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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Floods are among the most devastating natural disasters in the world, claiming

more lives and causing more damage to property than any other natural phenomena. In

Nigeria, though not leading in terms of claiming lives, flood affects and displaces more

people than any other disaster; it also causes more damage to properties. At least 20 per

cent of the population is at risk from one form of flooding or another.In Nigeria, flood

disaster has been perilous to people, communities and institutions. Over the past one

month, the country has faced an unprecedented flood disaster resulting in loss of lives

and property running into billions of naira. Several states were affected, Kwara inclusive,

chasing the inhabitants away from their homes. It has shattered both the built-

environment and undeveloped plan. It has claimed many lives, and millions of properties

got lost due to its occurrences.One prominent feature about it is that flooding does not

discriminate, but marginalises whosoever refuses to prepare for its occurrence

Floods usually occur in low lying areas when there are abnormal rainfall hours and

intensity filling river basins with too much water, within a short time. Water runs off

steeper ground very rapidly, causing natural drainage systems to overflow with rushing

flood waters and a deadly cargo of rocks, mud, smashed trees and other debris. Mudslides

are also a danger created by flood conditions. Some floods develop over a period of days,

but flash floods can result in raging waters in just a few minutes. Flooding along rivers is

a natural and inevitable part of life.This makes it a natural event. At times man also


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causes flood by blocking the drainages and when water can not find it path, it overflows

the land and thereby it is called flood. At times floods are caused by collapse of dams. In

Nigeria, Floods are the most common and widespread of all natural hazards. Even the

northern parts of the country that have less rainfall are also prone to annual flood. At

times even very small streams, gullies, creeks, culverts, dry streambeds, or low-lying

ground that may appear harmless in dry weather can flood. Wherever you live, be aware

of potential flooding hazards. Flood alone is a hazard but when it affects man and his

property or activities we call it disaster. Flood is a disaster because it results in: Loss of

lives, Loss of agricultural products, Loss of soil fertility for agriculture, Demolition of

buildings and rendering many homeless, Destroying livestock and other valuable assets.

Cholera and other health related problems.

1.2 Conceptual Definition

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges or "drowns" landThe European

Union (EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by waterof land not normally

covered by water.[2] In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the

inflow of the tide. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water,

such as a riverorlake, which overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the

water escapes its usual boundaries,

[3]

or may be due to accumulation of rainwater on

saturated ground in an areal flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will

vary with seasonal changes inprecipitation and snow melt, it is unlikely to be considered

significant unless it floodsproperty or drowns domestic animals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union


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Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river

channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage to

homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers. While riverine flood

damage can be eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, people

have traditionally lived and worked by rivers because the land is usually flat and fertile

and because rivers provide easy travel and access to commerce and industry.Some floods

develop slowly, while others such as flash floods, can develop in just a few minutes and

without visible signs of rain. Additionally, floods can be local, impacting a

neighbourhood or community, or very large, affecting entire river basins.

1.3 Etymology

The word "flood" comes from the Old English flod, a word common to Germanic

languages (compare German Flut, Dutch vloed from the same root as is seen in flow,

float; also compare with Latin fluctus, flumen). Deluge myths are mythical stories of a

great flood sent by a deity or deities to destroy civilization as an act ofdivine retribution,

and they are featured in the mythology of many cultures.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_(soil)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_mythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_retributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_(soil)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_mythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_retributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture


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CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Principal types

2.1.1 Areal (rainfall related)

Floods can happen on flat or low-lying areas when the ground is saturated and water

either cannot run off, or cannot run off quickly enough to stop accumulating. This may be

followed by a river flood as water moves away from the floodplain into local rivers and

streams.Floods can also occur if water falls on an impermeable surface, such as concrete

or paving, and cannot rapidly dissipate into the ground. Localised heavy rain from a

series of stormsmoving over the same area can cause areal flash flooding when the rate

of rainfall exceeds the drainage capacity of the area. When this occurs on tilled fields,it

can result in a muddy flood where sediments are picked up by run off and carried as

suspended matter or bed load.

2.1.2 Riverine

River flows may rise to floods levels at different rates, from a few minutes to several

weeks, depending on the type of river and the source of the increased flow.Slow rising

floods most commonly occur in large rivers with large catchment areas. The increase in

flow may be the result of sustained rainfall, rapid snow melt, monsoons, or tropical

cyclones. Localised flooding may be caused or exacerbated by drainage obstructions such

as landslides,ice, ordebris.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cycloneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cycloneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cycloneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cycloneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debris


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Rapid flooding events, including flash floods, more often occur on smaller rivers, rivers

with steep valleys or rivers that flow for much of their length over impermeable terrain.

