ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Effects of recovery type after a judo match on blood lactateand performance in specific and non-specific judo tasks

Emerson Franchini Æ Romulo Cassio de Moraes Bertuzzi ÆMonica Yuri Takito Æ Maria A. P. D. M. Kiss

Accepted: 9 July 2009! Springer-Verlag 2009

Abstract The objective of the present study was to verifyif active recovery (AR) applied after a judo match resulted

in a better performance when compared to passive recovery

(PR) in three tasks varying in specificity to the judo and inmeasurement of work performed: four upper-body Wingate

tests (WT); special judo fitness test (SJFT); another match.

For this purpose, three studies were conducted. Sixteenhighly trained judo athletes took part in study 1, 9 in study

2, and 12 in study 3. During AR judokas ran (15 min) at the

velocity corresponding to 70% of 4 mmol l-1 blood lactateintensity (*50% _VO2 peak), while during PR they stayed

seated at the competition area. The results indicated that

the minimal recovery time reported in judo competitions(15 min) is long enough for sufficient recovery of WT

performance and in a specific high-intensity test (SJFT).

However, the odds ratio of winning a match increased tentimes when a judoka performed AR and his opponent

performed PR, but the cause of this phenomenon cannot be

explained by changes in number of actions performed or bychanges in match’s time structure.

Keywords Athletes ! Combat sport ! Lactate removal !Performance

Introduction

Since 2009 the format of international judo competition has

been one 5-min period, which can be complemented byextra time until one athlete scores or to the end of a new

3-min period. However, the incidence of extra time in high

level competition is lower than 2% of the total number ofmatches (IJF website, http://www.ijf.org). The typical time

structure is 20–30 s of activity with a 5–10-s interval (Van

Malderen et al. 2006; Castarlenas and Planas 1997;Sikorski et al. 1987), during which the athletes spend most

of the time (51 ± 11%) trying to perform a grip (Marcon

et al. 2007), resulting in a high physiological demand onthe upper body (Franchini et al. 2007; Thomas et al. 1989).

Thus, this format taxes both the aerobic and the anaerobic

systems. The anaerobic system provides the short, quick,all-out bursts of maximal power during the match, while

the aerobic system contributes to the athlete’s ability to

sustain effort for the duration of the combat and to recoverduring the brief periods of rest or reduced effort (Franchini

et al. 2003; Muramatsu et al. 1994). In a high level com-petition judokas perform 5–7 matches in the same day in

order to classify among the best five competitors, with a

minimal interval of 10 min between two consecutivematches, although the typical time interval is around

15 min (Franchini et al. 2003).

For recovery periods of 10–20 min some studies haveindicated that active recovery (AR) is better than passive

recovery (PR) for blood lactate removal (Greenwood et al.

2008; Siegler et al. 2006; McAinch et al. 2004; Gupta et al.1996; Weltman and Regan 1983; Weltman et al. 1979).

However, the effect of AR on subsequent performance is

controversial when the interval between the first and thesecond bout is 10–20 min (Greenwood et al. 2008;

Monedero and Donne 2000; Watts et al. 2000; Thiriet et al.

E. Franchini (&) ! R. C. de Moraes Bertuzzi !M. Y. Takito ! M. A. P. D. M. KissSchool of Physical Education and Sport,University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Mello de Moraes,65, Butanta, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazile-mail: emersonfranchini@hotmail.com

123

Eur J Appl Physiol

DOI 10.1007/s00421-009-1134-2

1993; Bond et al. 1991; Weltman and Regan 1983; Weltman

et al. 1977, 1979). Specifically with combat sports, only twostudies were found that manipulated the recovery process

(Franchini et al. 2003; Hemmings et al. 2000). One study

only compared massage with PR in a boxing-specific task(Hemmings et al. 2000), and the other (Franchini et al. 2003)did not include a control (C) situation to use as comparison

to the performance when AR or PR was employed after ajudo match simulation. Additionally, the performance task

used was not specific to judo.Thus, the objective of the present studywas to verify ifAR

applied after a judo match resulted in a better performance

when compared to PR in three tasks varying in specificity tothe judo. The hypothesis is that a performance improvement

after AR compared to PR is detectable only in the beginning

of the activity (first 1 min) or in the most specific task.

