiful  in  nature  as  well  as  the  beauty  of  God:  

The  quality  of  'ʹbeing-­‐‑in-­‐‑itself'ʹ  which  belongs  to  the  beautiful,  the  demand  the  beautiful  itself  makes  to  be  allowed  to  be  what  it  is,  the  demand,  therefore,  that  we  renounce  our  attempts  to  control  and  manipulate  it,  in  order  truly  to  be  able  to  be  happy  by  enjoying  it:  all  of  this  is,  in  the  natural  realm,  the  foundation  and  foreshadowing  of  what  in  the  realm  of  revelation  and  grace  will  be  the  attitude  of  faith  (Balthasar,  1982,  p.153)    

An  all-­‐‑encompassing  transformation  is  the  result  of  the  ‘transportation’  which  Balthasar  describes  as  the  faithful  response  to  the  revelation  of  Christ:    

This  is  a  movement  of  the  entire  person,  leading  away  from  himself  through  the  vision  towards  the  invisible  God,  a  movement,  furthermore,  which  the  word  ‘faith’  describes  only  imperfectly...  The  transport  of  the  soul  ...  must  be  understood  not  as  a  merely  psychological  response  to  something  beautiful  in  a  worldly  sense  which  has  been  encountered  through  vision,  but  as  a  movement  of  man’s  whole  being  away  from  himself  and  towards  God  through  Christ,  a  movement  founded  on  the  divine  light  of  grace  in  the  mystery  of  Christ  (Balthasar,  1982,  p.121).    

And  it  is  the  imagination  that  must  be  captured  by  God’s  beauty  in  order  to  ‘see’  again:    

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today’s  positivistic,  atheistic  man,  who  has  become  blind  not  only  to  theology  but  even  to  philosophy,  [needs]  to  be  confronted  with  the  phenomenon  of  Christ  and,  therein,  learn  to  “see”  again—which  is  to  say,  to  experience  the  unclassifiable,  total  otherness  of  Christ  as  the  outshining  of  God’s  sublimity  and  glory’  (Balthasar,  2000,  p.20)    

By  pointing  to  Jesus  as  the  revelation  of  God’s  beauty  who  reinvigorates  childlike  wonder  and  curiosity,  human  beings  are  drawn  away  from  ourselves  toward  God  and  others.  ‘In  doing  so,  God’s  beauty  shapes  and  forms  our  imaginations,  enabling  human  beings  to  flourish  within  society  in  creative  ways  for  the  common  good  of  humanity’  (Garrett,  2011).  

METHODOLOGY  

PRACTICAL  THEOLOGY  

Practical  theology  is  a  ‘theology  of  practice’  that  focusses  attention  on  the  interaction  between  theory  and  practice.  Rather  than  simply  being  concerned  with  the  practical  implications  of  theology,  practical  theology  begins  with  reflection  on  practice  as  well  as  ending  with  proposal  for  renewed  practice  (Cf  Browning,  1991;  Dean  &  Root,  2011).  Practical  theology  seeks  to  engage  with  the  theories  ‘behind  and  within’  all  human  practice  with  a  view  to  directing  more  faithful  and  effective  practice  in  the  future.  Four  key  characteristics  of  practical  theology  are  connected  with  four  movements  in  practical  theological  inquiry  (Osmer,  2008).  With  its  starting  point  in  practice,  practical  theologians  engage  in  a  descriptive  task,  asking  what  is  going  on  in  particular  practices.  Because  practice  is  ‘theory-­‐‑laden’  (Browning,  1991),  an  analytic  task  examines  the  practice  as  described,  including  drawing  on  non-­‐‑theological  knowledge,  to  develop  ‘thick’  descriptions  of  Christian  practice  (cf  Geertz,  1973).  As  a  theological  discipline,  practical  theology  seeks  to  correlate  insights  from  non-­‐‑theological  knowledge  with  the  Christian  theological  tradition  in  a  normative  task,  asking  what  ought  to  be  going  on  in  a  particular  situation.  The  aim  of  determining  faithful  practice  involves  a  performative  task,  asking  the  question:  how  might  Christian  action  be  reformed  or  renewed  in  light  of  the  theological  reflection  undertaken?  