The cause may be localised convective precipitation (intense thunderstorms) or sudden

release from an upstream impoundment created behind a dam,landslide, orglacier. Dam-

building beavers can flood low-lying urban and rural areas, occasionally causing some

damage.

2.1.3 Estuarine and coastal

Flooding in estuaries is commonly caused by a combination of sea tidal surges

caused by winds and low barometric pressure, and they may be exacerbated by high

upstream river flow.Coastal areas may be flooded by storm events at sea, resulting in

waves over-topping defences or in severe cases by tsunami or tropical cyclones. A storm

surge, from either a tropical cyclone or an extratropical cyclone, falls within this

category.

2.1.4 Catastrophic

Claustrophobic flooding is usually associated with major infrastructure failures

such as the collapse of a dam, but they may also be caused by damage sustained in an

earthquake orvolcanic eruption..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_precipitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_precipitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruption


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2.2 Causes of Flooding In Eastern Nigeria

Floods are caused by many factors: Heavy rainfall, highly accelerated

snowmelt, severe winds over water, unusual high tide, tsunamis, or

failure of dams, levees, retention ponds, or other structures that

retained the water. Flooding can be exacerbated by increased amounts

of impervious surface or by other natural hazards such as wildfires,

which reduce the supply of vegetation that can absorb rainfall (Welch

et al., 1977)

2.2.1 Severe winds over water: Even when rainfall is relatively light, the

shoreline of lakes and bays can be flooded by severe winds such as

during hurricanes that blow water into the shore areas.

2.2.2 Unusual high tides: Coastal areas are sometimes flooded by

unusually high tides, such as spring tides, especially when

compounded by high winds and storm surges..

2.2.3 Climate change: Climate Change is an attributed cause of flooding

because when the climate is warmer it results to:

Heavy rains

Relative sea level will continue to rise around most shoreline

Extreme sea levels will be experienced more frequently

Climate change is therefore likely to increase flood risk

significantly and progressively over time. A particularly increased risk


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will be low-lying coastal areas, as sea levels rise and areas not

currently prone to fluvial or tidal flooding as more intense rainfall leads

to significantly higher risk of flooding from surface runoff and

overwhelmed drainage systems. Flaring and venting of natural gas

from oil and gas wells contribution to greenhouse gases has declined

by three-quarters in absolute terms since a peak in the 1970s of

approximately 110 million metric tons/year and now accounts for 0.5%

of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. Recently, under the

Kyoto Protocol, garbage collecting companies in some developing

nations have received a carbon bonus for installing combustion devices

for the methane gas produced at their landfills, preventing methane

from reaching the atmosphere. After the burning, this gas is converted

to heat, water and CO2 and according to the IPCC Third The

greenhouse effect is a phenomenon whereby greenhouse gases create

a condition in the upper atmosphere causing a trapping of heat and

leading to increased surface and lower tropospheric temperatures.

Carbon dioxide emissions from combustion of fossil fuels are a source

of greenhouse gas emissions. Other greenhouse gases include

methane, hydro fluorocarbons, per fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons,

nitrogen oxides and ozone. This effect has been understood by

scientists for about a century and technological advancements during


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this period have helped increase the breadth and depth of data

relating to the phenomenon.

2.2.4 Influence of urban planning: Adelye and Rustum (2011) analyze the

cause of the flooding problems in encountered to recommend

sustainable management solutions to them. Data on climate, drainage

infrastructures and physical planning regulations were

collected and extensively analyzed. These were combined with

evidence from field inspection and discussion with stakeholders,

including relevant government departments, university researchers

and selected resident. The investigation revealed that, contrary to

popular wisdom, climate change or unusually high rainfall is not the

primary cause of

flooding problem in Lagos. Rather, the increased urbanization, lax

planning laws in relation to the city are to blame. It is augured that a

lasting solution to flooding problems will require the incorporation of

sustainable drainage system within the existing flood

management strategy for the city and planning for this must start now.