Methods

Experimental design

Three studies were conducted to investigate the effects of

AR or PR after a judo match on subsequent performance.

The activity used to measure performance varied in itsability to provide a valid measurement of work performed

and in its specificity to judo. Figure 1 presents a schematic

view of each study.Basically, during the four upper body Wingate test,

power is calculated constantly, but the movement used

(arm cranking) is not specific to judo actions. In the special

judo fitness test (SJFT), the number of throws during an

intermittent judo task is measured, being less precise thanthe Wingate test, but more specific to judo. In the match,

the effort is not actually measured; but all movements are

specific.After performing two incremental treadmill tests, ath-

letes were submitted to a judo match followed by 15 min of

either AR or PR and a performance task. In the first twostudies, the performance tasks were also conducted in a

control situation. When the performance task was another5-min judo match, athletes performed four experimental

sessions. After each of the four matches the judoka per-

formed AR or PR, as well as his opponent, and then foughtagain. For all studies the experimental sessions were ran-

domly determined.

Participants

All the participants were volunteers and took part in thepresent study after giving their signed consent. All proce-

dures received local ethics committee approval. To take

part in the present study the athletes should have the fol-lowing characteristics: (1) take part in official judo com-

petitions during that year; (2) train at least three times per

week; (3) be a brown (first kyu) or black belt (first dan); (4)age equal or higher than 18-year-old and less than 35-year-

old; (5) compete in the under 100-kg categories. Sixteen

athletes took part in study 1, 9 in study 2, and 12 in study 3.Table 1 presents the main characteristics of the judokas

who took part in each study, as well as their treadmill

performance and active recovery intensity.

Fig. 1 Schematicrepresentation of the studydesign

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General procedures

Participants were required to refrain from exercise 24 h

prior to each trial and not to ingest any food 3 h prior thetest sessions. They were also instructed to replicate intake

for all trials. All subjects were familiarized with the pro-cedures adopted and have performed the tests previously at

least once in other studies. The tests were conducted with a

minimal time interval of 24 h and a maximum of 2 weeksbetween the first and last test session. All tests were con-

ducted at the same time of day.

Treadmill _VO2 peak and 4 mmol l-1 lactate threshold

intensity measurements

The _VO2 peak test began with a 7-km h-1 speed, 1%

grade, with 1.4 km h-1 increment each minute to the

subject’s exhaustion. Throughout the test, oxygen uptake" _VO2# was measured breath-by-breath with the telemetric

system of a portable gas analyzer (K4b2, Cosmed, Rome,

Italy). In all cases the test stopped by participants’ inabilityto continue (exhaustion). _VO2 peak was considered the

highest _VO2 measured during a 30-s time interval.

The protocol proposed by Heck et al. (1985) was used todetermine the 4 mmol l-1 lactate threshold (4LT). Blood

lactate during this and other tests was measured by using an

automated device (YSI 1500, Yellow Springs, OH, USA).

Warm up

Before each test (control or experimental sessions), par-

ticipants warmed up at an intensity of 70% 4LT for 5 min,

followed by a 3-min rest before the test.

Wingate anaerobic tests

Judokas completed four bouts of the upper-body Wingate

test separated by 3-min recovery periods. Load was set at

4.9 N kg-1 of body weight. Peak power, mean power,fatigue index, time to reach peak power, and total work

were calculated as previously reported (Artioli et al. 2007;Franchini et al. 2003).

Special judo fitness test (SJFT)

This test was developed by Sterkowicz (1995), and was

previously described by Artioli et al. (2007) and

Franchini et al. (1998). Briefly, three athletes of similarbody weights are needed to perform the SJFT: 1 partic-

ipant (tori) is evaluated, and 2 other individuals receive

throws (ukes). The tori begins the test between the 2 ukes3 m from each. On a signal, the tori runs to one of the

ukes and applies a throwing technique called ippon seoinage. The tori then immediately runs to the other uke andcompletes another throw. The athlete must complete as

many throws as possible within the test time. The SJFT iscomposed of three periods (15, 30, and 30 s) separated

by 10-s recovery periods. Performance is determined by

the total throws completed during each of the threeperiods. Heart rate was measured after and 1 min after

the test (Polar Vantage NV, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele,

Finland).