As  a  literary  study  this  project  is  focussed  on  the  interpretation  of  written  texts.  A  central  question  in  hermeneutics  is  the  influence  of  the  interpreter’s  own  perspective  on  the  meaning  discerned  in  a  particular  text.  Gadamer  rejected  the  suggestion  that  the  prejudices  of  interpreters  could  be  bracketed  off  from  the  interpretative  process  in  order  to  generate  an  objective  meaning  of  a  text.  Yet  this  is  not  to  replace  the  meaning  of  a  text  with  whatever  interpretation  might  be  brought  by  a  reader:  Gadamer  recognised  the  necessity  for  interpreters  to  ‘keep  one’s  gaze  fixed  on  the  thing  [being  interpreted]  throughout  all  the  constant  distractions  that  originate  in  the  interpreter  himself  [sic]’  (2013,  p.279).  Rather  than  suppose  we  can  ignore  our  personal  perspective,  Gadamer  presented  the  hermeneutical  task  as  a  dialogue  between  the  interpreter’s  ‘fore-­‐‑meanings  and  prejudices’  and  the  ‘alterity’  of  the  text,  which  ‘involves  neither  “neutrality”  with  respect  to  content  nor  the  extinction  of  one'ʹs  self,  but  the  foregrounding  and  appropriation  of  one’s  own  fore-­‐‑meanings  and  prejudices.  The  important  thing  is  to  be  aware  of  one’s  own  bias,  so  that  the  text  may  present  itself  in  all  its  otherness  and  thus  assert  its  own  truth  against  one'ʹs  own  fore-­‐‑meanings’  (2013,  p.279).  Where  the  interpreter  as  well  as  the  text  have  their  own  ‘horizon’  of  pre-­‐‑understandings  beyond  which  we  are  unable  to  see,  the  interpretive  process  seeks  a  ’fusion  of  horizons’  where  a  new  entity  is  created  out  of  the  interaction  between  text  and  

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interpreter.  This  is  a  goal  not  a  method:  ’The  fusion  of  horizons  that  is  understanding  is  not  an  achievement  consequent  on  proper  method,  but  an  event  that  depends  on  a  conversation-­‐‑like,  dialectical  openness  toward  that  which  we  hope  to  understand'ʹ  (Brown,  2012,  p.114).  

Building  on  Gadamer’s  dialogical  hermeneutics,  Browning’s  ‘revised  correlational’  approach  to  practical  theology  sought  a  dialogue  between  the  insights  drawn  from  description  of  practice  (descriptive  theology)  and  the  re-­‐‑examination  of  Scripture  and  tradition  (historical  theology).  What  Browning  labelled  ‘systematic  theology’  sought  ‘the  fusion  of  horizons  between  the  vision  implicit  in  contemporary  practices  and  the  vision  implied  in  the  practices  of  the  normative  Christian  texts’  (Browning,  1991,  p.51).  For  this  dialogue  to  be  ‘fully  critical’  there  must  be  at  least  an  openness  to  ‘total  discontinuity’  with  the  previous  understanding  of  the  Christian  tradition  (1991,  p.220).  