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CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Effects of Flooding

3.1.1 Primary effects

The primary effects of flooding include loss of life, damage to buildings and other

structures, including bridges, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals. Infrastructure

damage also frequently damages power transmission and sometimes power generation,

which then has knock-on effects caused by the loss of power. This includes loss of

drinking water treatment and water supply, which may result in loss of drinking water or

severe water contamination. It may also cause the loss of sewage disposal facilities. Lack

of clean water combined with human sewage in the flood waters raises the risk of

waterborne diseases, which can include typhoid, giardia, cryptosporidium, cholera and

many other diseases depending upon the location of the flood.Damage to roads and

transport infrastructure may make it difficult to mobilise aid to those affected or to

provide emergency health treatment. Flood waters typically inundate farm land, making

the land unworkable and preventing crops from being planted or harvested, which can

lead to shortages of food both for humans and farm animals. Entire harvests for a country

can be lost in extreme flood circumstances. Some tree species may not survive prolonged

flooding of their root systems
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knock-on_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knock-on_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crops


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3.1.2 Secondary Effects

This includes Water supplies that results in contamination of

water (water pollution). Clean drinking water becomes scarce.

Unhygienic conditions and Spread of water-borne diseases result. The

effects of flooding from the sources outlined above are felt by various

'receptors'. These include, people, buildings, infrastructure, agriculture,

open recreational space and the natural world. In extreme cases

flooding may cause a loss of life. At least 102 people are now thought

to have been killed by floods in and around the south-eastern

Nigeriam, Floods took a deadly toll in northeastern Nigeria in August

2012. Torrential rains pushed rivers over their banks, collapsed mud

houses and washed

away livestock. Floodwater, resulting from heavy rains, damaged three

bridges and caused a dam to overflow, submerging buildings across

the city. Most of the victims were children. The social and emotional

costs from flooding can also be significant and are often widespread

and indiscriminate in flooded areas. These costs include: displacement

from homes, the loss of personal valuables and the ongoing fear and

insecurity caused by the experience. Potable water supplies may be

lost or contaminated in a flood and this can have immediate health

effects upon people and animals. The economy can also be severely affected by

flooding. Businesses may lose stock, patronage, data and productivity and disruption to


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utilities and transport infrastructure can have knock-on effects to a wider area. Tourism,

farming and livestock can equally be affected. The built environment may be damaged or

destroyed as a result of flooding with high repair costs and long periods required for

reinstatement. The public realm is often badly affected through damage and the deposit of

potentially large quantities of debris. Land contamination may also be transported and

spread during flooding. Vital infrastructure may also be damaged or disrupted. Electricity

and gas supplies can be interrupted to individual properties but also to wider

communities if sub stations and transformers themselves are flooded. Road links,

railways, canals etc., may be blocked causing disruption to the wider transport network

and accessibility severely disrupted for local inhabitants, especially amongst those

considered most vulnerable. A knock-on effect of the loss of electricity as a result of

floods was the loss of communications networks. Telephones, radios, televisions and the

internet are all increasingly reliant upon mains power and without a robust means of

conveying information to householders, rescue and clean up operations may be

hampered.

3.2 Solutions to the Problems of Flooding in Eastern Nigeria

Flood control refers to all methods used to reduce or prevent the detrimental

effects of food waters. Some methods of flood control have been practiced since ancient

times. These methods include:

Planting vegetation to retain extra water

Terracing hillsides to slow flow down hills

Construction of flood ways (man-made channels to divert floodwater)


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Other techniques include the construction of levees, dikes, dams, reservoirs or

retention ponds to hold extra water during times of flooding

3.3 Methods of Control

3.3.1 Dams: Many dams and their associated reservoirs aredesigned completely or

partially o aid in flood protection and control.

3.3.2 River defenses: In many countries, rivers prone to flood are often carefully

managed. Defenses as levees, bunds, reservoirs and weirs are used to prevent rivers from

overflowing their banks. When these defenses fail, emergency measures such as sandbags

or portable inflatable tubes are used. A weir, also known as low head dam, is most often

used o creates millponds, but on the Humber River in Toronto, a weir was built near

Raymore Drive to prevent a reoccurrence of flood damage caused by Huricane Hazel

(1954).

3.3.3 Coastal defenses: Coastal flooding has been addressed in Europe and the Americas

with coastal defense, such as sea walls, beach nourishment and barrier islands. Tide gates

are used in conjunction with dykes and culvers. They can be placed at the mouth of

streams or small rivers, where an estuary begins or where tributary streams, or drainage

ditches connect to sloughs. Tide gates close during incoming tides to prevent tidal waters

from moving upland and open during outgoing tides to allow waters to drain or via the

culvert and into the estuary side of the dike. The opening and closing of the gates is

driven by a difference in water level on either side of the gate.