Match simulation

Each match had 5-min duration in order to analyze the

hardest condition a judoka could have. Each athlete’s

opponent was the same in all conditions. Both opponentswere of the same weight category and technical level. All

matches were filmed and the following variables were

determined: (1) time structure (s)—time spent on standingor groundwork positions and interval time; (2) technical

actions—number of attacks, number and type of different

techniques applied. All matches were conducted by anofficial judo judge.

Recovery

During PR the judoka stayed seated at the tatame for

15 min with the heart rate monitor (Polar Vantage NV,

Table 1 Judokas’ main characteristics, treadmill performance, and active recovery intensity (mean ± SD)

Variables Study 1 (n = 16) Study 2 (n = 9) Study 3 (n = 12)

Age (years) 21.9 ± 4.1 22.1 ± 1.8 21.3 ± 2.3

Body weight (kg) 77.1 ± 5.2 74.1 ± 11.8 82.5 ± 15.8

Height (cm) 176.6 ± 9.7 177.0 ± 10.3 179.2 ± 10.1

Time of judo (years) 11.8 ± 4.3 10.3 ± 5.0 13.2 ± 3.5

_VO2 peak (ml kg-1 min-1) 62.6 ± 7.4 58.8 ± 7.8 59.5 ± 6.3

Anaerobic threshold velocity (km h-1) 11.2 ± 1.4 11.4 ± 1.1 10.8 ± 1.9

Active recovery velocity (km h-1) 7.8 ± 1.0 8.0 ± 0.8 7.6 ± 1.3

Active recovery velocity (% of peak velocity) 48.2 ± 4.9 53.8 ± 4.8 50.7 ± 5.0

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland). Blood samples were

taken according to Fig. 1. During the AR the judoka ran(15 min) at the velocity corresponding to 70% of 4LT

(*50% _VO2 peak). The athlete stopped the AR only at the

moments of blood lactate measurements as reported onFig. 1. HR was also monitored using the same procedure

conducted during PR.

Statistical analysis

All analyses were performed using the SPSS software

(version 13.0, Chicago, USA). Data are reported as means

and standard deviation (SD). The distribution of the datawas analyzed by the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the results

showed a normal Gaussian distribution. A Maucly’s test of

sphericity was used to test this assumption, and a Greens-house-Geisser was used when necessary. For studies 1 and

2, a two-way (time of measurement and recovery proce-

dure) analysis of variance with repeated measures wasapplied. For study 3, a three-way analysis of variance (time

of measurement, athlete recovery and opponent recovery)

with repeated measures was used. One-way analysis ofvariance was also used to compare single measurements

across procedures. Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test

was used to check where the differences previouslydetected by the analysis of variance were. A paired student

t test was used to compare heart rate during AR and PR and

variables in match 1 and 2. A Chi-square analysis wasconducted to compare the frequency of wins on match 1 for

each condition. Multiple logistic regression was used to test

the number of wins on second matches in the differentconditions adjusted to the number of wins on the theoret-

ically less favorable condition (PR 9 AR; baseline). An

a priori power analysis of performance and lactate vari-ables revealed a sample size of 10–15 participants, suffi-

cient to achieve a power of 0.8. Statistical significance was

set at P\ 0.05.

Results

Blood lactate and heart rate during recovery

In all studies blood lactate concentration before and peak

blood lactate after match one did not differ among exper-

imental conditions (P[ 0.05).In study 1, there was an interaction effect between

type of recovery and time of measurement (F = 7.69;

P\ 0.001) for blood lactate. Differences between recoverytypes occurred at 9th (AR: 7.27 ± 2.67 mmol l-1; PR:

8.79 ± 2.74 mmol l-1; P\ 0.001), 12th (AR: 5.42 ±

2.53 mmol l-1; PR: 7.39 ± 2.23 mmol l-1; P\ 0.001)and 15th min (AR: 4.46 ± 2.27 mmol l-1; PR: 6.59 ±

2.44 mmol l-1; P\ 0.001). Furthermore, blood lactate

measured at the 12th min during AR was lower (P\ 0.01)than that measured at the 15th min of PR. Heart rate during