A  commitment  to  a  fully  mutual  critical  correlation  between  insights  from  non-­‐‑theological  knowledge  and  Christian  tradition  can  be  problematic  for  a  reformed  doctrine  of  sola  scriptura  that  regards  Scripture  as  the  final  authority  for  all  Christian  faith  and  practice.  Practical  theology  pursued  within  a  framework  that  assumes  normative  authority  of  Scripture  does  not  allow  extra-­‐‑biblical  sources  to  critique  Scripture  itself.  However,  lest  this  theological  commitment  result  in  uncritical  traditionalism  it  is  necessary  to  distinguish  between  the  Christian  theological  tradition  as  secondary  reflection  from  the  text  of  Scripture  as  primary  source.  Noting  Calvin’s  recognition  of  the  authority  of  the  early  church  councils  only  ‘insofar  as  they  relate  to  the  teachings  of  faith’  and  ‘contain  nothing  but  the  pure  and  genuine  exposition  of  Scripture’  (Inst.  4.9.13),  Vanhoozer  (2005)  distinguishes  between  scripture  as  ‘norming  norm’  and  tradition  as  ‘normed  norm’  (p.234).  With  this  distinction  in  place,  insights  from  reflection  on  practice  (including  non-­‐‑theological  knowledge  used  to  interpret  practice)  and  theological  traditions  (past  and  present)  are  located  in  the  same  theological  category  of  being  subject  to  Scripture:  ‘A  reformed  practical  theology  therefore  not  only  seeks  a  critical  correlation  between  practice  and  theology  but  moves  from  that  critical  conversation  to  a  re-­‐‑reading  of  Scripture’  (Stanton,  2013,  p.20.  Emphasis  original).  

CRITICAL  CORRELATION  WITH  GREENE  

There  is  a  useful  parallel  for  this  project  in  Ghiloni’s  work  on  John  Dewey,  forerunner  of  Greene’s  aesthetic  pedagogy.  Ghiloni’s  project  sought  to  use  Dewey’s  educational  theory  ‘as  a  heuristic  device  to  develop  the  pedagogical  strands  inherent  in  Christian  theology'ʹ  (Ghiloni,  2012,  p.3).  This  project  seeks  to  do  the  same  with  Greene’s  pedagogy  in  relation  to  the  formational  practices  of  the  Reformed  theological  tradition.  Ghiloni’s  aim  in  relation  to  Dewey  can  be  applied  mutatis  mutandis  to  this  project  in  relation  to  Maxine  Green:  

Proselytizing  Dewey  is  not  my  aim;  however,  my  goal  is  to  see  what  occurs  when  a  Deweyan  perspective  is  added  into  the  theological  mix.  I  am  not  going  to  present  Dewey  as  the  final  arbiter  in  theological  debates,  but  I  am  going  to  think  with  Dewey  and  through  Dewey  about  theology.  This  book  uses  Dewey  with  an  experimental  attitude,  not  aiming  to  reiterate  predetermined  doctrines,  but  rather  seeking  to  see  what  Dewey  can  accomplish  (Ghiloni,  2012,  p.10).  

In  the  same  way,  pursuing  a  conversation  between  Christian  formation  and  Greene’s  educational  philosophy  must  go  beyond  either  adoption  or  adaptation.  Adopting  Greene’s  

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methods  for  Christian  ends  implies  too  little  respect  for  the  holistic  vision  of  the  Christian  faith.  Christian  spiritual  formation  is  not  simply  a  different  subject  area,  as  if  we  were  applying  aesthetic  pedagogy  to  mathematics  or  science  (cf  Girod,  2007).  Neither  can  Greene’s  methods  be  simply  adapted  to  a  Christian  context  without  diminishing  the  holistic  vision  of  Greene’s  educational  philosophy.  Aesthetic  pedagogy  is  concerned  with  fundamental  questions  such  as  the  goals  of  human  society  and  the  purpose  of  education  not  just  teaching  new  skills  for  classroom  activities.    