3.3.4 Flood Forecasting and Warning: Flood warning is the provision of advance

warning of conditions that are likely to cause flooding to property and a potential risk to


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life. The main purpose of flood warning is to save life by allowing people, support and

emergency services time to prepare for flooding. The secondary purpose is to reduce the

effects and damage of flooding. The benefits associated with flood forecasting and

warning are inextricably linked with the effectiveness of the warning dissemination

programmes and theactivities of the public and supporting agencies (bothvoluntary and

official) in their response. The totalbenefits can be defined as the reduction in losses

(tangible and intangible) resulting from the provision of a warning when compared to the

situation prior to the operation of the warning system. Flood warning systems can provide

a reduction in direct losses through:

The timely operation of flood control structures (e.g., gates)

Temporary flood defenses) preventing inundation of property and land

Pre-event maintenance operations to ensure free channel conveyance

The installation of flood resilience measures (e.g., sandbags, property flood barriers)

The removal of property to somewhere above the flood level or out of the flood plain

Intangible losses include loss of life and injury and the damage caused to human health

and long-term wellbeing.


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CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Recommendation

In order to effecting combat the problems of flooding in eastern Nigeria the following

recommendations are made;

Proper channelization of rivers (Asa and Aluko) as well as adequate numbers of flood

detention basins, between the two dams and the flood liable areas, should be constructed

to divert flow of rivers from the flood liable areas.

All others things being equal, a well planned drainage system should be constructed

and proper means of solid wastes disposal be provided in these study areas.

Embankment should be constructed to raise the bank of Asa and Aluko River to

disallow them from overtopping their natural bank.

Using water resistant cement like hydrophobic cement for plastering buildings up to

the design flood level of Ilorin metropolis, which is 0.2m above sea level. This method is

suitable for already existing buildings.


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Building on columns: Elevating structures above the design flood level of Ilorin

metropolis on reinforced concrete supporting columns to protect the buildings from under

flow water

4.2 Conclusion

climate change as well as lack of planning is responsible for the recent flooding in parts

of the country.There have been incidents of ravaging flood, collapsed buildings and

security challenges in many quarters.Our towns and cities are not performing efficiently

like their counterparts in many other countries due to attendant infrastructure and service

deficiencies, poor urban mobility, increasing unemployment, chaotic housing shortages,

among others. The problem is compounded by the problem of rapid urbanisation

currently estimated at between three and five per cent per annum, a rate that is higher

than the natural annual population growth rate of 2.7 per cent. It is estimated that no less

than 46 per cent of the current national population of 167 million reside in towns and

cities.


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Abowei, J.F.N. and F.D. Sikoki, 2005. Water Pollution Management and Control, Double

Trust Publications Co., Port Harcourt, pp: 236.

Adelye, A. and R. Rustum, 2011. Lagos (Nigeria) flooding and influence of urban

planning. J. Urban Design and Planning (ICE), 164(3): 175-187. ISSN: 1755-

0793, E-ISSN: 1755-0807.

Bradshaw, C.J., N.S. Sodhi, S.H. Peh and B.W. Brook, 2007. Global evidence that

deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing. Also a flood has

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Dance, K.W. and H.R.N. Hynes, 1980. Some effects of agricultural land use on stream

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David, R.L., L.P. David and W.E. Kenneth, 1981. Variable effects of sediment addition

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Esu, I.E., 1999: Fundamentals oF Redology Sterling- Hordon Publishers (Nig.) Ltd.,

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George, A.D.I., J.F.N. Abowei and M.E. Allison, 2010. The Sediment characteristics of

okpoka creek, Niger delta, Nigeria. Asian J. Agric. Sci., 2(1): 9-14.

Henry, P., 2006. Levees and other raised ground. Am. Sci., 94(1): 7-11.

Hill, A.R., 1976. The environmental impacts of agricultural land drainage. J. Environ.

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Ikomi, R.B., F.O. Arimoro and O.K. Odihirin, 2005. Composition, distribution and

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Mclusky, D.S. and M. Eliot, 1981. The Feeding and Survival Strategies on Estuarina

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Thompson, M.T., 1964. Historical Floods in New England. Geological Survey Water-

Supply Paper 1779-M, United States Government Printing Office, Washington,

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Welch, H.E., P.E.K. Symons and D.W. Narver, 1977. Some Effects of Potato Farming

and Forest Clear Cutting on New Brunswick Streams,Fisheries and Marine

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