AR (150 ± 13 bpm) was higher (t = 11.35; P\ 0.001)

compared to PR (108 ± 14 bpm).In study 2, there was an interaction effect between type

of recovery and time of measurement (F = 3.05; P\ 0.05)

for blood lactate. Blood lactate at 10th and 15th min duringAR (6.38 ± 2.19 and 4.1 ± 1.26 mmol l-1, respectively)

was lower (P\ 0.001 for both comparisons) than themeasurements at the same time during PR (9.05 ± 3.59

and 7.48 ± 2.99 mmol l-1, respectively). Heart rate was

higher (t = 21.03; P\ 0.001) during AR (144 ± 8 bpm)compared to PR (106 ± 8 bpm).

In study 3, there was an interaction effect between type of

recovery and time of measurement (F = 4.18; P\ 0.001)for blood lactate. As expected, no effect of opponents’ type

of recovery was observed. Indeed, as no difference existed

between the two days of AR (P[ 0.05) and between the twodays of PR (P[ 0.05), a new ANOVA was conducted

considering only type of recovery (two days of each type of

recovery grouped) and time of measurement. Again, it wasobserved an interaction effect (F = 9.21;P\ 0.001). Blood

lactate at the 10th min of AR (8.09 ± 3.94 mmol l-1)

was lower (P\ 0.01) than that measured during the PR(9.92 ± 4.77 mmol l-1). This difference was still evident

at the 15th min (PR: 7.26 ± 3.47 mmol l-1; AR: 5.23 ±

2.92 mmol l-1; P\ 0.001).Peak blood lactate was lower (t = -2.77; P\ 0.01)

after matches 1 grouped (12.68 ± 5.02 mmol l-1) com-

pared to matches 2 grouped (11.62 ± 4.79 mmol l-1).Heart rate differed across conditions (F = 52.67;

P\ 0.001). It was higher (P\ 0.001 for all comparisons)

during AR–AR (144 ± 14 bpm) and AR–PR (139 ±16 bpm) compared to PR–AR (107 ± 11 bpm) and PR–PR

(108 ± 12 bpm).

Performance variables and blood lactate

in the performance task

For peak power, mean power, fatigue index, and time to

reach peak power, there was no effect of experimental

condition (P[ 0.05). Relative total work performed duringcontrol (509.6 ± 59.2 J kg-1), AR (521.4 ± 79.9 J kg-1)

and PR (505.0 ± 73.0 J kg-1) conditions did not differ

(F = 0.79; P[ 0.05).For blood lactate concentration during the Wingate

tests, there was an effect of interaction between condi-

tions and time of measurement (F = 5.54; P\ 0.001).The main results from the post-hoc test were a lower

(P\ 0.001, for both comparisons) blood lactate before

the Wingate tests in control (1.41 ± 0.57 mmol l-1)compared to AR (4.46 ± 2.27 mmol l-1) and PR

Eur J Appl Physiol

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conditions (6.59 ± 2.44 mmol l-1), as well as a lower

blood lactate concentration in the AR (P\ 0.01) com-pared to the PR condition. After Wingate test 1, blood

lactate was higher during PR (10.02 ± 2.43 mmol l-1)

compared to both control (6.61 ± 1.63 mmol l-1,P\ 0.001) and AR (7.87 ± 2.01 mmol l-1, P\ 0.01).

After Wingate test 2, PR (12.84 ± 3.17 mmol l-1)

resulted in a higher (P\ 0.05) blood lactate concentra-tion compared to control (10.53 ± 1.64 mmol l-1). After

Wingate tests 3 and 4, no differences were found amongconditions (P[ 0.05). Delta of blood lactate across

Wingate tests was affected by recovery type (F = 9.46;

P\ 0.001). It was higher during control compared toboth AR (P\ 0.05) and PR (P\ 0.001).