Therefore,  before  we  simply  bolt  Greene’s  methods  onto  the  pursuit  of  a  Christian  outcome,  there  is  a  prior  stage  of  analysis  needed.  Practical  theology  recognises  that  action  comes  laden  with  particular  theories  and  values  (Browning,  1991).  While  practices  like  dialogue,  silence,  and  questioning  appear  neutral,  the  way  they  are  invoked  and  their  intended  purpose  carry  implications  about  what  we  believe  to  be  the  goal  of  human  life  and  from  where  the  power  to  reach  that  goal  comes.  Greene’s  trust  in  the  transformative  power  of  the  aesthetic  moment  places  great  hope  in  the  human  potential  to  imagine  and  work  together  toward  a  more  positive  future.  Without  such  hope  it  would  be  difficult  to  see  why  anyone  ought  to  pursue  education  at  all,  let  alone  give  one’s  life  to  teaching.  In  the  Christian  social  imaginary  hope  in  human  effort  is  not  entirely  misplaced;  yet  to  make  human  effort  our  sole  ground  for  hope  is  ultimately  futile.  While  I  do  not  think  that  a  Christian  anthropology  (particularly  a  hamartiology,  the  theology  of  sin)  wholly  undermines  Greene’s  methods,  the  correlational  work  of  this  thesis  will  need  to  grapple  with  the  extent  to  which  Greene’s  humanistic  optimism  is  decisive  for  her  approach  to  teaching  and  learning.    

A  metaphor  I  have  employed  to  picture  this  element  of  the  project  is  of  attending  a  conference  on  aesthetic  pedagogy  with  a  small  group  of  Christian  colleagues.  As  we  listen  to  different  presentations  from  Maxine  Greene  our  conversation  over  the  meal  breaks  reflects  on  what  we  have  heard  for  our  work  in  spiritual  formation  of  young  people  in  the  church.  The  theological  engagement  with  Greene’s  philosophy  will  be  ‘associative’  and  ‘responsive’  in  the  manner  pursued  by  Ghiloni  in  his  engagement  with  John  Dewey  (Ghiloni,  2012).  

PRACTICE  FRAMEWORKS  

The  final  stage  of  this  project  is  to  develop  a  practice  framework  for  adult  mentors  to  use  in  their  ministry  among  young  people  to  guide  practices  of  Bible  engagement.12  Continuing  the  metaphor  introduced  above,  following  the  conclusion  of  the  conference  I  head  back  to  my  own  office  and  develop  the  thoughts  gained  from  the  conversations  into  a  set  of  commitments  and  practices  that  will  guide  the  way  I  operate  in  relation  to  Bible  engagement  with  teenagers  for  spiritual  formation.  I  offer  my  personal  framework  to  others  with  a  similar  concern  for  encouraging  holistic  spiritual  formation  in  Christian  young  people.  

The  ‘practice  framework’  is  a  frequently  used  concept  in  social  work  to  paint  a  picture  of  how  a  particular  practitioner  operates  as  a  social  worker.  Connolly  defines  a  practice  framework  as  ‘a  conceptual  map  that  brings  together,  in  an  accessible  design,  the  organization'ʹs  approach  to  social  work  practice.  It  links  the  foundational  philosophical  and                                                                                                                  12  While  the  thesis  will  include  some  reflections  on  selected  passages  of  Scripture  in  order  to  further  explain  and  offer  a  preliminary  test  of  the  usefulness  of  the  framework,  a  empirical  validation  of  the  framework  is  beyond  the  scope  of  this  project.  

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theoretical  underpinnings  with  the  practice  interventions  used  to  support  desired  outcomes'ʹ  (Connolly,  2007,  p.827).  Thus  in  relation  to  child  protection  services  in  New  Zealand,  Connolly  articulates  three  phases  of  the  work  (engagement  and  assessment;  seeking  solutions;  securing  safety  and  belonging)  and  three  core  principles  and  four  perspectives  guiding  practice  in  each  phase  (child  centred;  family-­‐‑led  and  culturally  responsive;  strengths  and  evidence  based).  

Where  Connolly  has  described  a  practice  framework  employed  by  a  community  of  social  workers  (child  protection  workers  in  New  Zealand),  most  practice  frameworks  are  personal  constructions  that  articulate  the  professional  identity  of  an  individual,  painting  a  picture  of  how  they  operate  as  a  social  worker  (Matthews,  2008).  

The  concept  of  an  articulated  practice  frameworks  is  not  limited  to  social  work.  Similar  frameworks  for  practice  have  also  been  developed  in  fields  as  diverse  as  nursing  (Moulster,  Ames,  &  Griffiths,  2012),  midwifery  (Piper,  2005),  aid  and  development  (Shrimpton  et  al.,  2014),  business  negotiations  between  American  and  Chinese  partners  (Prasad  &  Cao,  2012),  business  control  practices  (Kinkela  &  Harris,  2013),  and  new  product  development  (Kahn,  Barczak,  &  Moss,  2006).  Common  to  each  of  these  fields  of  endeavour  is  the  interaction  of  theory  and  values  that  drive  practice.  

The  emphasis  on  practice  in  a  practice  framework  focusses  on  the  knowledge  and  skills  developed  by  social  workers  (and  other  practitioners)  during  the  course  of  their  work.  Constructing  a  practice  framework  is  attempting  to  make  explicit  the  knowledge  that  is  implicit  in  practice.  Healy  describes  the  process  as  a  fusion  of  formal  and  informal  knowledge  and  skills  together  with  ‘tacit,  or  difficult-­‐‑to-­‐‑articulate,  knowledge  that  can  be  built  up  through  repeated  exposure  to  practice  situations’  (2005,  p.216;  cf  Polanyi,  1962a;  Polanyi,  1962b).  As  a  result,  practice  frameworks  ‘develop  over  time,  through  practice,  and  become  increasingly  useful  to  us  for  constructing  unique  responses  in  each  practice  encounter’  (Healy,  2005,  p.216).  Practice  frameworks  recognise  that  practice  is  not  only  driven  by  theory  and  values  but  also  critiques  and  shapes  theory  and  values.  Practical  theology  also  recognises  the  dynamic  interaction  between  theory  and  practice  making  the  practice  framework  a  fitting  construct  for  this  project  to  aim  at.    

Healy  also  notes  that  by  articulating  our  framework  we  are  better  able  to  share  our  approach  with  others.  We  will  also  therefore  be  better  able  to  critique  and  develop  our  practice:  ‘to  understand  the  weaknesses  of  our  framework  for  practice  and  this  can  provide  directions  for  further  development  of  our  framework  and  future  learning'ʹ  (Healy,  2005,  p.219).    

A  parallel  to  this  project  can  be  found  in  the  ‘Seven  Principles  for  Good  Practice  in  Undergraduate  Education’  developed  for  colleges  and  universities  in  the  US  (Chickering  and  Gamson,  1987).  The  seven  principles  were  grounded  in  an  underlying  view  of  education  that  sought  to  distil  findings  from  research  into  the  undergraduate  experience  (Gamson,  1991,  p.5).  Serving  their  aim  to  provide  a  resource  for  those  university  faculty  members  who  would  be  ultimately  responsible  for  improving  undergraduate  education,  Gamson  noted  her  concern  to  avoid  ‘the  long  list  of  recommendations’  usually  found  in  the  appendix  to  official  reports,  as  well  as  ‘general  theories  of  student  development  and  learning’  (Gamson,  1991,  p.6).  The  principles  needed  to  be  ‘accessible,  understandable,  practical,  and  widely  

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applicable’  (Gamson,  1991,  p.7).  Following  the  positive  reception  of  the  seven  principles,  a  self-­‐‑assessment  inventory  was  developed  (Gamson  and  Poulsen,  1989).  

In  a  similar  way,  this  project  is  responding  to  research  into  the  adolescent  experience  related  to  Bible  Engagement  and  is  grounded  in  an  underlying  approach  to  Christian  theology  and  spiritual  formation.  This  project  is  aimed  at  enabling  the  adult  mentors  (parents,  youth  leaders,  teachers)  who  are  ultimately  responsible  for  guiding  young  people  in  the  church  in  their  engagement  with  the  Bible.  Therefore,  I  intend  for  the  practice  framework  developed  to  be  accessible,  understandable,  practical,  and  widely  applicable.  Depending  on  the  reception  of  the  proposed  framework,  future  research  may  consider  refining  and  validating  its  usefulness,  and  even  developing  an  self-­‐‑assessment  inventory.  