During the SJFT there were no differences (P[ 0.05)

among conditions concerning the number of throws duringthe three series, resulting in no difference (P[ 0.05) in the

total number of throws among control (26 ± 1 throws), AR

(27 ± 2 throws), and PR (26 ± 3 throws) conditions.Although the analysis of variance detected a significant

difference (F = 4.95; P\ 0.05) among the experimental

conditions, the Bonferroni test presented only a trend(P = 0.077) to a higher HR after the SJFT after the AR

compared to the C condition. Heart rate 1 min after the

SJFT did not differ among situations (P[ 0.05).In study 2, there was an interaction between condition

and time of measurement (F = 24.44; P\ 0.001) for

blood lactate. Before the SJFT it was lower in the C(1.45 ± 0.53) mmol l-1) compared to both AR (4.1 ±

1.26 mmol l-1; P\ 0.05) and PR (7.48 ± 2.99 mmol l-1;

P\ 0.001), while AR was lower than PR (P\ 0.001).After the SJFT, blood lactate was lower in AR (2 min:

10.78 ± 2.13 mmol l-1; 3 min: 11.36 ± 2.13 mmol l-1;

5 min: 11.51 ± 2.42 mmol l-1) compared to C (2 min:14.63 ± 4.29 mmol l-1; 3 min: 15.19 ± 3.73 mmol l-1;

5 min: 15.39 ± 3.67 mmol l-1; P\ 0.001 for all three

comparisons) and PR (3 min: 13.66 ± 2.94 mmol l-1;5 min: 14.01 ± 2.70 mmol l-1; P\ 0.05 for both 3-

and 5-min comparisons). The delta of blood lactate also

differed among experimental conditions (F = 33.22;P\ 0.001), with a higher value in C compared to both AR

(P\ 0.001) and PR (P\ 0.01).

No differences (P[ 0.05) were found when all matches1 were compared concerning number of attacks, techniques

used, time spent on standing position, time spent on

groundwork, interval time or total time. The experimentalprocedures adopted after match 1 did not influence

(P[ 0.05) number of attacks, techniques used, time spent

on standing position, time spent on groundwork, intervaltime or total time on match 2. When all matches 1 were

compared to all matches 2, the only variables which dif-

fered were the interval time, with higher (t = 3.54;P\ 0.001) values on match 2 (76 ± 53 s) compared to

match 1 (48 ± 18 s), and as consequence, the total time

(t = 3.63; P\ 0.001), which was higher on match 2(374 ± 53 s) compared to match 1 (345 ± 18 s).

Table 2 presents the number of wins on match 1 and 2

for each experimental condition and the odds ratio for eachof them on match 2 adjusted by the number of wins on

match 1.

Considering that the probability of win was 50% in atotal of 12 matches for each condition, no association was

found between number of wins on match 1 and experi-mental conditions to be applied during the recovery after

these matches (Chi-square = 1.33; df = 3; P[ 0.05).

However, when results on match 2 were analyzed a sig-nificant odds ratio was found for the condition where the

judoka performed AR and his opponent performed PR after

match 1.

Discussion

The main findings of the present study were that lactate

disappearance was facilitated during AR compared to PRin all three studies. However, subsequent performance was

not changed in studies 1 (four upper-body Wingate tests)

and 2 (special judo fitness test). On the other hand,although the time structure and the number of actions

performed during match 2 did not differ across experi-

mental conditions, the odds ratio of winning was increasedten times when the athlete performed AR and his opponent

performed PR after match compared to the opposite con-

dition (athlete performed PR and the opponent performedAR after match 1). Thus, the performance difference across

procedures varied accordingly to the specificity of the task

employed (i.e., no difference in less specific tasks and asignificant improvement in the most specific task).

The lower blood lactate after matches 2 compared to

matches 1 in study three is different from those reported instudies which more than one match was evaluated (Thomas

et al. 1990; Tumilty et al. 1986; Sikorski et al. 1987;

Table 2 Number of wins on match 1 and 2, odds ratio and itsrespective 95% confidence interval and significance level for eachexperimental condition

Condition Wins onmatch 1

Wins onmatch 2

OR [CI95%] P

PR 9 AR 8 3 1

PR 9 PR 6 6 3.24 [0.56;18.77] 0.189

AR 9 PR 4 9 10.50 [1.52;72.37] 0.017

AR 9 AR 6 6 3.24 [0.56;18.77] 0.189

AR active recovery; PR passive recovery; OR odds ratio; CI95%confidence interval at 95% level

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Majean and Gaillat 1986). In fact, only Sikorski et al.