OUTLINE  OF  THE  THESIS  

Introduction:  Describing  the  Problem  

Outlines  an  approach  to  spiritual  formation  as  conforming  to  the  image  of  Christ,  and  a  theology  of  the  ministry  of  the  word  as  means  of  grace  and  therefore  the  primary  resource  for  Christian  formation.  Research  revealing  declining  Bible  reading,  biblical  literacy,  and  biblical  imagination  among  Australian  young  people  establishes  the  need  to  reconsider  established  practices  of  Bible  engagement.  Offers  an  initial  explanation  for  why  appealing  to  young  peoples’  imaginations  is  the  major  research  interest  noting  the  apparent  conflict  between  the  importance  of  imagination  and  Christian  appeals  to  an  authoritative  text.  The  introduction  also  introduces  practical  theology  as  the  methodology  for  the  project  and  outlines  the  tasks  of  critical  correlation  and  the  development  of  a  practice  framework.  

1.  Methodology  

Presents  the  approach  to  practical  theology  being  taken  in  this  project  together  with  a  rationale  for  why  this  approach  is  appropriate  to  the  research  question.  Outlines  the  stages  of  practical  theological  reflection  to  be  undertaken  and  the  steps  of  critical  correlation  between  Greene’s  aesthetic  pedagogy  and  theological  sources.  Defines  and  describes  the  concept  of  the  practice  framework  and  justifies  this  as  an  appropriate  goal  for  the  project.  

PART  I:  IMAGINATION  AND  BIBLE  ENGAGEMENT  

2.  Imagination  and  Scripture  

Outlines  a  taxonomy  of  different  ways  that  the  imagination  is  used  in  relation  to  reading  and  responding  to  the  Bible,  with  a  particular  concern  for  clarifying  how  the  various  uses  might  fit  within  a  Reformed  Evangelical  framework.  Provides  conceptual  clarity  around  the  various  ways  the  imagination  might  be  understood  and  the  ways  it  can  be  used  in  relation  to  Scripture.  

3.  Using  the  Bible  in  Christian  Formation  

Noting  the  interest  on  ordinary  readers  (Village,  2007,  2013)  rather  than  on  theoretical  hermeneutics,  critically  reviews  existing  approaches  to  reading  and  responding  to  the  biblical  text  to  shape  Christian  formation  that  are  prevalent  in  youth  ministry,  with  a  

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particular  focus  on  the  role  of  the  imagination  in  the  process.  Approaches  to  be  examined  include  lectio  divina,  particularly  as  popularised  in  contemplative  youth  ministry  movement;  (Dean  &  Foster,  1998;  Peterson,  2006;  Yaconelli,  2006);  Biblical  theology  as  pursued  in  Australian  evangelical  Anglicanism  (Goldsworthy,  2013);  and  certain  innovations  being  pursued  in  the  Alchemy  Project  (http://alchemy.community/),  an  experimental  community  of  practice  for  Bible  engagement  with  young  people.    

PART  II:  CRITICAL  CORRELATION  OF  MAXINE  GREENE’S  AESTHETIC  PEDAGOGY  WITH  BALTHASAR’S  THEOLOGICAL  AESTHETICS  

A  critical  correlation  of  Maxine  Greene’s  aesthetic  pedagogy  with  Balthasar’s  theological  aesthetics  is  developed  across  three  chapters.  Each  chapter  will  begin  with  an  outline  of  Greene’s  pedagogy,  followed  by  a  theological  reflection  from  the  perspective  of  Balthasar’s  theology  (cf  the  structure  used  in  Ghiloni,  2012).  Each  chapter  concludes  with  a  return  to  Scripture  to  discern  a  renewed  articulation  of  explicit  theology.  

4.  Education,  Freedom,  and  Spiritual  Formation  

Examines  Greene’s  central  concern  for  freedom  as  both  the  means  and  the  goal  of  aesthetic  education  in  relation  to  Balthasar’s  understanding  of  Christian  formation  into  the  likeness  of  Christ  and  to  the  Bible  as  authoritative  text.  This  chapter  develops  an  approach  to  spiritual  formation  that  emphasises  the  freedom  of  young  people  to  make  choices  in  their  own  spiritual  journey,  the  freedom  to  make  unique  contributions  to  the  life  of  the  church,  and  the  freedom  of  the  Spirit  of  God  in  the  work  of  transformation.  

5.  Art,  Authority,  and  the  Bible  

In  Greene’s  theory  transformation  arises  from  aesthetic  engagement  with  works  of  art.  The  transforming  power  of  works  of  art  lies  in  the  personal  expression  of  a  previous  aesthetic  moment  experienced  by  the  artist  and  mediated  in  the  art  work.  Transformation  is  essentially  an  inter-­‐‑personal  encounter.  Balthasar’s  aesthetics  offers  a  perspective  for  considering  the  implications  of  conceiving  of  the  Bible  as  a  work  of  art.  The  power  of  the  beautiful  to  capture  without  controlling  the  beholder  suggests  a  way  of  resolving  the  dialectic  between  freedom  and  authority  in  spiritual  formation.    

6.  Aesthetic  cognition,  Imagination,  and  Bible  engagement  

Reflects  on  Greene’s  two  phases  of  aesthetic  cognition  in  light  of  Balthasar’s  conception  of  faith  and  imagination.  In  Greene’s  theory  aesthetic  cognition  comprises  of  participant  observation  and  illumination.  Phase  one  focusses  on  learning  the  symbol  systems  of  specific  art  forms  so  that  a  work  can  be  read  on  its  own  terms  (Greene,  2001,  p.40).  Variously  described  as  ‘careful  noticing’  (Greene,  2001,  p.31),  ‘faithful  perceiving’  (Greene,  2001,  p.45),  ‘educated  understanding’  and  ‘enlightened  cherishing’  (Greene,  2001,  p.58),  this  foundational  task  of  aesthetic  cognition  corresponds  to  the  work  of  biblical  interpretation  that  seeks  to  explicate  this  particular  set  of  texts  (cf  Vanhoozer,  2005,  p.247).  Phase  two  allows  for  the  moment  of  illumination,  ‘the  savoring  in  inner  time…  the  seeping  down’  (Greene,  2001,  p.31)  that  opens  the  way  for  transformation.  This  phase  of  aesthetic  cognition  relates  to  the  illumination  by  the  Spirit  and  the  exercise  of  wisdom  in  biblical  interpretation  and  Christian  living.    

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PART  III:  RENEWED  PRACTICE  

7.  Practice  Framework  for  Transforming  Bible  Engagement  

Grounds  the  principles  developed  in  part  II  in  a  practice  framework  for  Bible  engagement  among  teenagers  that  promotes  the  role  of  imagination  for  Christian  formation.  The  practice  framework  will  be  comprised  of  three  parts:  (a)  a  theology  of  guiding  adolescent  spiritual  formation  generally  and  the  way  they  read  and  respond  to  Scripture  more  particularly;  (b)  the  aims  and  hopes  of  the  ministry  of  guiding  adolescent  spiritual  formation;  and  (c)  a  set  of  ministry  practices  (with  a  particular  focus  on  appealing  to  the  imagination  in  Scripture  reading)  that  align  with  the  aims  and  hopes.  

In  order  to  clarify  and  provide  a  preliminary  test  of  the  usefulness  of  the  framework,  the  chapter  will  include  reflection  on  selected  passages  of  Scripture  chosen  to  cover  a  range  of  biblical  genres  and  to  include  passages  that  are  generally  considered  ‘problematic’  for  spiritual  formation  among  young  people.  