(1987) found an increase in peak blood lactate concentra-tion across international level judo matches, while other

studies (Thomas et al. 1990; Tumilty et al. 1986; Majean

and Gaillat 1986) reported no significant differencebetween the matches. Thus, if we consider blood lactate

concentration as an indicative of the anaerobic lactic

energy system activation (di Prampero and Ferretti 1999),these athletes presented a lower demand on it during the

second match. Although this result differs from the reportsabout blood lactate after judo matches, it agrees with a

lower anaerobic contribution and a higher aerobic contri-

bution in the last bouts of high-intensity intermittentexercise (Bogdanis et al. 1996; Trump et al. 1996; Gaitanos

et al. 1993; Spriet et al. 1989). Another explanation could

be the higher interval time between efforts in the secondmatch compared to the first one, which could result in more

time for CPr resynthesis, resulting in a lower anaerobic

lactic energy system activation.The results of the present study are also in line with

those of the previous ones which reported that AR was

better than PR for lactate removal from the blood(Greenwood et al. 2008; Siegler et al. 2006; McAinch et al.

2004; Gupta et al. 1996; Weltman and Regan 1983;

Weltman et al. 1979). The moment when the differencesstarted (9–10 min after the match) is similar to that

reported in studies using other tasks (Hudson et al. 1999;

Gupta et al. 1996) and with a previous study with a judomatch simulation (Franchini et al. 2003). The higher blood

lactate removal during AR can be a consequence of the

intensity employed during this procedure (70% 4LT or48–54% of the peak velocity achieved during a progressive

treadmill test), which was near the optimal intensity

reported in several studies (Greenwood et al. 2008; Baldariet al. 2004; Dodd et al. 1984; McLellan and Skinner 1982;

Stamford et al. 1981; Bonen and Belcastro 1976; Belcastro

and Bonen 1975; Hermansen and Stensvold 1972).Although the physiological variables measured did not

return to rest values, the results obtained in studies 1 and 2

indicated that the time allowed for recovery after the matchwas high enough for a full performance recovery, as no

difference was observed when the control condition was

compared to performance after both AR and PR. This resultis similar to previously reported in judokas (Franchini et al.2003) using the same task employed in the present study,

but lacking a control condition. Similar results (i.e., noimprovement in performance after AR compared to PR)

were also found in several articles using different perfor-

mance tasks (Watts et al. 2000; Bond et al. 1991; Weltmanand Regan 1983; Weltman et al. 1979).

In the more complex condition (study 3), although no

difference was found in the action performed by thejudokas or in the match time structure, the probability of

winning was increased when AR was used by the athlete

and PR was conducted by his opponent. This result con-firms the hypothesis of high sensibility of a more specific

condition to detect the difference between the recovery

processes. As judo performance is influenced by manyfactors (Sterkowicz et al. 2007) it is difficult to determine

which mechanisms were responsible for the positive

influence of AR on second match performance. However,one possible explanation could be a faster choice reaction

time, movement initiation and movement times after ARcompared to PR. In fact, some studies presented faster

choice reaction time (Chmura et al. 1994, 1998; Kashihara

and Nakahara 2005) and both faster movement initiationand movement times (McMorris et al. 2005) after exercises

in intensities slightly above the anaerobic threshold.

Although the judokas performed a lower intensity exerciseduring passive recovery in the present study, it is important

to consider that they had performed one judo match before

and that the physiological variables (lactate and heart rate)measured during AR were similar to that reported in these

studies.

In conclusion, the minimal time between matches typi-cally reported in judo competitions (15 min) is long

enough for a full performance recovery of highly trained

judokas when considering the anaerobic performance in anon-specific and a specific high-intensity test. However, the

odds ratio of winning a match increases ten times when a

judoka performs AR and his opponent performs PR,although the cause of this phenomenon cannot be explained

by changes in number of actions performed or by changes

in match’s time structure. Further studies should try tomeasure the quality of movements performed during the

judo match or choice reaction time and movement time

after each procedure in order to establish a possible cause.

Acknowledgments We would like to thank all subjects and theircoaches for their committed participation. This study was supportedby a grant from Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de SaoPaulo (99/06408-2).

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