This  chapter  will  reflect  on  three  or  four  of  the  following  passages:  

A.  Joshua  7:1-­‐‑26  -­‐‑  Old  Testament  narrative;  involving  themes  of  holy  war  and  divine  judgement  

  B.  Psalm  109:1-­‐‑31  -­‐‑  Hebrew  poetry;  involving  themes  of  imprecation  and  vengeance  

  C.  Matthew  1:1-­‐‑25  -­‐‑  New  Testament  genealogy  

  D.  Colossians  3:1-­‐‑25  -­‐‑  New  Testament  epistle  

Conclusion  

  Outlines  some  of  the  implications  of  the  proposed  approach  to  Bible  engagement,  focussing  on  implications  for  youth  ministry  training.  Includes  suggestions  for  future  research  focussing  on  opportunities  for  testing  the  validity  of  the  approach  with  teenagers.  

CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  THE  THESIS  

This  thesis  intends  to  contribute  fresh  insights  into  practices  of  Bible  Engagement  with  teenagers  that  will  employ  the  imagination  in  order  to  pursue  more  effective  methods  of  Christian  formation  in  Australian  youth  ministries.    

The  thesis  will  also  contribute  to  the  work  of  reflection  on  the  educational  philosophy  of  Maxine  Greene,  following  her  recent  death  in  May  2014.  Now  that  Greene’s  body  of  work  is  closed  it  is  likely  that  there  will  be  renewed  interest  in  the  internal  structure  of  Greene’s  thought  as  well  as  its  implications  for  educational  practice  in  schools  and  related  fields.  Theological  reflection  on  Greene’s  pedagogy  will  help  guide  ongoing  use  of  Greene’s  approach  by  Christian  religious  educators.    

TIMELINE

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January  2015  -­‐‑  Present  draft  of  chapter  2  as  an  elective  paper  at  the  International  Association  for  the  Study  of  Youth  Ministry  conference  

First  Semester  2015  –  Draft  of  chapter  3,  and  Greene  sections  of  chapters  4,  5  &  6;  Complete  RELN9003  

Second  Semester  2015  –  Draft  of  theological  and  biblical  reflection  on  Greene  of  chapters  4,  5  &  6  

First  Semester  2016  -­‐‑  Draft  of  Chapters  1,  7  &  8;  Complete  RELN9001  

Second  Semester  2016  -­‐‑  Revise  Chapters  1-­‐‑8,  write  Introduction  and  Conclusion  

December  2016  -­‐‑  Complete  RELN9002  

January  2017  -­‐‑  Submit  thesis  

STATEMENT  OF  THESIS  PROGRESS  

An  initial  version  of  Chapter  2  (Imagination  and  Scripture)  was  presented  at  the  RELN9000  Doctoral  Colloquium  A  in  December  2014  and  the  International  Association  for  the  Study  of  Youth  Ministry  conference  in  London  in  January  2015.  

POTENTIAL  PROBLEMS  

As  a  study  of  texts  there  are  no  external  project  parameters  that  are  outside  my  control.  There  is  no  difficulty  in  accessing  Greene’s  bibliography  and  I  have  established  contact  with  the  Lincoln  Center  Institute  and  Teachers  College,  Columbia  University,  to  facilitate  contact  with  emerging  scholarship  and  research  in  Greene’s  thought.  

Balthasar’s  aesthetics  (The  Glory  of  the  Lord,  vols  1-­‐‑7)  are  readily  available  in  English  translation.  Even  though  no  translational  concerns  have  been  identified  in  literature  in  relation  to  these  works  I  have  access  to  the  original  German  texts  and  am  in  relationship  with  Balthasar  scholars  fluent  in  German  who  are  able  to  confirm  the  accuracy  (or  otherwise)  of  critical  passages.  

Even  though  I  am  a  remote  student  I  have  ready  access  to  the  online  resources  of  the  University  library  along  with  the  services  provided  to  remote  students.  I  also  have  ready  access  to  the  extensive  theological  resources  of  Moore  Theological  College  library  in  Sydney.  

 

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